1 =====================================
2 QEMU Disk Network Block Device Server
3 =====================================
8 **qemu-nbd** [*OPTION*]... *filename*
10 **qemu-nbd** -L [*OPTION*]...
17 Export a QEMU disk image using the NBD protocol.
21 - Bind a /dev/nbdX block device to a QEMU server (on Linux).
22 - As a client to query exports of a remote NBD server.
29 *filename* is a disk image filename, or a set of block
30 driver options if :option:`--image-opts` is specified.
32 *dev* is an NBD device.
34 .. option:: --object type,id=ID,...
36 Define a new instance of the *type* object class identified by *ID*.
37 See the :manpage:`qemu(1)` manual page for full details of the properties
38 supported. The common object types that it makes sense to define are the
39 ``secret`` object, which is used to supply passwords and/or encryption
40 keys, and the ``tls-creds`` object, which is used to supply TLS
41 credentials for the ``qemu-nbd`` server or client.
43 .. option:: -p, --port=PORT
45 TCP port to listen on as a server, or connect to as a client
48 .. option:: -o, --offset=OFFSET
50 The offset into the image.
52 .. option:: -b, --bind=IFACE
54 The interface to bind to as a server, or connect to as a client
55 (default ``0.0.0.0``).
57 .. option:: -k, --socket=PATH
59 Use a unix socket with path *PATH*.
61 .. option:: --image-opts
63 Treat *filename* as a set of image options, instead of a plain
64 filename. If this flag is specified, the ``-f`` flag should
65 not be used, instead the :option:`format=` option should be set.
67 .. option:: -f, --format=FMT
69 Force the use of the block driver for format *FMT* instead of
72 .. option:: -r, --read-only
74 Export the disk as read-only.
76 .. option:: -A, --allocation-depth
78 Expose allocation depth information via the
79 ``qemu:allocation-depth`` metadata context accessible through
80 NBD_OPT_SET_META_CONTEXT.
82 .. option:: -B, --bitmap=NAME
84 If *filename* has a qcow2 persistent bitmap *NAME*, expose
85 that bitmap via the ``qemu:dirty-bitmap:NAME`` metadata context
86 accessible through NBD_OPT_SET_META_CONTEXT.
88 .. option:: -s, --snapshot
90 Use *filename* as an external snapshot, create a temporary
91 file with ``backing_file=``\ *filename*, redirect the write to
94 .. option:: -l, --load-snapshot=SNAPSHOT_PARAM
96 Load an internal snapshot inside *filename* and export it
97 as an read-only device, SNAPSHOT_PARAM format is
98 ``snapshot.id=[ID],snapshot.name=[NAME]`` or ``[ID_OR_NAME]``
100 .. option:: --cache=CACHE
102 The cache mode to be used with the file. Valid values are:
103 ``none``, ``writeback`` (the default), ``writethrough``,
104 ``directsync`` and ``unsafe``. See the documentation of
105 the emulator's ``-drive cache=...`` option for more info.
107 .. option:: -n, --nocache
109 Equivalent to :option:`--cache=none`.
111 .. option:: --aio=AIO
113 Set the asynchronous I/O mode between ``threads`` (the default),
114 ``native`` (Linux only), and ``io_uring`` (Linux 5.1+).
116 .. option:: --discard=DISCARD
118 Control whether ``discard`` (also known as ``trim`` or ``unmap``)
119 requests are ignored or passed to the filesystem. *DISCARD* is one of
120 ``ignore`` (or ``off``), ``unmap`` (or ``on``). The default is
123 .. option:: --detect-zeroes=DETECT_ZEROES
125 Control the automatic conversion of plain zero writes by the OS to
126 driver-specific optimized zero write commands. *DETECT_ZEROES* is one of
127 ``off``, ``on``, or ``unmap``. ``unmap``
128 converts a zero write to an unmap operation and can only be used if
129 *DISCARD* is set to ``unmap``. The default is ``off``.
131 .. option:: -c, --connect=DEV
133 Connect *filename* to NBD device *DEV* (Linux only).
135 .. option:: -d, --disconnect
137 Disconnect the device *DEV* (Linux only).
139 .. option:: -e, --shared=NUM
141 Allow up to *NUM* clients to share the device (default
142 ``1``), 0 for unlimited.
144 .. option:: -t, --persistent
146 Don't exit on the last connection.
148 .. option:: -x, --export-name=NAME
150 Set the NBD volume export name (default of a zero-length string).
152 .. option:: -D, --description=DESCRIPTION
154 Set the NBD volume export description, as a human-readable
157 .. option:: -L, --list
159 Connect as a client and list all details about the exports exposed by
160 a remote NBD server. This enables list mode, and is incompatible
161 with options that change behavior related to a specific export (such as
162 :option:`--export-name`, :option:`--offset`, ...).
164 .. option:: --tls-creds=ID
166 Enable mandatory TLS encryption for the server by setting the ID
167 of the TLS credentials object previously created with the
168 :option:`--object` option; or provide the credentials needed for
169 connecting as a client in list mode.
171 .. option:: --tls-hostname=hostname
173 When validating an x509 certificate received over a TLS connection,
174 the hostname that the NBD client used to connect will be checked
175 against information in the server provided certificate. Sometimes
176 it might be required to override the hostname used to perform this
177 check. For example, if the NBD client is using a tunnel from localhost
178 to connect to the remote server, the :option:`--tls-hostname` option should
179 be used to set the officially expected hostname of the remote NBD
180 server. This can also be used if accessing NBD over a UNIX socket
181 where there is no inherent hostname available. This is only permitted
182 when acting as a NBD client with the :option:`--list` option.
186 Fork off the server process and exit the parent once the server is running.
188 .. option:: --pid-file=PATH
190 Store the server's process ID in the given file.
192 .. option:: --tls-authz=ID
194 Specify the ID of a qauthz object previously created with the
195 :option:`--object` option. This will be used to authorize connecting users
196 against their x509 distinguished name.
198 .. option:: -v, --verbose
200 Display extra debugging information. This option also keeps the original
201 *STDERR* stream open if the ``qemu-nbd`` process is daemonized due to
202 other options like :option:`--fork` or :option:`-c`.
204 .. option:: -h, --help
206 Display this help and exit.
208 .. option:: -V, --version
210 Display version information and exit.
212 .. option:: -T, --trace [[enable=]PATTERN][,events=FILE][,file=FILE]
214 .. include:: ../qemu-option-trace.rst.inc
219 Start a server listening on port 10809 that exposes only the
220 guest-visible contents of a qcow2 file, with no TLS encryption, and
221 with the default export name (an empty string). The command is
222 one-shot, and will block until the first successful client
227 qemu-nbd -f qcow2 file.qcow2
229 Start a long-running server listening with encryption on port 10810,
230 and allow clients with a specific X.509 certificate to connect to
231 a 1 megabyte subset of a raw file, using the export name 'subset':
236 --object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,endpoint=server,dir=/path/to/qemutls \
237 --object 'authz-simple,id=auth0,identity=CN=laptop.example.com,,\
238 O=Example Org,,L=London,,ST=London,,C=GB' \
239 --tls-creds tls0 --tls-authz auth0 \
240 -t -x subset -p 10810 \
241 --image-opts driver=raw,offset=1M,size=1M,file.driver=file,file.filename=file.raw
243 Serve a read-only copy of a guest image over a Unix socket with as
244 many as 5 simultaneous readers, with a persistent process forked as a
249 qemu-nbd --fork --persistent --shared=5 --socket=/path/to/sock \
250 --read-only --format=qcow2 file.qcow2
252 Expose the guest-visible contents of a qcow2 file via a block device
253 /dev/nbd0 (and possibly creating /dev/nbd0p1 and friends for
254 partitions found within), then disconnect the device when done.
255 Access to bind ``qemu-nbd`` to a /dev/nbd device generally requires root
256 privileges, and may also require the execution of ``modprobe nbd``
257 to enable the kernel NBD client module. *CAUTION*: Do not use
258 this method to mount filesystems from an untrusted guest image - a
259 malicious guest may have prepared the image to attempt to trigger
260 kernel bugs in partition probing or file system mounting.
264 qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 -f qcow2 file.qcow2
265 qemu-nbd -d /dev/nbd0
267 Query a remote server to see details about what export(s) it is
268 serving on port 10809, and authenticating via PSK:
273 --object tls-creds-psk,id=tls0,dir=/tmp/keys,username=eblake,endpoint=client \
274 --tls-creds tls0 -L -b remote.example.com
279 :manpage:`qemu(1)`, :manpage:`qemu-img(1)`