Use signalfd() in io-thread

[qemu-kvm/fedora.git] / vl.c

/*
 * QEMU System Emulator
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 */
#include "hw/hw.h"
#include "hw/boards.h"
#include "hw/usb.h"
#include "hw/pcmcia.h"
#include "hw/pc.h"
#include "hw/audiodev.h"
#include "hw/isa.h"
#include "hw/baum.h"
#include "net.h"
#include "console.h"
#include "sysemu.h"
#include "gdbstub.h"
#include "qemu-timer.h"
#include "qemu-char.h"
#include "block.h"
#include "audio/audio.h"
#include "migration.h"
#include "qemu-kvm.h"

#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <zlib.h>

#ifndef _WIN32
#include <sys/times.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <sys/poll.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#ifdef _BSD
#include <sys/stat.h>
#ifndef __APPLE__
#include <libutil.h>
#endif
#elif defined (__GLIBC__) && defined (__FreeBSD_kernel__)
#include <freebsd/stdlib.h>
#else
#ifndef __sun__
#include <linux/if.h>
#include <linux/if_tun.h>
#include <pty.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <linux/rtc.h>

/* For the benefit of older linux systems which don't supply it,
   we use a local copy of hpet.h. */
/* #include <linux/hpet.h> */
#include "hpet.h"

#include <linux/ppdev.h>
#include <linux/parport.h>
#else
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/ethernet.h>
#include <sys/sockio.h>
#include <netinet/arp.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/in_systm.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <netinet/ip_icmp.h> // must come after ip.h
#include <netinet/udp.h>
#include <netinet/tcp.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <syslog.h>
#include <stropts.h>
#endif
#endif
#else
#include <winsock2.h>
int inet_aton(const char *cp, struct in_addr *ia);
#endif

#if defined(CONFIG_SLIRP)
#include "libslirp.h"
#endif

#ifdef _WIN32
#include <malloc.h>
#include <sys/timeb.h>
#include <mmsystem.h>
#define getopt_long_only getopt_long
#define memalign(align, size) malloc(size)
#endif

#include "qemu_socket.h"

#ifdef CONFIG_SDL
#ifdef __APPLE__
#include <SDL/SDL.h>
#endif
#endif /* CONFIG_SDL */

#ifdef CONFIG_COCOA
#undef main
#define main qemu_main
#endif /* CONFIG_COCOA */

#include "disas.h"

#include "exec-all.h"

#include "qemu-kvm.h"

#define DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT "/etc/qemu-ifup"
#define DEFAULT_NETWORK_DOWN_SCRIPT "/etc/qemu-ifdown"
#ifdef __sun__
#define SMBD_COMMAND "/usr/sfw/sbin/smbd"
#else
#define SMBD_COMMAND "/usr/sbin/smbd"
#endif

//#define DEBUG_UNUSED_IOPORT
//#define DEBUG_IOPORT

#ifdef TARGET_PPC
#define DEFAULT_RAM_SIZE 144
#else
#define DEFAULT_RAM_SIZE 128
#endif
/* in ms */
#define GUI_REFRESH_INTERVAL 30

/* Max number of USB devices that can be specified on the commandline.  */
#define MAX_USB_CMDLINE 8

/* XXX: use a two level table to limit memory usage */
#define MAX_IOPORTS 65536

const char *bios_dir = CONFIG_QEMU_SHAREDIR;
const char *bios_name = NULL;
void *ioport_opaque[MAX_IOPORTS];
IOPortReadFunc *ioport_read_table[3][MAX_IOPORTS];
IOPortWriteFunc *ioport_write_table[3][MAX_IOPORTS];
/* Note: drives_table[MAX_DRIVES] is a dummy block driver if none available
   to store the VM snapshots */
DriveInfo drives_table[MAX_DRIVES+1];
int nb_drives;
int extboot_drive = -1;
/* point to the block driver where the snapshots are managed */
BlockDriverState *bs_snapshots;
int vga_ram_size;
static DisplayState display_state;
int nographic;
int curses;
const char* keyboard_layout = NULL;
int64_t ticks_per_sec;
ram_addr_t ram_size;
int pit_min_timer_count = 0;
int nb_nics;
NICInfo nd_table[MAX_NICS];
int vm_running;
static int rtc_utc = 1;
static int rtc_date_offset = -1; /* -1 means no change */
int cirrus_vga_enabled = 1;
int vmsvga_enabled = 0;
#ifdef TARGET_SPARC
int graphic_width = 1024;
int graphic_height = 768;
int graphic_depth = 8;
#else
int graphic_width = 800;
int graphic_height = 600;
int graphic_depth = 15;
#endif
int full_screen = 0;
int no_frame = 0;
int no_quit = 0;
int balloon_used = 0;
CharDriverState *vmchannel_hds[MAX_VMCHANNEL_DEVICES];
CharDriverState *serial_hds[MAX_SERIAL_PORTS];
CharDriverState *parallel_hds[MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS];
#ifdef TARGET_I386
int win2k_install_hack = 0;
#endif
int usb_enabled = 0;
static VLANState *first_vlan;
int smp_cpus = 1;
const char *vnc_display;
#if defined(TARGET_SPARC)
#define MAX_CPUS 16
#elif defined(TARGET_I386)
#define MAX_CPUS 255
#elif defined(TARGET_IA64)
#define MAX_CPUS 4
#else
#define MAX_CPUS 1
#endif
int acpi_enabled = 1;
int fd_bootchk = 1;
int no_reboot = 0;
int no_shutdown = 0;
int cursor_hide = 1;
int graphic_rotate = 0;
int daemonize = 0;
const char *incoming;
const char *option_rom[MAX_OPTION_ROMS];
int nb_option_roms;
int semihosting_enabled = 0;
int autostart = 1;
int time_drift_fix = 0;
unsigned int kvm_shadow_memory = 0;
const char *mem_path = NULL;
int hpagesize = 0;
const char *cpu_vendor_string;
#ifdef TARGET_ARM
int old_param = 0;
#endif
const char *qemu_name;
int alt_grab = 0;
#ifdef TARGET_SPARC
unsigned int nb_prom_envs = 0;
const char *prom_envs[MAX_PROM_ENVS];
#endif
int nb_drives_opt;
struct drive_opt drives_opt[MAX_DRIVES];

static CPUState *cur_cpu;
static CPUState *next_cpu;
static int event_pending = 1;

#define TFR(expr) do { if ((expr) != -1) break; } while (errno == EINTR)

void decorate_application_name(char *appname, int max_len)
{
    if (kvm_enabled())
    {
        int remain = max_len - strlen(appname) - 1;

        if (remain > 0)
            strncat(appname, "/KVM", remain);
    }
}

/***********************************************************/
/* x86 ISA bus support */

target_phys_addr_t isa_mem_base = 0;
PicState2 *isa_pic;

static uint32_t default_ioport_readb(void *opaque, uint32_t address)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_UNUSED_IOPORT
    fprintf(stderr, "unused inb: port=0x%04x\n", address);
#endif
    return 0xff;
}

static void default_ioport_writeb(void *opaque, uint32_t address, uint32_t data)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_UNUSED_IOPORT
    fprintf(stderr, "unused outb: port=0x%04x data=0x%02x\n", address, data);
#endif
}

/* default is to make two byte accesses */
static uint32_t default_ioport_readw(void *opaque, uint32_t address)
{
    uint32_t data;
    data = ioport_read_table[0][address](ioport_opaque[address], address);
    address = (address + 1) & (MAX_IOPORTS - 1);
    data |= ioport_read_table[0][address](ioport_opaque[address], address) << 8;
    return data;
}

static void default_ioport_writew(void *opaque, uint32_t address, uint32_t data)
{
    ioport_write_table[0][address](ioport_opaque[address], address, data & 0xff);
    address = (address + 1) & (MAX_IOPORTS - 1);
    ioport_write_table[0][address](ioport_opaque[address], address, (data >> 8) & 0xff);
}

static uint32_t default_ioport_readl(void *opaque, uint32_t address)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_UNUSED_IOPORT
    fprintf(stderr, "unused inl: port=0x%04x\n", address);
#endif
    return 0xffffffff;
}

static void default_ioport_writel(void *opaque, uint32_t address, uint32_t data)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_UNUSED_IOPORT
    fprintf(stderr, "unused outl: port=0x%04x data=0x%02x\n", address, data);
#endif
}

static void init_ioports(void)
{
    int i;

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_IOPORTS; i++) {
        ioport_read_table[0][i] = default_ioport_readb;
        ioport_write_table[0][i] = default_ioport_writeb;
        ioport_read_table[1][i] = default_ioport_readw;
        ioport_write_table[1][i] = default_ioport_writew;
        ioport_read_table[2][i] = default_ioport_readl;
        ioport_write_table[2][i] = default_ioport_writel;
    }
}

/* size is the word size in byte */
int register_ioport_read(int start, int length, int size,
                         IOPortReadFunc *func, void *opaque)
{
    int i, bsize;

    if (size == 1) {
        bsize = 0;
    } else if (size == 2) {
        bsize = 1;
    } else if (size == 4) {
        bsize = 2;
    } else {
        hw_error("register_ioport_read: invalid size");
        return -1;
    }
    for(i = start; i < start + length; i += size) {
        ioport_read_table[bsize][i] = func;
        if (ioport_opaque[i] != NULL && ioport_opaque[i] != opaque)
            hw_error("register_ioport_read: invalid opaque");
        ioport_opaque[i] = opaque;
    }
    return 0;
}

/* size is the word size in byte */
int register_ioport_write(int start, int length, int size,
                          IOPortWriteFunc *func, void *opaque)
{
    int i, bsize;

    if (size == 1) {
        bsize = 0;
    } else if (size == 2) {
        bsize = 1;
    } else if (size == 4) {
        bsize = 2;
    } else {
        hw_error("register_ioport_write: invalid size");
        return -1;
    }
    for(i = start; i < start + length; i += size) {
        ioport_write_table[bsize][i] = func;
        if (ioport_opaque[i] != NULL && ioport_opaque[i] != opaque)
            hw_error("register_ioport_write: invalid opaque");
        ioport_opaque[i] = opaque;
    }
    return 0;
}

void isa_unassign_ioport(int start, int length)
{
    int i;

    for(i = start; i < start + length; i++) {
        ioport_read_table[0][i] = default_ioport_readb;
        ioport_read_table[1][i] = default_ioport_readw;
        ioport_read_table[2][i] = default_ioport_readl;

        ioport_write_table[0][i] = default_ioport_writeb;
        ioport_write_table[1][i] = default_ioport_writew;
        ioport_write_table[2][i] = default_ioport_writel;

        ioport_opaque[i] = NULL;
    }
}

/***********************************************************/

void cpu_outb(CPUState *env, int addr, int val)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_IOPORT
    if (loglevel & CPU_LOG_IOPORT)
        fprintf(logfile, "outb: %04x %02x\n", addr, val);
#endif
    ioport_write_table[0][addr](ioport_opaque[addr], addr, val);
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
    if (env)
        env->last_io_time = cpu_get_time_fast();
#endif
}

void cpu_outw(CPUState *env, int addr, int val)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_IOPORT
    if (loglevel & CPU_LOG_IOPORT)
        fprintf(logfile, "outw: %04x %04x\n", addr, val);
#endif
    ioport_write_table[1][addr](ioport_opaque[addr], addr, val);
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
    if (env)
        env->last_io_time = cpu_get_time_fast();
#endif
}

void cpu_outl(CPUState *env, int addr, int val)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_IOPORT
    if (loglevel & CPU_LOG_IOPORT)
        fprintf(logfile, "outl: %04x %08x\n", addr, val);
#endif
    ioport_write_table[2][addr](ioport_opaque[addr], addr, val);
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
    if (env)
        env->last_io_time = cpu_get_time_fast();
#endif
}

int cpu_inb(CPUState *env, int addr)
{
    int val;
    val = ioport_read_table[0][addr](ioport_opaque[addr], addr);
#ifdef DEBUG_IOPORT
    if (loglevel & CPU_LOG_IOPORT)
        fprintf(logfile, "inb : %04x %02x\n", addr, val);
#endif
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
    if (env)
        env->last_io_time = cpu_get_time_fast();
#endif
    return val;
}

int cpu_inw(CPUState *env, int addr)
{
    int val;
    val = ioport_read_table[1][addr](ioport_opaque[addr], addr);
#ifdef DEBUG_IOPORT
    if (loglevel & CPU_LOG_IOPORT)
        fprintf(logfile, "inw : %04x %04x\n", addr, val);
#endif
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
    if (env)
        env->last_io_time = cpu_get_time_fast();
#endif
    return val;
}

int cpu_inl(CPUState *env, int addr)
{
    int val;
    val = ioport_read_table[2][addr](ioport_opaque[addr], addr);
#ifdef DEBUG_IOPORT
    if (loglevel & CPU_LOG_IOPORT)
        fprintf(logfile, "inl : %04x %08x\n", addr, val);
#endif
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
    if (env)
        env->last_io_time = cpu_get_time_fast();
#endif
    return val;
}

/***********************************************************/
void hw_error(const char *fmt, ...)
{
    va_list ap;
    CPUState *env;

    va_start(ap, fmt);
    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: hardware error: ");
    vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    for(env = first_cpu; env != NULL; env = env->next_cpu) {
        fprintf(stderr, "CPU #%d:\n", env->cpu_index);
#ifdef TARGET_I386
        cpu_dump_state(env, stderr, fprintf, X86_DUMP_FPU);
#else
        cpu_dump_state(env, stderr, fprintf, 0);
#endif
    }
    va_end(ap);
    abort();
}

/***********************************************************/
/* keyboard/mouse */

static QEMUPutKBDEvent *qemu_put_kbd_event;
static void *qemu_put_kbd_event_opaque;
static QEMUPutMouseEntry *qemu_put_mouse_event_head;
static QEMUPutMouseEntry *qemu_put_mouse_event_current;

void qemu_add_kbd_event_handler(QEMUPutKBDEvent *func, void *opaque)
{
    qemu_put_kbd_event_opaque = opaque;
    qemu_put_kbd_event = func;
}

QEMUPutMouseEntry *qemu_add_mouse_event_handler(QEMUPutMouseEvent *func,
                                                void *opaque, int absolute,
                                                const char *name)
{
    QEMUPutMouseEntry *s, *cursor;

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(QEMUPutMouseEntry));
    if (!s)
        return NULL;

    s->qemu_put_mouse_event = func;
    s->qemu_put_mouse_event_opaque = opaque;
    s->qemu_put_mouse_event_absolute = absolute;
    s->qemu_put_mouse_event_name = qemu_strdup(name);
    s->next = NULL;

    if (!qemu_put_mouse_event_head) {
        qemu_put_mouse_event_head = qemu_put_mouse_event_current = s;
        return s;
    }

    cursor = qemu_put_mouse_event_head;
    while (cursor->next != NULL)
        cursor = cursor->next;

    cursor->next = s;
    qemu_put_mouse_event_current = s;

    return s;
}

void qemu_remove_mouse_event_handler(QEMUPutMouseEntry *entry)
{
    QEMUPutMouseEntry *prev = NULL, *cursor;

    if (!qemu_put_mouse_event_head || entry == NULL)
        return;

    cursor = qemu_put_mouse_event_head;
    while (cursor != NULL && cursor != entry) {
        prev = cursor;
        cursor = cursor->next;
    }

    if (cursor == NULL) // does not exist or list empty
        return;
    else if (prev == NULL) { // entry is head
        qemu_put_mouse_event_head = cursor->next;
        if (qemu_put_mouse_event_current == entry)
            qemu_put_mouse_event_current = cursor->next;
        qemu_free(entry->qemu_put_mouse_event_name);
        qemu_free(entry);
        return;
    }

    prev->next = entry->next;

    if (qemu_put_mouse_event_current == entry)
        qemu_put_mouse_event_current = prev;

    qemu_free(entry->qemu_put_mouse_event_name);
    qemu_free(entry);
}

void kbd_put_keycode(int keycode)
{
    if (qemu_put_kbd_event) {
        qemu_put_kbd_event(qemu_put_kbd_event_opaque, keycode);
    }
}

void kbd_mouse_event(int dx, int dy, int dz, int buttons_state)
{
    QEMUPutMouseEvent *mouse_event;
    void *mouse_event_opaque;
    int width;

    if (!qemu_put_mouse_event_current) {
        return;
    }

    mouse_event =
        qemu_put_mouse_event_current->qemu_put_mouse_event;
    mouse_event_opaque =
        qemu_put_mouse_event_current->qemu_put_mouse_event_opaque;

    if (mouse_event) {
        if (graphic_rotate) {
            if (qemu_put_mouse_event_current->qemu_put_mouse_event_absolute)
                width = 0x7fff;
            else
                width = graphic_width - 1;
            mouse_event(mouse_event_opaque,
                                 width - dy, dx, dz, buttons_state);
        } else
            mouse_event(mouse_event_opaque,
                                 dx, dy, dz, buttons_state);
    }
}

int kbd_mouse_is_absolute(void)
{
    if (!qemu_put_mouse_event_current)
        return 0;

    return qemu_put_mouse_event_current->qemu_put_mouse_event_absolute;
}

void do_info_mice(void)
{
    QEMUPutMouseEntry *cursor;
    int index = 0;

    if (!qemu_put_mouse_event_head) {
        term_printf("No mouse devices connected\n");
        return;
    }

    term_printf("Mouse devices available:\n");
    cursor = qemu_put_mouse_event_head;
    while (cursor != NULL) {
        term_printf("%c Mouse #%d: %s\n",
                    (cursor == qemu_put_mouse_event_current ? '*' : ' '),
                    index, cursor->qemu_put_mouse_event_name);
        index++;
        cursor = cursor->next;
    }
}

void do_mouse_set(int index)
{
    QEMUPutMouseEntry *cursor;
    int i = 0;

    if (!qemu_put_mouse_event_head) {
        term_printf("No mouse devices connected\n");
        return;
    }

    cursor = qemu_put_mouse_event_head;
    while (cursor != NULL && index != i) {
        i++;
        cursor = cursor->next;
    }

    if (cursor != NULL)
        qemu_put_mouse_event_current = cursor;
    else
        term_printf("Mouse at given index not found\n");
}

/* compute with 96 bit intermediate result: (a*b)/c */
uint64_t muldiv64(uint64_t a, uint32_t b, uint32_t c)
{
    union {
        uint64_t ll;
        struct {
#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
            uint32_t high, low;
#else
            uint32_t low, high;
#endif
        } l;
    } u, res;
    uint64_t rl, rh;

    u.ll = a;
    rl = (uint64_t)u.l.low * (uint64_t)b;
    rh = (uint64_t)u.l.high * (uint64_t)b;
    rh += (rl >> 32);
    res.l.high = rh / c;
    res.l.low = (((rh % c) << 32) + (rl & 0xffffffff)) / c;
    return res.ll;
}

/***********************************************************/
/* real time host monotonic timer */

#define QEMU_TIMER_BASE 1000000000LL

#ifdef WIN32

static int64_t clock_freq;

static void init_get_clock(void)
{
    LARGE_INTEGER freq;
    int ret;
    ret = QueryPerformanceFrequency(&freq);
    if (ret == 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Could not calibrate ticks\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    clock_freq = freq.QuadPart;
}

static int64_t get_clock(void)
{
    LARGE_INTEGER ti;
    QueryPerformanceCounter(&ti);
    return muldiv64(ti.QuadPart, QEMU_TIMER_BASE, clock_freq);
}

#else

static int use_rt_clock;

static void init_get_clock(void)
{
    use_rt_clock = 0;
#if defined(__linux__)
    {
        struct timespec ts;
        if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts) == 0) {
            use_rt_clock = 1;
        }
    }
#endif
}

static int64_t get_clock(void)
{
#if defined(__linux__)
    if (use_rt_clock) {
        struct timespec ts;
        clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
        return ts.tv_sec * 1000000000LL + ts.tv_nsec;
    } else
#endif
    {
        /* XXX: using gettimeofday leads to problems if the date
           changes, so it should be avoided. */
        struct timeval tv;
        gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
        return tv.tv_sec * 1000000000LL + (tv.tv_usec * 1000);
    }
}

#endif

/***********************************************************/
/* guest cycle counter */

static int64_t cpu_ticks_prev;
static int64_t cpu_ticks_offset;
static int64_t cpu_clock_offset;
static int cpu_ticks_enabled;

/* return the host CPU cycle counter and handle stop/restart */
int64_t cpu_get_ticks(void)
{
    if (!cpu_ticks_enabled) {
        return cpu_ticks_offset;
    } else {
        int64_t ticks;
        ticks = cpu_get_real_ticks();
        if (cpu_ticks_prev > ticks) {
            /* Note: non increasing ticks may happen if the host uses
               software suspend */
            cpu_ticks_offset += cpu_ticks_prev - ticks;
        }
        cpu_ticks_prev = ticks;
        return ticks + cpu_ticks_offset;
    }
}

/* return the host CPU monotonic timer and handle stop/restart */
static int64_t cpu_get_clock(void)
{
    int64_t ti;
    if (!cpu_ticks_enabled) {
        return cpu_clock_offset;
    } else {
        ti = get_clock();
        return ti + cpu_clock_offset;
    }
}

/* enable cpu_get_ticks() */
void cpu_enable_ticks(void)
{
    if (!cpu_ticks_enabled) {
        cpu_ticks_offset -= cpu_get_real_ticks();
        cpu_clock_offset -= get_clock();
        cpu_ticks_enabled = 1;
    }
}

/* disable cpu_get_ticks() : the clock is stopped. You must not call
   cpu_get_ticks() after that.  */
void cpu_disable_ticks(void)
{
    if (cpu_ticks_enabled) {
        cpu_ticks_offset = cpu_get_ticks();
        cpu_clock_offset = cpu_get_clock();
        cpu_ticks_enabled = 0;
    }
}

/***********************************************************/
/* timers */

#define QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME 0
#define QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL  1

struct QEMUClock {
    int type;
    /* XXX: add frequency */
};

struct QEMUTimer {
    QEMUClock *clock;
    int64_t expire_time;
    QEMUTimerCB *cb;
    void *opaque;
    struct QEMUTimer *next;
};

struct qemu_alarm_timer {
    char const *name;
    unsigned int flags;

    int (*start)(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);
    void (*stop)(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);
    void (*rearm)(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);
    void *priv;
};

#define ALARM_FLAG_DYNTICKS  0x1
#define ALARM_FLAG_EXPIRED   0x2

static inline int alarm_has_dynticks(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    return t->flags & ALARM_FLAG_DYNTICKS;
}

static void qemu_rearm_alarm_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    if (!alarm_has_dynticks(t))
        return;

    t->rearm(t);
}

/* TODO: MIN_TIMER_REARM_US should be optimized */
#define MIN_TIMER_REARM_US 250

static struct qemu_alarm_timer *alarm_timer;

#ifdef _WIN32

struct qemu_alarm_win32 {
    MMRESULT timerId;
    HANDLE host_alarm;
    unsigned int period;
} alarm_win32_data = {0, NULL, -1};

static int win32_start_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);
static void win32_stop_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);
static void win32_rearm_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);

#else

static int unix_start_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);
static void unix_stop_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);

#ifdef __linux__

static int dynticks_start_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);
static void dynticks_stop_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);
static void dynticks_rearm_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);

static int hpet_start_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);
static void hpet_stop_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);

static int rtc_start_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);
static void rtc_stop_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t);

#endif /* __linux__ */

#endif /* _WIN32 */

static struct qemu_alarm_timer alarm_timers[] = {
#ifndef _WIN32
#ifdef __linux__
    {"dynticks", ALARM_FLAG_DYNTICKS, dynticks_start_timer,
     dynticks_stop_timer, dynticks_rearm_timer, NULL},
    /* HPET - if available - is preferred */
    {"hpet", 0, hpet_start_timer, hpet_stop_timer, NULL, NULL},
    /* ...otherwise try RTC */
    {"rtc", 0, rtc_start_timer, rtc_stop_timer, NULL, NULL},
#endif
    {"unix", 0, unix_start_timer, unix_stop_timer, NULL, NULL},
#else
    {"dynticks", ALARM_FLAG_DYNTICKS, win32_start_timer,
     win32_stop_timer, win32_rearm_timer, &alarm_win32_data},
    {"win32", 0, win32_start_timer,
     win32_stop_timer, NULL, &alarm_win32_data},
#endif
    {NULL, }
};

static void show_available_alarms(void)
{
    int i;

    printf("Available alarm timers, in order of precedence:\n");
    for (i = 0; alarm_timers[i].name; i++)
        printf("%s\n", alarm_timers[i].name);
}

static void configure_alarms(char const *opt)
{
    int i;
    int cur = 0;
    int count = (sizeof(alarm_timers) / sizeof(*alarm_timers)) - 1;
    char *arg;
    char *name;

    if (!strcmp(opt, "?")) {
        show_available_alarms();
        exit(0);
    }

    arg = strdup(opt);

    /* Reorder the array */
    name = strtok(arg, ",");
    while (name) {
        struct qemu_alarm_timer tmp;

        for (i = 0; i < count && alarm_timers[i].name; i++) {
            if (!strcmp(alarm_timers[i].name, name))
                break;
        }

        if (i == count) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown clock %s\n", name);
            goto next;
        }

        if (i < cur)
            /* Ignore */
            goto next;

        /* Swap */
        tmp = alarm_timers[i];
        alarm_timers[i] = alarm_timers[cur];
        alarm_timers[cur] = tmp;

        cur++;
next:
        name = strtok(NULL, ",");
    }

    free(arg);

    if (cur) {
        /* Disable remaining timers */
        for (i = cur; i < count; i++)
            alarm_timers[i].name = NULL;
    } else {
        show_available_alarms();
        exit(1);
    }
}

QEMUClock *rt_clock;
QEMUClock *vm_clock;

static QEMUTimer *active_timers[2];

static QEMUClock *qemu_new_clock(int type)
{
    QEMUClock *clock;
    clock = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(QEMUClock));
    if (!clock)
        return NULL;
    clock->type = type;
    return clock;
}

QEMUTimer *qemu_new_timer(QEMUClock *clock, QEMUTimerCB *cb, void *opaque)
{
    QEMUTimer *ts;

    ts = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(QEMUTimer));
    ts->clock = clock;
    ts->cb = cb;
    ts->opaque = opaque;
    return ts;
}

void qemu_free_timer(QEMUTimer *ts)
{
    qemu_free(ts);
}

/* stop a timer, but do not dealloc it */
void qemu_del_timer(QEMUTimer *ts)
{
    QEMUTimer **pt, *t;

    /* NOTE: this code must be signal safe because
       qemu_timer_expired() can be called from a signal. */
    pt = &active_timers[ts->clock->type];
    for(;;) {
        t = *pt;
        if (!t)
            break;
        if (t == ts) {
            *pt = t->next;
            break;
        }
        pt = &t->next;
    }
}

/* modify the current timer so that it will be fired when current_time
   >= expire_time. The corresponding callback will be called. */
void qemu_mod_timer(QEMUTimer *ts, int64_t expire_time)
{
    QEMUTimer **pt, *t;

    qemu_del_timer(ts);

    /* add the timer in the sorted list */
    /* NOTE: this code must be signal safe because
       qemu_timer_expired() can be called from a signal. */
    pt = &active_timers[ts->clock->type];
    for(;;) {
        t = *pt;
        if (!t)
            break;
        if (t->expire_time > expire_time)
            break;
        pt = &t->next;
    }
    ts->expire_time = expire_time;
    ts->next = *pt;
    *pt = ts;

    /* Rearm if necessary  */
    if ((alarm_timer->flags & ALARM_FLAG_EXPIRED) == 0 &&
        pt == &active_timers[ts->clock->type])
        qemu_rearm_alarm_timer(alarm_timer);
}

int qemu_timer_pending(QEMUTimer *ts)
{
    QEMUTimer *t;
    for(t = active_timers[ts->clock->type]; t != NULL; t = t->next) {
        if (t == ts)
            return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static inline int qemu_timer_expired(QEMUTimer *timer_head, int64_t current_time)
{
    if (!timer_head)
        return 0;
    return (timer_head->expire_time <= current_time);
}

static void qemu_run_timers(QEMUTimer **ptimer_head, int64_t current_time)
{
    QEMUTimer *ts;

    for(;;) {
        ts = *ptimer_head;
        if (!ts || ts->expire_time > current_time)
            break;
        /* remove timer from the list before calling the callback */
        *ptimer_head = ts->next;
        ts->next = NULL;

        /* run the callback (the timer list can be modified) */
        ts->cb(ts->opaque);
    }
}

int64_t qemu_get_clock(QEMUClock *clock)
{
    switch(clock->type) {
    case QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME:
        return get_clock() / 1000000;
    default:
    case QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL:
        return cpu_get_clock();
    }
}

static void init_timers(void)
{
    init_get_clock();
    ticks_per_sec = QEMU_TIMER_BASE;
    rt_clock = qemu_new_clock(QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME);
    vm_clock = qemu_new_clock(QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL);
}

/* save a timer */
void qemu_put_timer(QEMUFile *f, QEMUTimer *ts)
{
    uint64_t expire_time;

    if (qemu_timer_pending(ts)) {
        expire_time = ts->expire_time;
    } else {
        expire_time = -1;
    }
    qemu_put_be64(f, expire_time);
}

void qemu_get_timer(QEMUFile *f, QEMUTimer *ts)
{
    uint64_t expire_time;

    expire_time = qemu_get_be64(f);
    if (expire_time != -1) {
        qemu_mod_timer(ts, expire_time);
    } else {
        qemu_del_timer(ts);
    }
}

static void timer_save(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
    if (cpu_ticks_enabled) {
        hw_error("cannot save state if virtual timers are running");
    }
    qemu_put_be64(f, cpu_ticks_offset);
    qemu_put_be64(f, ticks_per_sec);
    qemu_put_be64(f, cpu_clock_offset);
}

static int timer_load(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque, int version_id)
{
    if (version_id != 1 && version_id != 2)
        return -EINVAL;
    if (cpu_ticks_enabled) {
        return -EINVAL;
    }
    cpu_ticks_offset=qemu_get_be64(f);
    ticks_per_sec=qemu_get_be64(f);
    if (version_id == 2) {
        cpu_clock_offset=qemu_get_be64(f);
    }
    return 0;
}

#ifdef _WIN32
void CALLBACK host_alarm_handler(UINT uTimerID, UINT uMsg,
                                 DWORD_PTR dwUser, DWORD_PTR dw1, DWORD_PTR dw2)
#else
static void host_alarm_handler(int host_signum)
#endif
{
#if 0
#define DISP_FREQ 1000
    {
        static int64_t delta_min = INT64_MAX;
        static int64_t delta_max, delta_cum, last_clock, delta, ti;
        static int count;
        ti = qemu_get_clock(vm_clock);
        if (last_clock != 0) {
            delta = ti - last_clock;
            if (delta < delta_min)
                delta_min = delta;
            if (delta > delta_max)
                delta_max = delta;
            delta_cum += delta;
            if (++count == DISP_FREQ) {
                printf("timer: min=%" PRId64 " us max=%" PRId64 " us avg=%" PRId64 " us avg_freq=%0.3f Hz\n",
                       muldiv64(delta_min, 1000000, ticks_per_sec),
                       muldiv64(delta_max, 1000000, ticks_per_sec),
                       muldiv64(delta_cum, 1000000 / DISP_FREQ, ticks_per_sec),
                       (double)ticks_per_sec / ((double)delta_cum / DISP_FREQ));
                count = 0;
                delta_min = INT64_MAX;
                delta_max = 0;
                delta_cum = 0;
            }
        }
        last_clock = ti;
    }
#endif
    if (1 ||
        alarm_has_dynticks(alarm_timer) ||
        qemu_timer_expired(active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL],
                           qemu_get_clock(vm_clock)) ||
        qemu_timer_expired(active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME],
                           qemu_get_clock(rt_clock))) {
#ifdef _WIN32
        struct qemu_alarm_win32 *data = ((struct qemu_alarm_timer*)dwUser)->priv;
        SetEvent(data->host_alarm);
#endif
        CPUState *env = next_cpu;

        alarm_timer->flags |= ALARM_FLAG_EXPIRED;

        if (env) {
            /* stop the currently executing cpu because a timer occured */
            cpu_interrupt(env, CPU_INTERRUPT_EXIT);
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
            if (env->kqemu_enabled) {
                kqemu_cpu_interrupt(env);
            }
#endif
        }
        event_pending = 1;
    }
}

static uint64_t qemu_next_deadline(void)
{
    int64_t nearest_delta_us = INT64_MAX;
    int64_t vmdelta_us;

    if (active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME])
        nearest_delta_us = (active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME]->expire_time -
                            qemu_get_clock(rt_clock))*1000;

    if (active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL]) {
        /* round up */
        vmdelta_us = (active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL]->expire_time -
                      qemu_get_clock(vm_clock)+999)/1000;
        if (vmdelta_us < nearest_delta_us)
            nearest_delta_us = vmdelta_us;
    }

    /* Avoid arming the timer to negative, zero, or too low values */
    if (nearest_delta_us <= MIN_TIMER_REARM_US)
        nearest_delta_us = MIN_TIMER_REARM_US;

    return nearest_delta_us;
}

#ifndef _WIN32

#if defined(__linux__)

#define RTC_FREQ 1024

static void enable_sigio_timer(int fd)
{
    struct sigaction act;

    /* timer signal */
    sigfillset(&act.sa_mask);
    act.sa_flags = 0;
    act.sa_handler = host_alarm_handler;

    sigaction(SIGIO, &act, NULL);
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_ASYNC);
    fcntl(fd, F_SETOWN, getpid());
}

static int hpet_start_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    struct hpet_info info;
    int r, fd;

    fd = open("/dev/hpet", O_RDONLY);
    if (fd < 0)
        return -1;

    /* Set frequency */
    r = ioctl(fd, HPET_IRQFREQ, RTC_FREQ);
    if (r < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Could not configure '/dev/hpet' to have a 1024Hz timer. This is not a fatal\n"
                "error, but for better emulation accuracy type:\n"
                "'echo 1024 > /proc/sys/dev/hpet/max-user-freq' as root.\n");
        goto fail;
    }

    /* Check capabilities */
    r = ioctl(fd, HPET_INFO, &info);
    if (r < 0)
        goto fail;

    /* Enable periodic mode */
    r = ioctl(fd, HPET_EPI, 0);
    if (info.hi_flags && (r < 0))
        goto fail;

    /* Enable interrupt */
    r = ioctl(fd, HPET_IE_ON, 0);
    if (r < 0)
        goto fail;

    enable_sigio_timer(fd);
    t->priv = (void *)(long)fd;

    return 0;
fail:
    close(fd);
    return -1;
}

static void hpet_stop_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    int fd = (long)t->priv;

    close(fd);
}

static int rtc_start_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    int rtc_fd;
    unsigned long current_rtc_freq = 0;

    TFR(rtc_fd = open("/dev/rtc", O_RDONLY));
    if (rtc_fd < 0)
        return -1;
    ioctl(rtc_fd, RTC_IRQP_READ, &current_rtc_freq);
    if (current_rtc_freq != RTC_FREQ &&
        ioctl(rtc_fd, RTC_IRQP_SET, RTC_FREQ) < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Could not configure '/dev/rtc' to have a 1024 Hz timer. This is not a fatal\n"
                "error, but for better emulation accuracy either use a 2.6 host Linux kernel or\n"
                "type 'echo 1024 > /proc/sys/dev/rtc/max-user-freq' as root.\n");
        goto fail;
    }
    if (ioctl(rtc_fd, RTC_PIE_ON, 0) < 0) {
    fail:
        close(rtc_fd);
        return -1;
    }

    enable_sigio_timer(rtc_fd);

    t->priv = (void *)(long)rtc_fd;

    return 0;
}

static void rtc_stop_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    int rtc_fd = (long)t->priv;

    close(rtc_fd);
}

static int dynticks_start_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    struct sigevent ev;
    timer_t host_timer;
    struct sigaction act;

    sigfillset(&act.sa_mask);
    act.sa_flags = 0;
    act.sa_handler = host_alarm_handler;

    sigaction(SIGALRM, &act, NULL);

    ev.sigev_value.sival_int = 0;
    ev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
    ev.sigev_signo = SIGALRM;

    if (timer_create(CLOCK_REALTIME, &ev, &host_timer)) {
        perror("timer_create");

        /* disable dynticks */
        fprintf(stderr, "Dynamic Ticks disabled\n");

        return -1;
    }

    t->priv = (void *)host_timer;

    return 0;
}

static void dynticks_stop_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    timer_t host_timer = (timer_t)t->priv;

    timer_delete(host_timer);
}

static void dynticks_rearm_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    timer_t host_timer = (timer_t)t->priv;
    struct itimerspec timeout;
    int64_t nearest_delta_us = INT64_MAX;
    int64_t current_us;

    if (!active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME] &&
                !active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL])
        return;

    nearest_delta_us = qemu_next_deadline();

    /* check whether a timer is already running */
    if (timer_gettime(host_timer, &timeout)) {
        perror("gettime");
        fprintf(stderr, "Internal timer error: aborting\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    current_us = timeout.it_value.tv_sec * 1000000 + timeout.it_value.tv_nsec/1000;
    if (current_us && current_us <= nearest_delta_us)
        return;

    timeout.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
    timeout.it_interval.tv_nsec = 0; /* 0 for one-shot timer */
    timeout.it_value.tv_sec =  nearest_delta_us / 1000000;
    timeout.it_value.tv_nsec = (nearest_delta_us % 1000000) * 1000;
    if (timer_settime(host_timer, 0 /* RELATIVE */, &timeout, NULL)) {
        perror("settime");
        fprintf(stderr, "Internal timer error: aborting\n");
        exit(1);
    }
}

#endif /* defined(__linux__) */

static int unix_start_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    struct sigaction act;
    struct itimerval itv;
    int err;

    /* timer signal */
    sigfillset(&act.sa_mask);
    act.sa_flags = 0;
    act.sa_handler = host_alarm_handler;

    sigaction(SIGALRM, &act, NULL);

    itv.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
    /* for i386 kernel 2.6 to get 1 ms */
    itv.it_interval.tv_usec = 999;
    itv.it_value.tv_sec = 0;
    itv.it_value.tv_usec = 10 * 1000;

    err = setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv, NULL);
    if (err)
        return -1;

    return 0;
}

static void unix_stop_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    struct itimerval itv;

    memset(&itv, 0, sizeof(itv));
    setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv, NULL);
}

#endif /* !defined(_WIN32) */

#ifdef _WIN32

static int win32_start_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    TIMECAPS tc;
    struct qemu_alarm_win32 *data = t->priv;
    UINT flags;

    data->host_alarm = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
    if (!data->host_alarm) {
        perror("Failed CreateEvent");
        return -1;
    }

    memset(&tc, 0, sizeof(tc));
    timeGetDevCaps(&tc, sizeof(tc));

    if (data->period < tc.wPeriodMin)
        data->period = tc.wPeriodMin;

    timeBeginPeriod(data->period);

    flags = TIME_CALLBACK_FUNCTION;
    if (alarm_has_dynticks(t))
        flags |= TIME_ONESHOT;
    else
        flags |= TIME_PERIODIC;

    data->timerId = timeSetEvent(1,         // interval (ms)
                        data->period,       // resolution
                        host_alarm_handler, // function
                        (DWORD)t,           // parameter
                        flags);

    if (!data->timerId) {
        perror("Failed to initialize win32 alarm timer");

        timeEndPeriod(data->period);
        CloseHandle(data->host_alarm);
        return -1;
    }

    qemu_add_wait_object(data->host_alarm, NULL, NULL);

    return 0;
}

static void win32_stop_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    struct qemu_alarm_win32 *data = t->priv;

    timeKillEvent(data->timerId);
    timeEndPeriod(data->period);

    CloseHandle(data->host_alarm);
}

static void win32_rearm_timer(struct qemu_alarm_timer *t)
{
    struct qemu_alarm_win32 *data = t->priv;
    uint64_t nearest_delta_us;

    if (!active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME] &&
                !active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL])
        return;

    nearest_delta_us = qemu_next_deadline();
    nearest_delta_us /= 1000;

    timeKillEvent(data->timerId);

    data->timerId = timeSetEvent(1,
                        data->period,
                        host_alarm_handler,
                        (DWORD)t,
                        TIME_ONESHOT | TIME_PERIODIC);

    if (!data->timerId) {
        perror("Failed to re-arm win32 alarm timer");

        timeEndPeriod(data->period);
        CloseHandle(data->host_alarm);
        exit(1);
    }
}

#endif /* _WIN32 */

static void init_timer_alarm(void)
{
    struct qemu_alarm_timer *t;
    int i, err = -1;

    for (i = 0; alarm_timers[i].name; i++) {
        t = &alarm_timers[i];

        err = t->start(t);
        if (!err)
            break;
    }

    if (err) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Unable to find any suitable alarm timer.\n");
        fprintf(stderr, "Terminating\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    alarm_timer = t;
}

static void quit_timers(void)
{
    alarm_timer->stop(alarm_timer);
    alarm_timer = NULL;
}

/***********************************************************/
/* host time/date access */
void qemu_get_timedate(struct tm *tm, int offset)
{
    time_t ti;
    struct tm *ret;

    time(&ti);
    ti += offset;
    if (rtc_date_offset == -1) {
        if (rtc_utc)
            ret = gmtime(&ti);
        else
            ret = localtime(&ti);
    } else {
        ti -= rtc_date_offset;
        ret = gmtime(&ti);
    }

    memcpy(tm, ret, sizeof(struct tm));
}

int qemu_timedate_diff(struct tm *tm)
{
    time_t seconds;

    if (rtc_date_offset == -1)
        if (rtc_utc)
            seconds = mktimegm(tm);
        else
            seconds = mktime(tm);
    else
        seconds = mktimegm(tm) + rtc_date_offset;

    return seconds - time(NULL);
}

/***********************************************************/
/* character device */

static void qemu_chr_event(CharDriverState *s, int event)
{
    if (!s->chr_event)
        return;
    s->chr_event(s->handler_opaque, event);
}

static void qemu_chr_reset_bh(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *s = opaque;
    qemu_chr_event(s, CHR_EVENT_RESET);
    qemu_bh_delete(s->bh);
    s->bh = NULL;
}

void qemu_chr_reset(CharDriverState *s)
{
    if (s->bh == NULL) {
        s->bh = qemu_bh_new(qemu_chr_reset_bh, s);
        qemu_bh_schedule(s->bh);
    }
}

int qemu_chr_write(CharDriverState *s, const uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    return s->chr_write(s, buf, len);
}

int qemu_chr_ioctl(CharDriverState *s, int cmd, void *arg)
{
    if (!s->chr_ioctl)
        return -ENOTSUP;
    return s->chr_ioctl(s, cmd, arg);
}

int qemu_chr_can_read(CharDriverState *s)
{
    if (!s->chr_can_read)
        return 0;
    return s->chr_can_read(s->handler_opaque);
}

void qemu_chr_read(CharDriverState *s, uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    s->chr_read(s->handler_opaque, buf, len);
}

void qemu_chr_accept_input(CharDriverState *s)
{
    if (s->chr_accept_input)
        s->chr_accept_input(s);
}

void qemu_chr_printf(CharDriverState *s, const char *fmt, ...)
{
    char buf[4096];
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap, fmt);
    vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, ap);
    qemu_chr_write(s, (uint8_t *)buf, strlen(buf));
    va_end(ap);
}

void qemu_chr_send_event(CharDriverState *s, int event)
{
    if (s->chr_send_event)
        s->chr_send_event(s, event);
}

void qemu_chr_add_handlers(CharDriverState *s,
                           IOCanRWHandler *fd_can_read,
                           IOReadHandler *fd_read,
                           IOEventHandler *fd_event,
                           void *opaque)
{
    s->chr_can_read = fd_can_read;
    s->chr_read = fd_read;
    s->chr_event = fd_event;
    s->handler_opaque = opaque;
    if (s->chr_update_read_handler)
        s->chr_update_read_handler(s);
}

static int null_chr_write(CharDriverState *chr, const uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    return len;
}

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_null(void)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;

    chr = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(CharDriverState));
    if (!chr)
        return NULL;
    chr->chr_write = null_chr_write;
    return chr;
}

/* MUX driver for serial I/O splitting */
static int term_timestamps;
static int64_t term_timestamps_start;
#define MAX_MUX 4
#define MUX_BUFFER_SIZE 32      /* Must be a power of 2.  */
#define MUX_BUFFER_MASK (MUX_BUFFER_SIZE - 1)
typedef struct {
    IOCanRWHandler *chr_can_read[MAX_MUX];
    IOReadHandler *chr_read[MAX_MUX];
    IOEventHandler *chr_event[MAX_MUX];
    void *ext_opaque[MAX_MUX];
    CharDriverState *drv;
    unsigned char buffer[MUX_BUFFER_SIZE];
    int prod;
    int cons;
    int mux_cnt;
    int term_got_escape;
    int max_size;
} MuxDriver;


static int mux_chr_write(CharDriverState *chr, const uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    MuxDriver *d = chr->opaque;
    int ret;
    if (!term_timestamps) {
        ret = d->drv->chr_write(d->drv, buf, len);
    } else {
        int i;

        ret = 0;
        for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            ret += d->drv->chr_write(d->drv, buf+i, 1);
            if (buf[i] == '\n') {
                char buf1[64];
                int64_t ti;
                int secs;

                ti = get_clock();
                if (term_timestamps_start == -1)
                    term_timestamps_start = ti;
                ti -= term_timestamps_start;
                secs = ti / 1000000000;
                snprintf(buf1, sizeof(buf1),
                         "[%02d:%02d:%02d.%03d] ",
                         secs / 3600,
                         (secs / 60) % 60,
                         secs % 60,
                         (int)((ti / 1000000) % 1000));
                d->drv->chr_write(d->drv, (uint8_t *)buf1, strlen(buf1));
            }
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

static char *mux_help[] = {
    "% h    print this help\n\r",
    "% x    exit emulator\n\r",
    "% s    save disk data back to file (if -snapshot)\n\r",
    "% t    toggle console timestamps\n\r"
    "% b    send break (magic sysrq)\n\r",
    "% c    switch between console and monitor\n\r",
    "% %  sends %\n\r",
    NULL
};

static int term_escape_char = 0x01; /* ctrl-a is used for escape */
static void mux_print_help(CharDriverState *chr)
{
    int i, j;
    char ebuf[15] = "Escape-Char";
    char cbuf[50] = "\n\r";

    if (term_escape_char > 0 && term_escape_char < 26) {
        sprintf(cbuf,"\n\r");
        sprintf(ebuf,"C-%c", term_escape_char - 1 + 'a');
    } else {
        sprintf(cbuf,"\n\rEscape-Char set to Ascii: 0x%02x\n\r\n\r",
            term_escape_char);
    }
    chr->chr_write(chr, (uint8_t *)cbuf, strlen(cbuf));
    for (i = 0; mux_help[i] != NULL; i++) {
        for (j=0; mux_help[i][j] != '\0'; j++) {
            if (mux_help[i][j] == '%')
                chr->chr_write(chr, (uint8_t *)ebuf, strlen(ebuf));
            else
                chr->chr_write(chr, (uint8_t *)&mux_help[i][j], 1);
        }
    }
}

static int mux_proc_byte(CharDriverState *chr, MuxDriver *d, int ch)
{
    if (d->term_got_escape) {
        d->term_got_escape = 0;
        if (ch == term_escape_char)
            goto send_char;
        switch(ch) {
        case '?':
        case 'h':
            mux_print_help(chr);
            break;
        case 'x':
            {
                 char *term =  "QEMU: Terminated\n\r";
                 chr->chr_write(chr,(uint8_t *)term,strlen(term));
                 exit(0);
                 break;
            }
        case 's':
            {
                int i;
                for (i = 0; i < nb_drives; i++) {
                        bdrv_commit(drives_table[i].bdrv);
                }
            }
            break;
        case 'b':
            qemu_chr_event(chr, CHR_EVENT_BREAK);
            break;
        case 'c':
            /* Switch to the next registered device */
            chr->focus++;
            if (chr->focus >= d->mux_cnt)
                chr->focus = 0;
            break;
       case 't':
           term_timestamps = !term_timestamps;
           term_timestamps_start = -1;
           break;
        }
    } else if (ch == term_escape_char) {
        d->term_got_escape = 1;
    } else {
    send_char:
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static void mux_chr_accept_input(CharDriverState *chr)
{
    int m = chr->focus;
    MuxDriver *d = chr->opaque;

    while (d->prod != d->cons &&
           d->chr_can_read[m] &&
           d->chr_can_read[m](d->ext_opaque[m])) {
        d->chr_read[m](d->ext_opaque[m],
                       &d->buffer[d->cons++ & MUX_BUFFER_MASK], 1);
    }
}

static int mux_chr_can_read(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    MuxDriver *d = chr->opaque;

    if ((d->prod - d->cons) < MUX_BUFFER_SIZE)
        return 1;
    if (d->chr_can_read[chr->focus])
        return d->chr_can_read[chr->focus](d->ext_opaque[chr->focus]);
    return 0;
}

static void mux_chr_read(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    MuxDriver *d = chr->opaque;
    int m = chr->focus;
    int i;

    mux_chr_accept_input (opaque);

    for(i = 0; i < size; i++)
        if (mux_proc_byte(chr, d, buf[i])) {
            if (d->prod == d->cons &&
                d->chr_can_read[m] &&
                d->chr_can_read[m](d->ext_opaque[m]))
                d->chr_read[m](d->ext_opaque[m], &buf[i], 1);
            else
                d->buffer[d->prod++ & MUX_BUFFER_MASK] = buf[i];
        }
}

static void mux_chr_event(void *opaque, int event)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    MuxDriver *d = chr->opaque;
    int i;

    /* Send the event to all registered listeners */
    for (i = 0; i < d->mux_cnt; i++)
        if (d->chr_event[i])
            d->chr_event[i](d->ext_opaque[i], event);
}

static void mux_chr_update_read_handler(CharDriverState *chr)
{
    MuxDriver *d = chr->opaque;

    if (d->mux_cnt >= MAX_MUX) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Cannot add I/O handlers, MUX array is full\n");
        return;
    }
    d->ext_opaque[d->mux_cnt] = chr->handler_opaque;
    d->chr_can_read[d->mux_cnt] = chr->chr_can_read;
    d->chr_read[d->mux_cnt] = chr->chr_read;
    d->chr_event[d->mux_cnt] = chr->chr_event;
    /* Fix up the real driver with mux routines */
    if (d->mux_cnt == 0) {
        qemu_chr_add_handlers(d->drv, mux_chr_can_read, mux_chr_read,
                              mux_chr_event, chr);
    }
    chr->focus = d->mux_cnt;
    d->mux_cnt++;
}

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_mux(CharDriverState *drv)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;
    MuxDriver *d;

    chr = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(CharDriverState));
    if (!chr)
        return NULL;
    d = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(MuxDriver));
    if (!d) {
        free(chr);
        return NULL;
    }

    chr->opaque = d;
    d->drv = drv;
    chr->focus = -1;
    chr->chr_write = mux_chr_write;
    chr->chr_update_read_handler = mux_chr_update_read_handler;
    chr->chr_accept_input = mux_chr_accept_input;
    return chr;
}


#ifdef _WIN32

static void socket_cleanup(void)
{
    WSACleanup();
}

static int socket_init(void)
{
    WSADATA Data;
    int ret, err;

    ret = WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2,2), &Data);
    if (ret != 0) {
        err = WSAGetLastError();
        fprintf(stderr, "WSAStartup: %d\n", err);
        return -1;
    }
    atexit(socket_cleanup);
    return 0;
}

static int send_all(int fd, const uint8_t *buf, int len1)
{
    int ret, len;

    len = len1;
    while (len > 0) {
        ret = send(fd, buf, len, 0);
        if (ret < 0) {
            int errno;
            errno = WSAGetLastError();
            if (errno != WSAEWOULDBLOCK) {
                return -1;
            }
        } else if (ret == 0) {
            break;
        } else {
            buf += ret;
            len -= ret;
        }
    }
    return len1 - len;
}

void socket_set_nonblock(int fd)
{
    unsigned long opt = 1;
    ioctlsocket(fd, FIONBIO, &opt);
}

#else

static int unix_write(int fd, const uint8_t *buf, int len1)
{
    int ret, len;

    len = len1;
    while (len > 0) {
        ret = write(fd, buf, len);
        if (ret < 0) {
            if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGAIN)
                return -1;
        } else if (ret == 0) {
            break;
        } else {
            buf += ret;
            len -= ret;
        }
    }
    return len1 - len;
}

static inline int send_all(int fd, const uint8_t *buf, int len1)
{
    return unix_write(fd, buf, len1);
}

void socket_set_nonblock(int fd)
{
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
}
#endif /* !_WIN32 */

#ifndef _WIN32

typedef struct {
    int fd_in, fd_out;
    int max_size;
} FDCharDriver;

#define STDIO_MAX_CLIENTS 1
static int stdio_nb_clients = 0;

static int fd_chr_write(CharDriverState *chr, const uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    FDCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;
    return unix_write(s->fd_out, buf, len);
}

static int fd_chr_read_poll(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    FDCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;

    s->max_size = qemu_chr_can_read(chr);
    return s->max_size;
}

static void fd_chr_read(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    FDCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;
    int size, len;
    uint8_t buf[1024];

    len = sizeof(buf);
    if (len > s->max_size)
        len = s->max_size;
    if (len == 0)
        return;
    size = read(s->fd_in, buf, len);
    if (size == 0) {
        /* FD has been closed. Remove it from the active list.  */
        qemu_set_fd_handler2(s->fd_in, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        return;
    }
    if (size > 0) {
        qemu_chr_read(chr, buf, size);
    }
}

static void fd_chr_update_read_handler(CharDriverState *chr)
{
    FDCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;

    if (s->fd_in >= 0) {
        if (nographic && s->fd_in == 0) {
        } else {
            qemu_set_fd_handler2(s->fd_in, fd_chr_read_poll,
                                 fd_chr_read, NULL, chr);
        }
    }
}

static void fd_chr_close(struct CharDriverState *chr)
{
    FDCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;

    if (s->fd_in >= 0) {
        if (nographic && s->fd_in == 0) {
        } else {
            qemu_set_fd_handler2(s->fd_in, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        }
    }

    qemu_free(s);
}

/* open a character device to a unix fd */
static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_fd(int fd_in, int fd_out)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;
    FDCharDriver *s;

    chr = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(CharDriverState));
    if (!chr)
        return NULL;
    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(FDCharDriver));
    if (!s) {
        free(chr);
        return NULL;
    }
    s->fd_in = fd_in;
    s->fd_out = fd_out;
    chr->opaque = s;
    chr->chr_write = fd_chr_write;
    chr->chr_update_read_handler = fd_chr_update_read_handler;
    chr->chr_close = fd_chr_close;

    qemu_chr_reset(chr);

    return chr;
}

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_file_out(const char *file_out)
{
    int fd_out;

    TFR(fd_out = open(file_out, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CREAT | O_BINARY, 0666));
    if (fd_out < 0)
        return NULL;
    return qemu_chr_open_fd(-1, fd_out);
}

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pipe(const char *filename)
{
    int fd_in, fd_out;
    char filename_in[256], filename_out[256];

    snprintf(filename_in, 256, "%s.in", filename);
    snprintf(filename_out, 256, "%s.out", filename);
    TFR(fd_in = open(filename_in, O_RDWR | O_BINARY));
    TFR(fd_out = open(filename_out, O_RDWR | O_BINARY));
    if (fd_in < 0 || fd_out < 0) {
        if (fd_in >= 0)
            close(fd_in);
        if (fd_out >= 0)
            close(fd_out);
        TFR(fd_in = fd_out = open(filename, O_RDWR | O_BINARY));
        if (fd_in < 0)
            return NULL;
    }
    return qemu_chr_open_fd(fd_in, fd_out);
}


/* for STDIO, we handle the case where several clients use it
   (nographic mode) */

#define TERM_FIFO_MAX_SIZE 1

static uint8_t term_fifo[TERM_FIFO_MAX_SIZE];
static int term_fifo_size;

static int stdio_read_poll(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;

    /* try to flush the queue if needed */
    if (term_fifo_size != 0 && qemu_chr_can_read(chr) > 0) {
        qemu_chr_read(chr, term_fifo, 1);
        term_fifo_size = 0;
    }
    /* see if we can absorb more chars */
    if (term_fifo_size == 0)
        return 1;
    else
        return 0;
}

static void stdio_read(void *opaque)
{
    int size;
    uint8_t buf[1];
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;

    size = read(0, buf, 1);
    if (size == 0) {
        /* stdin has been closed. Remove it from the active list.  */
        qemu_set_fd_handler2(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        return;
    }
    if (size > 0) {
        if (qemu_chr_can_read(chr) > 0) {
            qemu_chr_read(chr, buf, 1);
        } else if (term_fifo_size == 0) {
            term_fifo[term_fifo_size++] = buf[0];
        }
    }
}

/* init terminal so that we can grab keys */
static struct termios oldtty;
static int old_fd0_flags;
static int term_atexit_done;

static void term_exit(void)
{
    tcsetattr (0, TCSANOW, &oldtty);
    fcntl(0, F_SETFL, old_fd0_flags);
}

static void term_init(void)
{
    struct termios tty;

    tcgetattr (0, &tty);
    oldtty = tty;
    old_fd0_flags = fcntl(0, F_GETFL);

    tty.c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP
                          |INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON);
    tty.c_oflag |= OPOST;
    tty.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHONL|ICANON|IEXTEN);
    /* if graphical mode, we allow Ctrl-C handling */
    if (nographic)
        tty.c_lflag &= ~ISIG;
    tty.c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE|PARENB);
    tty.c_cflag |= CS8;
    tty.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
    tty.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;

    tcsetattr (0, TCSANOW, &tty);

    if (!term_atexit_done++)
        atexit(term_exit);

    fcntl(0, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
}

static void qemu_chr_close_stdio(struct CharDriverState *chr)
{
    term_exit();
    stdio_nb_clients--;
    qemu_set_fd_handler2(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    fd_chr_close(chr);
}

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_stdio(void)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;

    if (stdio_nb_clients >= STDIO_MAX_CLIENTS)
        return NULL;
    chr = qemu_chr_open_fd(0, 1);
    chr->chr_close = qemu_chr_close_stdio;
    qemu_set_fd_handler2(0, stdio_read_poll, stdio_read, NULL, chr);
    stdio_nb_clients++;
    term_init();

    return chr;
}

#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__sun__)
static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pty(void)
{
    struct termios tty;
    char slave_name[1024];
    int master_fd, slave_fd;

#if defined(__linux__)
    /* Not satisfying */
    if (openpty(&master_fd, &slave_fd, slave_name, NULL, NULL) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
#endif

    /* Disabling local echo and line-buffered output */
    tcgetattr (master_fd, &tty);
    tty.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ICANON|ISIG);
    tty.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
    tty.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
    tcsetattr (master_fd, TCSAFLUSH, &tty);

    fprintf(stderr, "char device redirected to %s\n", slave_name);
    return qemu_chr_open_fd(master_fd, master_fd);
}

static void tty_serial_init(int fd, int speed,
                            int parity, int data_bits, int stop_bits)
{
    struct termios tty;
    speed_t spd;

#if 0
    printf("tty_serial_init: speed=%d parity=%c data=%d stop=%d\n",
           speed, parity, data_bits, stop_bits);
#endif
    tcgetattr (fd, &tty);

#define MARGIN 1.1
    if (speed <= 50 * MARGIN)
        spd = B50;
    else if (speed <= 75 * MARGIN)
        spd = B75;
    else if (speed <= 300 * MARGIN)
        spd = B300;
    else if (speed <= 600 * MARGIN)
        spd = B600;
    else if (speed <= 1200 * MARGIN)
        spd = B1200;
    else if (speed <= 2400 * MARGIN)
        spd = B2400;
    else if (speed <= 4800 * MARGIN)
        spd = B4800;
    else if (speed <= 9600 * MARGIN)
        spd = B9600;
    else if (speed <= 19200 * MARGIN)
        spd = B19200;
    else if (speed <= 38400 * MARGIN)
        spd = B38400;
    else if (speed <= 57600 * MARGIN)
        spd = B57600;
    else if (speed <= 115200 * MARGIN)
        spd = B115200;
    else
        spd = B115200;

    cfsetispeed(&tty, spd);
    cfsetospeed(&tty, spd);

    tty.c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP
                          |INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON);
    tty.c_oflag |= OPOST;
    tty.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHONL|ICANON|IEXTEN|ISIG);
    tty.c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE|PARENB|PARODD|CRTSCTS|CSTOPB);
    switch(data_bits) {
    default:
    case 8:
        tty.c_cflag |= CS8;
        break;
    case 7:
        tty.c_cflag |= CS7;
        break;
    case 6:
        tty.c_cflag |= CS6;
        break;
    case 5:
        tty.c_cflag |= CS5;
        break;
    }
    switch(parity) {
    default:
    case 'N':
        break;
    case 'E':
        tty.c_cflag |= PARENB;
        break;
    case 'O':
        tty.c_cflag |= PARENB | PARODD;
        break;
    }
    if (stop_bits == 2)
        tty.c_cflag |= CSTOPB;

    tcsetattr (fd, TCSANOW, &tty);
}

static int tty_serial_ioctl(CharDriverState *chr, int cmd, void *arg)
{
    FDCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;

    switch(cmd) {
    case CHR_IOCTL_SERIAL_SET_PARAMS:
        {
            QEMUSerialSetParams *ssp = arg;
            tty_serial_init(s->fd_in, ssp->speed, ssp->parity,
                            ssp->data_bits, ssp->stop_bits);
        }
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_SERIAL_SET_BREAK:
        {
            int enable = *(int *)arg;
            if (enable)
                tcsendbreak(s->fd_in, 1);
        }
        break;
    default:
        return -ENOTSUP;
    }
    return 0;
}

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_tty(const char *filename)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;
    int fd;

    TFR(fd = open(filename, O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK));
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    tty_serial_init(fd, 115200, 'N', 8, 1);
    chr = qemu_chr_open_fd(fd, fd);
    if (!chr) {
        close(fd);
        return NULL;
    }
    chr->chr_ioctl = tty_serial_ioctl;
    qemu_chr_reset(chr);
    return chr;
}
#else  /* ! __linux__ && ! __sun__ */
static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pty(void)
{
    return NULL;
}
#endif /* __linux__ || __sun__ */

#if defined(__linux__)
typedef struct {
    int fd;
    int mode;
} ParallelCharDriver;

static int pp_hw_mode(ParallelCharDriver *s, uint16_t mode)
{
    if (s->mode != mode) {
        int m = mode;
        if (ioctl(s->fd, PPSETMODE, &m) < 0)
            return 0;
        s->mode = mode;
    }
    return 1;
}

static int pp_ioctl(CharDriverState *chr, int cmd, void *arg)
{
    ParallelCharDriver *drv = chr->opaque;
    int fd = drv->fd;
    uint8_t b;

    switch(cmd) {
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_READ_DATA:
        if (ioctl(fd, PPRDATA, &b) < 0)
            return -ENOTSUP;
        *(uint8_t *)arg = b;
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_WRITE_DATA:
        b = *(uint8_t *)arg;
        if (ioctl(fd, PPWDATA, &b) < 0)
            return -ENOTSUP;
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_READ_CONTROL:
        if (ioctl(fd, PPRCONTROL, &b) < 0)
            return -ENOTSUP;
        /* Linux gives only the lowest bits, and no way to know data
           direction! For better compatibility set the fixed upper
           bits. */
        *(uint8_t *)arg = b | 0xc0;
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_WRITE_CONTROL:
        b = *(uint8_t *)arg;
        if (ioctl(fd, PPWCONTROL, &b) < 0)
            return -ENOTSUP;
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_READ_STATUS:
        if (ioctl(fd, PPRSTATUS, &b) < 0)
            return -ENOTSUP;
        *(uint8_t *)arg = b;
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_EPP_READ_ADDR:
        if (pp_hw_mode(drv, IEEE1284_MODE_EPP|IEEE1284_ADDR)) {
            struct ParallelIOArg *parg = arg;
            int n = read(fd, parg->buffer, parg->count);
            if (n != parg->count) {
                return -EIO;
            }
        }
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_EPP_READ:
        if (pp_hw_mode(drv, IEEE1284_MODE_EPP)) {
            struct ParallelIOArg *parg = arg;
            int n = read(fd, parg->buffer, parg->count);
            if (n != parg->count) {
                return -EIO;
            }
        }
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_EPP_WRITE_ADDR:
        if (pp_hw_mode(drv, IEEE1284_MODE_EPP|IEEE1284_ADDR)) {
            struct ParallelIOArg *parg = arg;
            int n = write(fd, parg->buffer, parg->count);
            if (n != parg->count) {
                return -EIO;
            }
        }
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_EPP_WRITE:
        if (pp_hw_mode(drv, IEEE1284_MODE_EPP)) {
            struct ParallelIOArg *parg = arg;
            int n = write(fd, parg->buffer, parg->count);
            if (n != parg->count) {
                return -EIO;
            }
        }
        break;
    default:
        return -ENOTSUP;
    }
    return 0;
}

static void pp_close(CharDriverState *chr)
{
    ParallelCharDriver *drv = chr->opaque;
    int fd = drv->fd;

    pp_hw_mode(drv, IEEE1284_MODE_COMPAT);
    ioctl(fd, PPRELEASE);
    close(fd);
    qemu_free(drv);
}

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pp(const char *filename)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;
    ParallelCharDriver *drv;
    int fd;

    TFR(fd = open(filename, O_RDWR));
    if (fd < 0)
        return NULL;

    if (ioctl(fd, PPCLAIM) < 0) {
        close(fd);
        return NULL;
    }

    drv = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(ParallelCharDriver));
    if (!drv) {
        close(fd);
        return NULL;
    }
    drv->fd = fd;
    drv->mode = IEEE1284_MODE_COMPAT;

    chr = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(CharDriverState));
    if (!chr) {
        qemu_free(drv);
        close(fd);
        return NULL;
    }
    chr->chr_write = null_chr_write;
    chr->chr_ioctl = pp_ioctl;
    chr->chr_close = pp_close;
    chr->opaque = drv;

    qemu_chr_reset(chr);

    return chr;
}
#endif /* __linux__ */

#else /* _WIN32 */

typedef struct {
    int max_size;
    HANDLE hcom, hrecv, hsend;
    OVERLAPPED orecv, osend;
    BOOL fpipe;
    DWORD len;
} WinCharState;

#define NSENDBUF 2048
#define NRECVBUF 2048
#define MAXCONNECT 1
#define NTIMEOUT 5000

static int win_chr_poll(void *opaque);
static int win_chr_pipe_poll(void *opaque);

static void win_chr_close(CharDriverState *chr)
{
    WinCharState *s = chr->opaque;

    if (s->hsend) {
        CloseHandle(s->hsend);
        s->hsend = NULL;
    }
    if (s->hrecv) {
        CloseHandle(s->hrecv);
        s->hrecv = NULL;
    }
    if (s->hcom) {
        CloseHandle(s->hcom);
        s->hcom = NULL;
    }
    if (s->fpipe)
        qemu_del_polling_cb(win_chr_pipe_poll, chr);
    else
        qemu_del_polling_cb(win_chr_poll, chr);
}

static int win_chr_init(CharDriverState *chr, const char *filename)
{
    WinCharState *s = chr->opaque;
    COMMCONFIG comcfg;
    COMMTIMEOUTS cto = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
    COMSTAT comstat;
    DWORD size;
    DWORD err;

    s->hsend = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
    if (!s->hsend) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed CreateEvent\n");
        goto fail;
    }
    s->hrecv = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
    if (!s->hrecv) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed CreateEvent\n");
        goto fail;
    }

    s->hcom = CreateFile(filename, GENERIC_READ|GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL,
                      OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, 0);
    if (s->hcom == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed CreateFile (%lu)\n", GetLastError());
        s->hcom = NULL;
        goto fail;
    }

    if (!SetupComm(s->hcom, NRECVBUF, NSENDBUF)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed SetupComm\n");
        goto fail;
    }

    ZeroMemory(&comcfg, sizeof(COMMCONFIG));
    size = sizeof(COMMCONFIG);
    GetDefaultCommConfig(filename, &comcfg, &size);
    comcfg.dcb.DCBlength = sizeof(DCB);
    CommConfigDialog(filename, NULL, &comcfg);

    if (!SetCommState(s->hcom, &comcfg.dcb)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed SetCommState\n");
        goto fail;
    }

    if (!SetCommMask(s->hcom, EV_ERR)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed SetCommMask\n");
        goto fail;
    }

    cto.ReadIntervalTimeout = MAXDWORD;
    if (!SetCommTimeouts(s->hcom, &cto)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed SetCommTimeouts\n");
        goto fail;
    }

    if (!ClearCommError(s->hcom, &err, &comstat)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed ClearCommError\n");
        goto fail;
    }
    qemu_add_polling_cb(win_chr_poll, chr);
    return 0;

 fail:
    win_chr_close(chr);
    return -1;
}

static int win_chr_write(CharDriverState *chr, const uint8_t *buf, int len1)
{
    WinCharState *s = chr->opaque;
    DWORD len, ret, size, err;

    len = len1;
    ZeroMemory(&s->osend, sizeof(s->osend));
    s->osend.hEvent = s->hsend;
    while (len > 0) {
        if (s->hsend)
            ret = WriteFile(s->hcom, buf, len, &size, &s->osend);
        else
            ret = WriteFile(s->hcom, buf, len, &size, NULL);
        if (!ret) {
            err = GetLastError();
            if (err == ERROR_IO_PENDING) {
                ret = GetOverlappedResult(s->hcom, &s->osend, &size, TRUE);
                if (ret) {
                    buf += size;
                    len -= size;
                } else {
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                break;
            }
        } else {
            buf += size;
            len -= size;
        }
    }
    return len1 - len;
}

static int win_chr_read_poll(CharDriverState *chr)
{
    WinCharState *s = chr->opaque;

    s->max_size = qemu_chr_can_read(chr);
    return s->max_size;
}

static void win_chr_readfile(CharDriverState *chr)
{
    WinCharState *s = chr->opaque;
    int ret, err;
    uint8_t buf[1024];
    DWORD size;

    ZeroMemory(&s->orecv, sizeof(s->orecv));
    s->orecv.hEvent = s->hrecv;
    ret = ReadFile(s->hcom, buf, s->len, &size, &s->orecv);
    if (!ret) {
        err = GetLastError();
        if (err == ERROR_IO_PENDING) {
            ret = GetOverlappedResult(s->hcom, &s->orecv, &size, TRUE);
        }
    }

    if (size > 0) {
        qemu_chr_read(chr, buf, size);
    }
}

static void win_chr_read(CharDriverState *chr)
{
    WinCharState *s = chr->opaque;

    if (s->len > s->max_size)
        s->len = s->max_size;
    if (s->len == 0)
        return;

    win_chr_readfile(chr);
}

static int win_chr_poll(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    WinCharState *s = chr->opaque;
    COMSTAT status;
    DWORD comerr;

    ClearCommError(s->hcom, &comerr, &status);
    if (status.cbInQue > 0) {
        s->len = status.cbInQue;
        win_chr_read_poll(chr);
        win_chr_read(chr);
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_win(const char *filename)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;
    WinCharState *s;

    chr = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(CharDriverState));
    if (!chr)
        return NULL;
    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(WinCharState));
    if (!s) {
        free(chr);
        return NULL;
    }
    chr->opaque = s;
    chr->chr_write = win_chr_write;
    chr->chr_close = win_chr_close;

    if (win_chr_init(chr, filename) < 0) {
        free(s);
        free(chr);
        return NULL;
    }
    qemu_chr_reset(chr);
    return chr;
}

static int win_chr_pipe_poll(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    WinCharState *s = chr->opaque;
    DWORD size;

    PeekNamedPipe(s->hcom, NULL, 0, NULL, &size, NULL);
    if (size > 0) {
        s->len = size;
        win_chr_read_poll(chr);
        win_chr_read(chr);
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int win_chr_pipe_init(CharDriverState *chr, const char *filename)
{
    WinCharState *s = chr->opaque;
    OVERLAPPED ov;
    int ret;
    DWORD size;
    char openname[256];

    s->fpipe = TRUE;

    s->hsend = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
    if (!s->hsend) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed CreateEvent\n");
        goto fail;
    }
    s->hrecv = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
    if (!s->hrecv) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed CreateEvent\n");
        goto fail;
    }

    snprintf(openname, sizeof(openname), "\\\\.\\pipe\\%s", filename);
    s->hcom = CreateNamedPipe(openname, PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED,
                              PIPE_TYPE_BYTE | PIPE_READMODE_BYTE |
                              PIPE_WAIT,
                              MAXCONNECT, NSENDBUF, NRECVBUF, NTIMEOUT, NULL);
    if (s->hcom == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed CreateNamedPipe (%lu)\n", GetLastError());
        s->hcom = NULL;
        goto fail;
    }

    ZeroMemory(&ov, sizeof(ov));
    ov.hEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
    ret = ConnectNamedPipe(s->hcom, &ov);
    if (ret) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed ConnectNamedPipe\n");
        goto fail;
    }

    ret = GetOverlappedResult(s->hcom, &ov, &size, TRUE);
    if (!ret) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed GetOverlappedResult\n");
        if (ov.hEvent) {
            CloseHandle(ov.hEvent);
            ov.hEvent = NULL;
        }
        goto fail;
    }

    if (ov.hEvent) {
        CloseHandle(ov.hEvent);
        ov.hEvent = NULL;
    }
    qemu_add_polling_cb(win_chr_pipe_poll, chr);
    return 0;

 fail:
    win_chr_close(chr);
    return -1;
}


static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_win_pipe(const char *filename)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;
    WinCharState *s;

    chr = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(CharDriverState));
    if (!chr)
        return NULL;
    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(WinCharState));
    if (!s) {
        free(chr);
        return NULL;
    }
    chr->opaque = s;
    chr->chr_write = win_chr_write;
    chr->chr_close = win_chr_close;

    if (win_chr_pipe_init(chr, filename) < 0) {
        free(s);
        free(chr);
        return NULL;
    }
    qemu_chr_reset(chr);
    return chr;
}

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_win_file(HANDLE fd_out)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;
    WinCharState *s;

    chr = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(CharDriverState));
    if (!chr)
        return NULL;
    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(WinCharState));
    if (!s) {
        free(chr);
        return NULL;
    }
    s->hcom = fd_out;
    chr->opaque = s;
    chr->chr_write = win_chr_write;
    qemu_chr_reset(chr);
    return chr;
}

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_win_con(const char *filename)
{
    return qemu_chr_open_win_file(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE));
}

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_win_file_out(const char *file_out)
{
    HANDLE fd_out;

    fd_out = CreateFile(file_out, GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_READ, NULL,
                        OPEN_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
    if (fd_out == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        return NULL;

    return qemu_chr_open_win_file(fd_out);
}
#endif /* !_WIN32 */

/***********************************************************/
/* UDP Net console */

typedef struct {
    int fd;
    struct sockaddr_in daddr;
    uint8_t buf[1024];
    int bufcnt;
    int bufptr;
    int max_size;
} NetCharDriver;

static int udp_chr_write(CharDriverState *chr, const uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    NetCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;

    return sendto(s->fd, buf, len, 0,
                  (struct sockaddr *)&s->daddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
}

static int udp_chr_read_poll(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    NetCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;

    s->max_size = qemu_chr_can_read(chr);

    /* If there were any stray characters in the queue process them
     * first
     */
    while (s->max_size > 0 && s->bufptr < s->bufcnt) {
        qemu_chr_read(chr, &s->buf[s->bufptr], 1);
        s->bufptr++;
        s->max_size = qemu_chr_can_read(chr);
    }
    return s->max_size;
}

static void udp_chr_read(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    NetCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;

    if (s->max_size == 0)
        return;
    s->bufcnt = recv(s->fd, s->buf, sizeof(s->buf), 0);
    s->bufptr = s->bufcnt;
    if (s->bufcnt <= 0)
        return;

    s->bufptr = 0;
    while (s->max_size > 0 && s->bufptr < s->bufcnt) {
        qemu_chr_read(chr, &s->buf[s->bufptr], 1);
        s->bufptr++;
        s->max_size = qemu_chr_can_read(chr);
    }
}

static void udp_chr_update_read_handler(CharDriverState *chr)
{
    NetCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;

    if (s->fd >= 0) {
        qemu_set_fd_handler2(s->fd, udp_chr_read_poll,
                             udp_chr_read, NULL, chr);
    }
}

#ifndef _WIN32
static int parse_unix_path(struct sockaddr_un *uaddr, const char *str);
#endif
int parse_host_src_port(struct sockaddr_in *haddr,
                        struct sockaddr_in *saddr,
                        const char *str);

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_udp(const char *def)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = NULL;
    NetCharDriver *s = NULL;
    int fd = -1;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;

    chr = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(CharDriverState));
    if (!chr)
        goto return_err;
    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(NetCharDriver));
    if (!s)
        goto return_err;

    fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)");
        goto return_err;
    }

    if (parse_host_src_port(&s->daddr, &saddr, def) < 0) {
        printf("Could not parse: %s\n", def);
        goto return_err;
    }

    if (bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr)) < 0)
    {
        perror("bind");
        goto return_err;
    }

    s->fd = fd;
    s->bufcnt = 0;
    s->bufptr = 0;
    chr->opaque = s;
    chr->chr_write = udp_chr_write;
    chr->chr_update_read_handler = udp_chr_update_read_handler;
    return chr;

return_err:
    if (chr)
        free(chr);
    if (s)
        free(s);
    if (fd >= 0)
        closesocket(fd);
    return NULL;
}

/***********************************************************/
/* TCP Net console */

typedef struct {
    int fd, listen_fd;
    int connected;
    int max_size;
    int do_telnetopt;
    int do_nodelay;
    int is_unix;
} TCPCharDriver;

static void tcp_chr_accept(void *opaque);

static int tcp_chr_write(CharDriverState *chr, const uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    TCPCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;
    if (s->connected) {
        return send_all(s->fd, buf, len);
    } else {
        /* XXX: indicate an error ? */
        return len;
    }
}

static int tcp_chr_read_poll(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    TCPCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;
    if (!s->connected)
        return 0;
    s->max_size = qemu_chr_can_read(chr);
    return s->max_size;
}

#define IAC 255
#define IAC_BREAK 243
static void tcp_chr_process_IAC_bytes(CharDriverState *chr,
                                      TCPCharDriver *s,
                                      uint8_t *buf, int *size)
{
    /* Handle any telnet client's basic IAC options to satisfy char by
     * char mode with no echo.  All IAC options will be removed from
     * the buf and the do_telnetopt variable will be used to track the
     * state of the width of the IAC information.
     *
     * IAC commands come in sets of 3 bytes with the exception of the
     * "IAC BREAK" command and the double IAC.
     */

    int i;
    int j = 0;

    for (i = 0; i < *size; i++) {
        if (s->do_telnetopt > 1) {
            if ((unsigned char)buf[i] == IAC && s->do_telnetopt == 2) {
                /* Double IAC means send an IAC */
                if (j != i)
                    buf[j] = buf[i];
                j++;
                s->do_telnetopt = 1;
            } else {
                if ((unsigned char)buf[i] == IAC_BREAK && s->do_telnetopt == 2) {
                    /* Handle IAC break commands by sending a serial break */
                    qemu_chr_event(chr, CHR_EVENT_BREAK);
                    s->do_telnetopt++;
                }
                s->do_telnetopt++;
            }
            if (s->do_telnetopt >= 4) {
                s->do_telnetopt = 1;
            }
        } else {
            if ((unsigned char)buf[i] == IAC) {
                s->do_telnetopt = 2;
            } else {
                if (j != i)
                    buf[j] = buf[i];
                j++;
            }
        }
    }
    *size = j;
}

static void tcp_chr_read(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    TCPCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;
    uint8_t buf[1024];
    int len, size;

    if (!s->connected || s->max_size <= 0)
        return;
    len = sizeof(buf);
    if (len > s->max_size)
        len = s->max_size;
    size = recv(s->fd, buf, len, 0);
    if (size == 0) {
        /* connection closed */
        s->connected = 0;
        if (s->listen_fd >= 0) {
            qemu_set_fd_handler(s->listen_fd, tcp_chr_accept, NULL, chr);
        }
        qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        closesocket(s->fd);
        s->fd = -1;
    } else if (size > 0) {
        if (s->do_telnetopt)
            tcp_chr_process_IAC_bytes(chr, s, buf, &size);
        if (size > 0)
            qemu_chr_read(chr, buf, size);
    }
}

static void tcp_chr_connect(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    TCPCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;

    s->connected = 1;
    qemu_set_fd_handler2(s->fd, tcp_chr_read_poll,
                         tcp_chr_read, NULL, chr);
    qemu_chr_reset(chr);
}

#define IACSET(x,a,b,c) x[0] = a; x[1] = b; x[2] = c;
static void tcp_chr_telnet_init(int fd)
{
    char buf[3];
    /* Send the telnet negotion to put telnet in binary, no echo, single char mode */
    IACSET(buf, 0xff, 0xfb, 0x01);  /* IAC WILL ECHO */
    send(fd, (char *)buf, 3, 0);
    IACSET(buf, 0xff, 0xfb, 0x03);  /* IAC WILL Suppress go ahead */
    send(fd, (char *)buf, 3, 0);
    IACSET(buf, 0xff, 0xfb, 0x00);  /* IAC WILL Binary */
    send(fd, (char *)buf, 3, 0);
    IACSET(buf, 0xff, 0xfd, 0x00);  /* IAC DO Binary */
    send(fd, (char *)buf, 3, 0);
}

static void socket_set_nodelay(int fd)
{
    int val = 1;
    setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, (char *)&val, sizeof(val));
}

static void tcp_chr_accept(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    TCPCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
#ifndef _WIN32
    struct sockaddr_un uaddr;
#endif
    struct sockaddr *addr;
    socklen_t len;
    int fd;

    for(;;) {
#ifndef _WIN32
        if (s->is_unix) {
            len = sizeof(uaddr);
            addr = (struct sockaddr *)&uaddr;
        } else
#endif
        {
            len = sizeof(saddr);
            addr = (struct sockaddr *)&saddr;
        }
        fd = accept(s->listen_fd, addr, &len);
        if (fd < 0 && errno != EINTR) {
            return;
        } else if (fd >= 0) {
            if (s->do_telnetopt)
                tcp_chr_telnet_init(fd);
            break;
        }
    }
    socket_set_nonblock(fd);
    if (s->do_nodelay)
        socket_set_nodelay(fd);
    s->fd = fd;
    qemu_set_fd_handler(s->listen_fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    tcp_chr_connect(chr);
}

static void tcp_chr_close(CharDriverState *chr)
{
    TCPCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;
    if (s->fd >= 0)
        closesocket(s->fd);
    if (s->listen_fd >= 0)
        closesocket(s->listen_fd);
    qemu_free(s);
}

static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_tcp(const char *host_str,
                                          int is_telnet,
                                          int is_unix)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = NULL;
    TCPCharDriver *s = NULL;
    int fd = -1, ret, err, val;
    int is_listen = 0;
    int is_waitconnect = 1;
    int do_nodelay = 0;
    const char *ptr;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
#ifndef _WIN32
    struct sockaddr_un uaddr;
#endif
    struct sockaddr *addr;
    socklen_t addrlen;

#ifndef _WIN32
    if (is_unix) {
        addr = (struct sockaddr *)&uaddr;
        addrlen = sizeof(uaddr);
        if (parse_unix_path(&uaddr, host_str) < 0)
            goto fail;
    } else
#endif
    {
        addr = (struct sockaddr *)&saddr;
        addrlen = sizeof(saddr);
        if (parse_host_port(&saddr, host_str) < 0)
            goto fail;
    }

    ptr = host_str;
    while((ptr = strchr(ptr,','))) {
        ptr++;
        if (!strncmp(ptr,"server",6)) {
            is_listen = 1;
        } else if (!strncmp(ptr,"nowait",6)) {
            is_waitconnect = 0;
        } else if (!strncmp(ptr,"nodelay",6)) {
            do_nodelay = 1;
        } else {
            printf("Unknown option: %s\n", ptr);
            goto fail;
        }
    }
    if (!is_listen)
        is_waitconnect = 0;

    chr = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(CharDriverState));
    if (!chr)
        goto fail;
    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(TCPCharDriver));
    if (!s)
        goto fail;

#ifndef _WIN32
    if (is_unix)
        fd = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    else
#endif
        fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

    if (fd < 0)
        goto fail;

    if (!is_waitconnect)
        socket_set_nonblock(fd);

    s->connected = 0;
    s->fd = -1;
    s->listen_fd = -1;
    s->is_unix = is_unix;
    s->do_nodelay = do_nodelay && !is_unix;

    chr->opaque = s;
    chr->chr_write = tcp_chr_write;
    chr->chr_close = tcp_chr_close;

    if (is_listen) {
        /* allow fast reuse */
#ifndef _WIN32
        if (is_unix) {
            char path[109];
            strncpy(path, uaddr.sun_path, 108);
            path[108] = 0;
            unlink(path);
        } else
#endif
        {
            val = 1;
            setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (const char *)&val, sizeof(val));
        }

        ret = bind(fd, addr, addrlen);
        if (ret < 0)
            goto fail;

        ret = listen(fd, 0);
        if (ret < 0)
            goto fail;

        s->listen_fd = fd;
        qemu_set_fd_handler(s->listen_fd, tcp_chr_accept, NULL, chr);
        if (is_telnet)
            s->do_telnetopt = 1;
    } else {
        for(;;) {
            ret = connect(fd, addr, addrlen);
            if (ret < 0) {
                err = socket_error();
                if (err == EINTR || err == EWOULDBLOCK) {
                } else if (err == EINPROGRESS) {
                    break;
#ifdef _WIN32
                } else if (err == WSAEALREADY) {
                    break;
#endif
                } else {
                    goto fail;
                }
            } else {
                s->connected = 1;
                break;
            }
        }
        s->fd = fd;
        socket_set_nodelay(fd);
        if (s->connected)
            tcp_chr_connect(chr);
        else
            qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, NULL, tcp_chr_connect, chr);
    }

    if (is_listen && is_waitconnect) {
        printf("QEMU waiting for connection on: %s\n", host_str);
        tcp_chr_accept(chr);
        socket_set_nonblock(s->listen_fd);
    }

    return chr;
 fail:
    if (fd >= 0)
        closesocket(fd);
    qemu_free(s);
    qemu_free(chr);
    return NULL;
}

CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open(const char *filename)
{
    const char *p;

    if (!strcmp(filename, "vc")) {
        return text_console_init(&display_state, 0);
    } else if (strstart(filename, "vc:", &p)) {
        return text_console_init(&display_state, p);
    } else if (!strcmp(filename, "null")) {
        return qemu_chr_open_null();
    } else
    if (strstart(filename, "tcp:", &p)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_tcp(p, 0, 0);
    } else
    if (strstart(filename, "telnet:", &p)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_tcp(p, 1, 0);
    } else
    if (strstart(filename, "udp:", &p)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_udp(p);
    } else
    if (strstart(filename, "mon:", &p)) {
        CharDriverState *drv = qemu_chr_open(p);
        if (drv) {
            drv = qemu_chr_open_mux(drv);
            monitor_init(drv, !nographic);
            return drv;
        }
        printf("Unable to open driver: %s\n", p);
        return 0;
    } else
#ifndef _WIN32
    if (strstart(filename, "unix:", &p)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_tcp(p, 0, 1);
    } else if (strstart(filename, "file:", &p)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_file_out(p);
    } else if (strstart(filename, "pipe:", &p)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_pipe(p);
    } else if (!strcmp(filename, "pty")) {
        return qemu_chr_open_pty();
    } else if (!strcmp(filename, "stdio")) {
        return qemu_chr_open_stdio();
    } else
#if defined(__linux__)
    if (strstart(filename, "/dev/parport", NULL)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_pp(filename);
    } else
#endif
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__sun__)
    if (strstart(filename, "/dev/", NULL)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_tty(filename);
    } else
#endif
#else /* !_WIN32 */
    if (strstart(filename, "COM", NULL)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_win(filename);
    } else
    if (strstart(filename, "pipe:", &p)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_win_pipe(p);
    } else
    if (strstart(filename, "con:", NULL)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_win_con(filename);
    } else
    if (strstart(filename, "file:", &p)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_win_file_out(p);
    } else
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_BRLAPI
    if (!strcmp(filename, "braille")) {
        return chr_baum_init();
    } else
#endif
    {
        return NULL;
    }
}

void qemu_chr_close(CharDriverState *chr)
{
    if (chr->chr_close)
        chr->chr_close(chr);
    qemu_free(chr);
}

/***********************************************************/
/* network device redirectors */

__attribute__ (( unused ))
static void hex_dump(FILE *f, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    int len, i, j, c;

    for(i=0;i<size;i+=16) {
        len = size - i;
        if (len > 16)
            len = 16;
        fprintf(f, "%08x ", i);
        for(j=0;j<16;j++) {
            if (j < len)
                fprintf(f, " %02x", buf[i+j]);
            else
                fprintf(f, "   ");
        }
        fprintf(f, " ");
        for(j=0;j<len;j++) {
            c = buf[i+j];
            if (c < ' ' || c > '~')
                c = '.';
            fprintf(f, "%c", c);
        }
        fprintf(f, "\n");
    }
}

static int parse_macaddr(uint8_t *macaddr, const char *p)
{
    int i;
    char *last_char;
    long int offset;

    errno = 0;
    offset = strtol(p, &last_char, 0);    
    if (0 == errno && '\0' == *last_char &&
            offset >= 0 && offset <= 0xFFFFFF) {
        macaddr[3] = (offset & 0xFF0000) >> 16;
        macaddr[4] = (offset & 0xFF00) >> 8;
        macaddr[5] = offset & 0xFF;
        return 0;
    } else {
        for(i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
            macaddr[i] = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 16);
            if (i == 5) {
                if (*p != '\0')
                    return -1;
            } else {
                if (*p != ':' && *p != '-')
                    return -1;
                p++;
            }
        }
        return 0;    
    }

    return -1;
}

static int get_str_sep(char *buf, int buf_size, const char **pp, int sep)
{
    const char *p, *p1;
    int len;
    p = *pp;
    p1 = strchr(p, sep);
    if (!p1)
        return -1;
    len = p1 - p;
    p1++;
    if (buf_size > 0) {
        if (len > buf_size - 1)
            len = buf_size - 1;
        memcpy(buf, p, len);
        buf[len] = '\0';
    }
    *pp = p1;
    return 0;
}

int parse_host_src_port(struct sockaddr_in *haddr,
                        struct sockaddr_in *saddr,
                        const char *input_str)
{
    char *str = strdup(input_str);
    char *host_str = str;
    char *src_str;
    char *ptr;

    /*
     * Chop off any extra arguments at the end of the string which
     * would start with a comma, then fill in the src port information
     * if it was provided else use the "any address" and "any port".
     */
    if ((ptr = strchr(str,',')))
        *ptr = '\0';

    if ((src_str = strchr(input_str,'@'))) {
        *src_str = '\0';
        src_str++;
    }

    if (parse_host_port(haddr, host_str) < 0)
        goto fail;

    if (!src_str || *src_str == '\0')
        src_str = ":0";

    if (parse_host_port(saddr, src_str) < 0)
        goto fail;

    free(str);
    return(0);

fail:
    free(str);
    return -1;
}

int parse_host_port(struct sockaddr_in *saddr, const char *str)
{
    char buf[512];
    struct hostent *he;
    const char *p, *r;
    int port;

    p = str;
    if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0)
        return -1;
    saddr->sin_family = AF_INET;
    if (buf[0] == '\0') {
        saddr->sin_addr.s_addr = 0;
    } else {
        if (isdigit(buf[0])) {
            if (!inet_aton(buf, &saddr->sin_addr))
                return -1;
        } else {
            if ((he = gethostbyname(buf)) == NULL)
                return - 1;
            saddr->sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *)he->h_addr;
        }
    }
    port = strtol(p, (char **)&r, 0);
    if (r == p)
        return -1;
    saddr->sin_port = htons(port);
    return 0;
}

#ifndef _WIN32
static int parse_unix_path(struct sockaddr_un *uaddr, const char *str)
{
    const char *p;
    int len;

    len = MIN(108, strlen(str));
    p = strchr(str, ',');
    if (p)
        len = MIN(len, p - str);

    memset(uaddr, 0, sizeof(*uaddr));

    uaddr->sun_family = AF_UNIX;
    memcpy(uaddr->sun_path, str, len);

    return 0;
}
#endif

/* find or alloc a new VLAN */
VLANState *qemu_find_vlan(int id)
{
    VLANState **pvlan, *vlan;
    for(vlan = first_vlan; vlan != NULL; vlan = vlan->next) {
        if (vlan->id == id)
            return vlan;
    }
    vlan = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(VLANState));
    if (!vlan)
        return NULL;
    vlan->id = id;
    vlan->next = NULL;
    pvlan = &first_vlan;
    while (*pvlan != NULL)
        pvlan = &(*pvlan)->next;
    *pvlan = vlan;
    return vlan;
}

VLANClientState *qemu_new_vlan_client(VLANState *vlan,
                                      IOReadHandler *fd_read,
                                      IOCanRWHandler *fd_can_read,
                                      void *opaque)
{
    VLANClientState *vc, **pvc;
    vc = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(VLANClientState));
    if (!vc)
        return NULL;
    vc->fd_read = fd_read;
    vc->fd_can_read = fd_can_read;
    vc->opaque = opaque;
    vc->vlan = vlan;

    vc->next = NULL;
    pvc = &vlan->first_client;
    while (*pvc != NULL)
        pvc = &(*pvc)->next;
    *pvc = vc;
    return vc;
}

int qemu_can_send_packet(VLANClientState *vc1)
{
    VLANState *vlan = vc1->vlan;
    VLANClientState *vc;

    for(vc = vlan->first_client; vc != NULL; vc = vc->next) {
        if (vc != vc1) {
            if (vc->fd_can_read && vc->fd_can_read(vc->opaque))
                return 1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

void qemu_send_packet(VLANClientState *vc1, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    VLANState *vlan = vc1->vlan;
    VLANClientState *vc;

#if 0
    printf("vlan %d send:\n", vlan->id);
    hex_dump(stdout, buf, size);
#endif
    for(vc = vlan->first_client; vc != NULL; vc = vc->next) {
        if (vc != vc1) {
            vc->fd_read(vc->opaque, buf, size);
        }
    }
}

#if defined(CONFIG_SLIRP)

/* slirp network adapter */

static int slirp_inited;
static VLANClientState *slirp_vc;

int slirp_can_output(void)
{
    return !slirp_vc || qemu_can_send_packet(slirp_vc);
}

void slirp_output(const uint8_t *pkt, int pkt_len)
{
#if 0
    printf("slirp output:\n");
    hex_dump(stdout, pkt, pkt_len);
#endif
    if (!slirp_vc)
        return;
    qemu_send_packet(slirp_vc, pkt, pkt_len);
}

static void slirp_receive(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
#if 0
    printf("slirp input:\n");
    hex_dump(stdout, buf, size);
#endif
    slirp_input(buf, size);
}

static int net_slirp_init(VLANState *vlan)
{
    if (!slirp_inited) {
        slirp_inited = 1;
        slirp_init();
    }
    slirp_vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan,
                                    slirp_receive, NULL, NULL);
    snprintf(slirp_vc->info_str, sizeof(slirp_vc->info_str), "user redirector");
    return 0;
}

static void net_slirp_redir(const char *redir_str)
{
    int is_udp;
    char buf[256], *r;
    const char *p;
    struct in_addr guest_addr;
    int host_port, guest_port;

    if (!slirp_inited) {
        slirp_inited = 1;
        slirp_init();
    }

    p = redir_str;
    if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0)
        goto fail;
    if (!strcmp(buf, "tcp")) {
        is_udp = 0;
    } else if (!strcmp(buf, "udp")) {
        is_udp = 1;
    } else {
        goto fail;
    }

    if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0)
        goto fail;
    host_port = strtol(buf, &r, 0);
    if (r == buf)
        goto fail;

    if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0)
        goto fail;
    if (buf[0] == '\0') {
        pstrcpy(buf, sizeof(buf), "10.0.2.15");
    }
    if (!inet_aton(buf, &guest_addr))
        goto fail;

    guest_port = strtol(p, &r, 0);
    if (r == p)
        goto fail;

    if (slirp_redir(is_udp, host_port, guest_addr, guest_port) < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not set up redirection\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    return;
 fail:
    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: syntax: -redir [tcp|udp]:host-port:[guest-host]:guest-port\n");
    exit(1);
}

#ifndef _WIN32

char smb_dir[1024];

static void erase_dir(char *dir_name)
{
    DIR *d;
    struct dirent *de;
    char filename[1024];

    /* erase all the files in the directory */
    if ((d = opendir(dir_name)) != 0) {
        for(;;) {
            de = readdir(d);
            if (!de)
                break;
            if (strcmp(de->d_name, ".") != 0 &&
                strcmp(de->d_name, "..") != 0) {
                snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%s/%s",
                         smb_dir, de->d_name);
                if (unlink(filename) != 0)  /* is it a directory? */
                    erase_dir(filename);
            }
        }
        closedir(d);
        rmdir(dir_name);
    }
}

/* automatic user mode samba server configuration */
static void smb_exit(void)
{
    erase_dir(smb_dir);
}

/* automatic user mode samba server configuration */
static void net_slirp_smb(const char *exported_dir)
{
    char smb_conf[1024];
    char smb_cmdline[1024];
    FILE *f;

    if (!slirp_inited) {
        slirp_inited = 1;
        slirp_init();
    }

    /* XXX: better tmp dir construction */
    snprintf(smb_dir, sizeof(smb_dir), "/tmp/qemu-smb.%d", getpid());
    if (mkdir(smb_dir, 0700) < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not create samba server dir '%s'\n", smb_dir);
        exit(1);
    }
    snprintf(smb_conf, sizeof(smb_conf), "%s/%s", smb_dir, "smb.conf");

    f = fopen(smb_conf, "w");
    if (!f) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not create samba server configuration file '%s'\n", smb_conf);
        exit(1);
    }
    fprintf(f,
            "[global]\n"
            "private dir=%s\n"
            "smb ports=0\n"
            "socket address=127.0.0.1\n"
            "pid directory=%s\n"
            "lock directory=%s\n"
            "log file=%s/log.smbd\n"
            "smb passwd file=%s/smbpasswd\n"
            "security = share\n"
            "[qemu]\n"
            "path=%s\n"
            "read only=no\n"
            "guest ok=yes\n",
            smb_dir,
            smb_dir,
            smb_dir,
            smb_dir,
            smb_dir,
            exported_dir
            );
    fclose(f);
    atexit(smb_exit);

    snprintf(smb_cmdline, sizeof(smb_cmdline), "%s -s %s",
             SMBD_COMMAND, smb_conf);

    slirp_add_exec(0, smb_cmdline, 4, 139);
}

#endif /* !defined(_WIN32) */
void do_info_slirp(void)
{
    slirp_stats();
}

#endif /* CONFIG_SLIRP */

#if !defined(_WIN32)

typedef struct TAPState {
    VLANClientState *vc;
    int fd;
    char down_script[1024];
    int no_poll;
} TAPState;

static int tap_read_poll(void *opaque)
{
    TAPState *s = opaque;
    return (!s->no_poll);
}

static void tap_receive(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    TAPState *s = opaque;
    int ret;
    for(;;) {
        ret = write(s->fd, buf, size);
        if (ret < 0 && (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)) {
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }
}

static void tap_send(void *opaque)
{
    TAPState *s = opaque;
    uint8_t buf[4096];
    int size;

#ifdef __sun__
    struct strbuf sbuf;
    int f = 0;
    sbuf.maxlen = sizeof(buf);
    sbuf.buf = buf;
    size = getmsg(s->fd, NULL, &sbuf, &f) >=0 ? sbuf.len : -1;
#else
    size = read(s->fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
#endif
    if (size > 0) {
        qemu_send_packet(s->vc, buf, size);
    }
}

int hack_around_tap(void *opaque)
{
    VLANClientState *vc = opaque;
    TAPState *ts = vc->opaque;

    if (vc->fd_read != tap_receive)
        return -1;

    if (ts) {
       ts->no_poll = 1;
       return ts->fd;
    }

    return -1;
}

/* fd support */

static TAPState *net_tap_fd_init(VLANState *vlan, int fd)
{
    TAPState *s;

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(TAPState));
    if (!s)
        return NULL;
    s->fd = fd;
    s->no_poll = 0;
    enable_sigio_timer(fd);
    s->vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan, tap_receive, NULL, s);
    qemu_set_fd_handler2(s->fd, tap_read_poll, tap_send, NULL, s);
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str), "tap: fd=%d", fd);
    return s;
}

#if defined (_BSD) || defined (__FreeBSD_kernel__)
static int tap_open(char *ifname, int ifname_size)
{
    int fd;
    char *dev;
    struct stat s;

    TFR(fd = open("/dev/tap", O_RDWR));
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "warning: could not open /dev/tap: no virtual network emulation\n");
        return -1;
    }

    fstat(fd, &s);
    dev = devname(s.st_rdev, S_IFCHR);
    pstrcpy(ifname, ifname_size, dev);

    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    return fd;
}
#elif defined(__sun__)
#define TUNNEWPPA       (('T'<<16) | 0x0001)
/*
 * Allocate TAP device, returns opened fd.
 * Stores dev name in the first arg(must be large enough).
 */
int tap_alloc(char *dev)
{
    int tap_fd, if_fd, ppa = -1;
    static int ip_fd = 0;
    char *ptr;

    static int arp_fd = 0;
    int ip_muxid, arp_muxid;
    struct strioctl  strioc_if, strioc_ppa;
    int link_type = I_PLINK;;
    struct lifreq ifr;
    char actual_name[32] = "";

    memset(&ifr, 0x0, sizeof(ifr));

    if( *dev ){
       ptr = dev;
       while( *ptr && !isdigit((int)*ptr) ) ptr++;
       ppa = atoi(ptr);
    }

    /* Check if IP device was opened */
    if( ip_fd )
       close(ip_fd);

    TFR(ip_fd = open("/dev/udp", O_RDWR, 0));
    if (ip_fd < 0) {
       syslog(LOG_ERR, "Can't open /dev/ip (actually /dev/udp)");
       return -1;
    }

    TFR(tap_fd = open("/dev/tap", O_RDWR, 0));
    if (tap_fd < 0) {
       syslog(LOG_ERR, "Can't open /dev/tap");
       return -1;
    }

    /* Assign a new PPA and get its unit number. */
    strioc_ppa.ic_cmd = TUNNEWPPA;
    strioc_ppa.ic_timout = 0;
    strioc_ppa.ic_len = sizeof(ppa);
    strioc_ppa.ic_dp = (char *)&ppa;
    if ((ppa = ioctl (tap_fd, I_STR, &strioc_ppa)) < 0)
       syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't assign new interface");

    TFR(if_fd = open("/dev/tap", O_RDWR, 0));
    if (if_fd < 0) {
       syslog(LOG_ERR, "Can't open /dev/tap (2)");
       return -1;
    }
    if(ioctl(if_fd, I_PUSH, "ip") < 0){
       syslog(LOG_ERR, "Can't push IP module");
       return -1;
    }

    if (ioctl(if_fd, SIOCGLIFFLAGS, &ifr) < 0)
        syslog(LOG_ERR, "Can't get flags\n");

    snprintf (actual_name, 32, "tap%d", ppa);
    strncpy (ifr.lifr_name, actual_name, sizeof (ifr.lifr_name));

    ifr.lifr_ppa = ppa;
    /* Assign ppa according to the unit number returned by tun device */

    if (ioctl (if_fd, SIOCSLIFNAME, &ifr) < 0)
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't set PPA %d", ppa);
    if (ioctl(if_fd, SIOCGLIFFLAGS, &ifr) <0)
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't get flags\n");
    /* Push arp module to if_fd */
    if (ioctl (if_fd, I_PUSH, "arp") < 0)
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't push ARP module (2)");

    /* Push arp module to ip_fd */
    if (ioctl (ip_fd, I_POP, NULL) < 0)
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "I_POP failed\n");
    if (ioctl (ip_fd, I_PUSH, "arp") < 0)
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't push ARP module (3)\n");
    /* Open arp_fd */
    TFR(arp_fd = open ("/dev/tap", O_RDWR, 0));
    if (arp_fd < 0)
       syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't open %s\n", "/dev/tap");

    /* Set ifname to arp */
    strioc_if.ic_cmd = SIOCSLIFNAME;
    strioc_if.ic_timout = 0;
    strioc_if.ic_len = sizeof(ifr);
    strioc_if.ic_dp = (char *)&ifr;
    if (ioctl(arp_fd, I_STR, &strioc_if) < 0){
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't set ifname to arp\n");
    }

    if((ip_muxid = ioctl(ip_fd, I_LINK, if_fd)) < 0){
       syslog(LOG_ERR, "Can't link TAP device to IP");
       return -1;
    }

    if ((arp_muxid = ioctl (ip_fd, link_type, arp_fd)) < 0)
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't link TAP device to ARP");

    close (if_fd);

    memset(&ifr, 0x0, sizeof(ifr));
    strncpy (ifr.lifr_name, actual_name, sizeof (ifr.lifr_name));
    ifr.lifr_ip_muxid  = ip_muxid;
    ifr.lifr_arp_muxid = arp_muxid;

    if (ioctl (ip_fd, SIOCSLIFMUXID, &ifr) < 0)
    {
      ioctl (ip_fd, I_PUNLINK , arp_muxid);
      ioctl (ip_fd, I_PUNLINK, ip_muxid);
      syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't set multiplexor id");
    }

    sprintf(dev, "tap%d", ppa);
    return tap_fd;
}

static int tap_open(char *ifname, int ifname_size)
{
    char  dev[10]="";
    int fd;
    if( (fd = tap_alloc(dev)) < 0 ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Cannot allocate TAP device\n");
       return -1;
    }
    pstrcpy(ifname, ifname_size, dev);
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    return fd;
}
#else
static int tap_open(char *ifname, int ifname_size)
{
    struct ifreq ifr;
    int fd, ret;

    TFR(fd = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR));
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "warning: could not open /dev/net/tun: no virtual network emulation\n");
        return -1;
    }
    memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
    ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_TAP | IFF_NO_PI;
    if (ifname[0] != '\0')
        pstrcpy(ifr.ifr_name, IFNAMSIZ, ifname);
    else
        pstrcpy(ifr.ifr_name, IFNAMSIZ, "tap%d");
    ret = ioctl(fd, TUNSETIFF, (void *) &ifr);
    if (ret != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "warning: could not configure /dev/net/tun: no virtual network emulation\n");
        close(fd);
        return -1;
    }
    pstrcpy(ifname, ifname_size, ifr.ifr_name);
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    return fd;
}
#endif

static int launch_script(const char *setup_script, const char *ifname, int fd)
{
    int pid, status;
    char *args[3];
    char **parg;

        /* try to launch network script */
        pid = fork();
        if (pid >= 0) {
            if (pid == 0) {
                int open_max = sysconf (_SC_OPEN_MAX), i;
                for (i = 0; i < open_max; i++)
                    if (i != STDIN_FILENO &&
                        i != STDOUT_FILENO &&
                        i != STDERR_FILENO &&
                        i != fd)
                        close(i);

                parg = args;
                *parg++ = (char *)setup_script;
                *parg++ = (char *)ifname;
                *parg++ = NULL;
                execv(setup_script, args);
                _exit(1);
            }
            while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) != pid);
            if (!WIFEXITED(status) ||
                WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: could not launch network script\n",
                        setup_script);
                return -1;
            }
        }
    return 0;
}

static int net_tap_init(VLANState *vlan, const char *ifname1,
                        const char *setup_script, const char *down_script)
{
    TAPState *s;
    int fd;
    char ifname[128];

    if (ifname1 != NULL)
        pstrcpy(ifname, sizeof(ifname), ifname1);
    else
        ifname[0] = '\0';
    TFR(fd = tap_open(ifname, sizeof(ifname)));
    if (fd < 0)
        return -1;

    if (!setup_script || !strcmp(setup_script, "no"))
        setup_script = "";
    if (setup_script[0] != '\0') {
        if (launch_script(setup_script, ifname, fd))
            return -1;
    }
    s = net_tap_fd_init(vlan, fd);
    if (!s)
        return -1;
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
             "tap: ifname=%s setup_script=%s", ifname, setup_script);
    if (down_script && strcmp(down_script, "no"))
        snprintf(s->down_script, sizeof(s->down_script), "%s", down_script);
    return 0;
}

#endif /* !_WIN32 */

/* network connection */
typedef struct NetSocketState {
    VLANClientState *vc;
    int fd;
    int state; /* 0 = getting length, 1 = getting data */
    int index;
    int packet_len;
    uint8_t buf[4096];
    struct sockaddr_in dgram_dst; /* contains inet host and port destination iff connectionless (SOCK_DGRAM) */
} NetSocketState;

typedef struct NetSocketListenState {
    VLANState *vlan;
    int fd;
} NetSocketListenState;

/* XXX: we consider we can send the whole packet without blocking */
static void net_socket_receive(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    uint32_t len;
    len = htonl(size);

    send_all(s->fd, (const uint8_t *)&len, sizeof(len));
    send_all(s->fd, buf, size);
}

static void net_socket_receive_dgram(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    sendto(s->fd, buf, size, 0,
           (struct sockaddr *)&s->dgram_dst, sizeof(s->dgram_dst));
}

static void net_socket_send(void *opaque)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    int l, size, err;
    uint8_t buf1[4096];
    const uint8_t *buf;

    size = recv(s->fd, buf1, sizeof(buf1), 0);
    if (size < 0) {
        err = socket_error();
        if (err != EWOULDBLOCK)
            goto eoc;
    } else if (size == 0) {
        /* end of connection */
    eoc:
        qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        closesocket(s->fd);
        return;
    }
    buf = buf1;
    while (size > 0) {
        /* reassemble a packet from the network */
        switch(s->state) {
        case 0:
            l = 4 - s->index;
            if (l > size)
                l = size;
            memcpy(s->buf + s->index, buf, l);
            buf += l;
            size -= l;
            s->index += l;
            if (s->index == 4) {
                /* got length */
                s->packet_len = ntohl(*(uint32_t *)s->buf);
                s->index = 0;
                s->state = 1;
            }
            break;
        case 1:
            l = s->packet_len - s->index;
            if (l > size)
                l = size;
            memcpy(s->buf + s->index, buf, l);
            s->index += l;
            buf += l;
            size -= l;
            if (s->index >= s->packet_len) {
                qemu_send_packet(s->vc, s->buf, s->packet_len);
                s->index = 0;
                s->state = 0;
            }
            break;
        }
    }
}

static void net_socket_send_dgram(void *opaque)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    int size;

    size = recv(s->fd, s->buf, sizeof(s->buf), 0);
    if (size < 0)
        return;
    if (size == 0) {
        /* end of connection */
        qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        return;
    }
    qemu_send_packet(s->vc, s->buf, size);
}

static int net_socket_mcast_create(struct sockaddr_in *mcastaddr)
{
    struct ip_mreq imr;
    int fd;
    int val, ret;
    if (!IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(mcastaddr->sin_addr.s_addr))) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error: specified mcastaddr \"%s\" (0x%08x) does not contain a multicast address\n",
                inet_ntoa(mcastaddr->sin_addr),
                (int)ntohl(mcastaddr->sin_addr.s_addr));
        return -1;

    }
    fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)");
        return -1;
    }

    val = 1;
    ret=setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
                   (const char *)&val, sizeof(val));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR)");
        goto fail;
    }

    ret = bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)mcastaddr, sizeof(*mcastaddr));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("bind");
        goto fail;
    }

    /* Add host to multicast group */
    imr.imr_multiaddr = mcastaddr->sin_addr;
    imr.imr_interface.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);

    ret = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP,
                     (const char *)&imr, sizeof(struct ip_mreq));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("setsockopt(IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP)");
        goto fail;
    }

    /* Force mcast msgs to loopback (eg. several QEMUs in same host */
    val = 1;
    ret=setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP,
                   (const char *)&val, sizeof(val));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("setsockopt(SOL_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP)");
        goto fail;
    }

    socket_set_nonblock(fd);
    return fd;
fail:
    if (fd >= 0)
        closesocket(fd);
    return -1;
}

static NetSocketState *net_socket_fd_init_dgram(VLANState *vlan, int fd,
                                          int is_connected)
{
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    int newfd;
    socklen_t saddr_len;
    NetSocketState *s;

    /* fd passed: multicast: "learn" dgram_dst address from bound address and save it
     * Because this may be "shared" socket from a "master" process, datagrams would be recv()
     * by ONLY ONE process: we must "clone" this dgram socket --jjo
     */

    if (is_connected) {
        if (getsockname(fd, (struct sockaddr *) &saddr, &saddr_len) == 0) {
            /* must be bound */
            if (saddr.sin_addr.s_addr==0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error: init_dgram: fd=%d unbound, cannot setup multicast dst addr\n",
                        fd);
                return NULL;
            }
            /* clone dgram socket */
            newfd = net_socket_mcast_create(&saddr);
            if (newfd < 0) {
                /* error already reported by net_socket_mcast_create() */
                close(fd);
                return NULL;
            }
            /* clone newfd to fd, close newfd */
            dup2(newfd, fd);
            close(newfd);

        } else {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error: init_dgram: fd=%d failed getsockname(): %s\n",
                    fd, strerror(errno));
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(NetSocketState));
    if (!s)
        return NULL;
    s->fd = fd;

    s->vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan, net_socket_receive_dgram, NULL, s);
    qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, net_socket_send_dgram, NULL, s);

    /* mcast: save bound address as dst */
    if (is_connected) s->dgram_dst=saddr;

    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
            "socket: fd=%d (%s mcast=%s:%d)",
            fd, is_connected? "cloned" : "",
            inet_ntoa(saddr.sin_addr), ntohs(saddr.sin_port));
    return s;
}

static void net_socket_connect(void *opaque)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, net_socket_send, NULL, s);
}

static NetSocketState *net_socket_fd_init_stream(VLANState *vlan, int fd,
                                          int is_connected)
{
    NetSocketState *s;
    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(NetSocketState));
    if (!s)
        return NULL;
    s->fd = fd;
    s->vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan,
                                 net_socket_receive, NULL, s);
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
             "socket: fd=%d", fd);
    if (is_connected) {
        net_socket_connect(s);
    } else {
        qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, NULL, net_socket_connect, s);
    }
    return s;
}

static NetSocketState *net_socket_fd_init(VLANState *vlan, int fd,
                                          int is_connected)
{
    int so_type=-1, optlen=sizeof(so_type);

    if(getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TYPE, (char *)&so_type,
        (socklen_t *)&optlen)< 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error: getsockopt(SO_TYPE) for fd=%d failed\n", fd);
        return NULL;
    }
    switch(so_type) {
    case SOCK_DGRAM:
        return net_socket_fd_init_dgram(vlan, fd, is_connected);
    case SOCK_STREAM:
        return net_socket_fd_init_stream(vlan, fd, is_connected);
    default:
        /* who knows ... this could be a eg. a pty, do warn and continue as stream */
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: warning: socket type=%d for fd=%d is not SOCK_DGRAM or SOCK_STREAM\n", so_type, fd);
        return net_socket_fd_init_stream(vlan, fd, is_connected);
    }
    return NULL;
}

static void net_socket_accept(void *opaque)
{
    NetSocketListenState *s = opaque;
    NetSocketState *s1;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    socklen_t len;
    int fd;

    for(;;) {
        len = sizeof(saddr);
        fd = accept(s->fd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, &len);
        if (fd < 0 && errno != EINTR) {
            return;
        } else if (fd >= 0) {
            break;
        }
    }
    s1 = net_socket_fd_init(s->vlan, fd, 1);
    if (!s1) {
        closesocket(fd);
    } else {
        snprintf(s1->vc->info_str, sizeof(s1->vc->info_str),
                 "socket: connection from %s:%d",
                 inet_ntoa(saddr.sin_addr), ntohs(saddr.sin_port));
    }
}

static int net_socket_listen_init(VLANState *vlan, const char *host_str)
{
    NetSocketListenState *s;
    int fd, val, ret;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;

    if (parse_host_port(&saddr, host_str) < 0)
        return -1;

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(NetSocketListenState));
    if (!s)
        return -1;

    fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("socket");
        return -1;
    }
    socket_set_nonblock(fd);

    /* allow fast reuse */
    val = 1;
    setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (const char *)&val, sizeof(val));

    ret = bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("bind");
        return -1;
    }
    ret = listen(fd, 0);
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("listen");
        return -1;
    }
    s->vlan = vlan;
    s->fd = fd;
    qemu_set_fd_handler(fd, net_socket_accept, NULL, s);
    return 0;
}

static int net_socket_connect_init(VLANState *vlan, const char *host_str)
{
    NetSocketState *s;
    int fd, connected, ret, err;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;

    if (parse_host_port(&saddr, host_str) < 0)
        return -1;

    fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("socket");
        return -1;
    }
    socket_set_nonblock(fd);

    connected = 0;
    for(;;) {
        ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
        if (ret < 0) {
            err = socket_error();
            if (err == EINTR || err == EWOULDBLOCK) {
            } else if (err == EINPROGRESS) {
                break;
#ifdef _WIN32
            } else if (err == WSAEALREADY) {
                break;
#endif
            } else {
                perror("connect");
                closesocket(fd);
                return -1;
            }
        } else {
            connected = 1;
            break;
        }
    }
    s = net_socket_fd_init(vlan, fd, connected);
    if (!s)
        return -1;
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
             "socket: connect to %s:%d",
             inet_ntoa(saddr.sin_addr), ntohs(saddr.sin_port));
    return 0;
}

static int net_socket_mcast_init(VLANState *vlan, const char *host_str)
{
    NetSocketState *s;
    int fd;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;

    if (parse_host_port(&saddr, host_str) < 0)
        return -1;


    fd = net_socket_mcast_create(&saddr);
    if (fd < 0)
        return -1;

    s = net_socket_fd_init(vlan, fd, 0);
    if (!s)
        return -1;

    s->dgram_dst = saddr;

    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
             "socket: mcast=%s:%d",
             inet_ntoa(saddr.sin_addr), ntohs(saddr.sin_port));
    return 0;

}

static const char *get_opt_name(char *buf, int buf_size, const char *p)
{
    char *q;

    q = buf;
    while (*p != '\0' && *p != '=') {
        if (q && (q - buf) < buf_size - 1)
            *q++ = *p;
        p++;
    }
    if (q)
        *q = '\0';

    return p;
}

static const char *get_opt_value(char *buf, int buf_size, const char *p)
{
    char *q;

    q = buf;
    while (*p != '\0') {
        if (*p == ',') {
            if (*(p + 1) != ',')
                break;
            p++;
        }
        if (q && (q - buf) < buf_size - 1)
            *q++ = *p;
        p++;
    }
    if (q)
        *q = '\0';

    return p;
}

int get_param_value(char *buf, int buf_size,
                    const char *tag, const char *str)
{
    const char *p;
    char option[128];

    p = str;
    for(;;) {
        p = get_opt_name(option, sizeof(option), p);
        if (*p != '=')
            break;
        p++;
        if (!strcmp(tag, option)) {
            (void)get_opt_value(buf, buf_size, p);
            return strlen(buf);
        } else {
            p = get_opt_value(NULL, 0, p);
        }
        if (*p != ',')
            break;
        p++;
    }
    return 0;
}

int check_params(char *buf, int buf_size,
                 char **params, const char *str)
{
    const char *p;
    int i;

    p = str;
    for(;;) {
        p = get_opt_name(buf, buf_size, p);
        if (*p != '=')
            return -1;
        p++;
        for(i = 0; params[i] != NULL; i++)
            if (!strcmp(params[i], buf))
                break;
        if (params[i] == NULL)
            return -1;
        p = get_opt_value(NULL, 0, p);
        if (*p != ',')
            break;
        p++;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int nic_get_free_idx(void)
{
    int index;

    for (index = 0; index < MAX_NICS; index++)
        if (!nd_table[index].used)
            return index;
    return -1;
}

int net_client_init(const char *str)
{
    const char *p;
    char *q;
    char device[64];
    char buf[1024];
    int vlan_id, ret;
    VLANState *vlan;

    p = str;
    q = device;
    while (*p != '\0' && *p != ',') {
        if ((q - device) < sizeof(device) - 1)
            *q++ = *p;
        p++;
    }
    *q = '\0';
    if (*p == ',')
        p++;
    vlan_id = 0;
    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "vlan", p)) {
        vlan_id = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
    }
    vlan = qemu_find_vlan(vlan_id);
    if (!vlan) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Could not create vlan %d\n", vlan_id);
        return -1;
    }
    if (!strcmp(device, "nic")) {
        NICInfo *nd;
        uint8_t *macaddr;
        int idx = nic_get_free_idx();

        if (idx == -1 || nb_nics >= MAX_NICS) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Too Many NICs\n");
            return -1;
        }
        nd = &nd_table[idx];
        macaddr = nd->macaddr;
        macaddr[0] = 0x52;
        macaddr[1] = 0x54;
        macaddr[2] = 0x00;
        macaddr[3] = 0x12;
        macaddr[4] = 0x34;
        macaddr[5] = 0x56 + idx;

        if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "macaddr", p)) {
            if (parse_macaddr(macaddr, buf) < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "invalid syntax for ethernet address\n");
                return -1;
            }
        }
        if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "model", p)) {
            nd->model = strdup(buf);
        }
        nd->vlan = vlan;
        nd->used = 1;
        nb_nics++;
        vlan->nb_guest_devs++;
        ret = idx;
    } else
    if (!strcmp(device, "none")) {
        /* does nothing. It is needed to signal that no network cards
           are wanted */
        ret = 0;
    } else
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
    if (!strcmp(device, "user")) {
        if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "hostname", p)) {
            pstrcpy(slirp_hostname, sizeof(slirp_hostname), buf);
        }
        vlan->nb_host_devs++;
        ret = net_slirp_init(vlan);
    } else
#endif
#ifdef _WIN32
    if (!strcmp(device, "tap")) {
        char ifname[64];
        if (get_param_value(ifname, sizeof(ifname), "ifname", p) <= 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "tap: no interface name\n");
            return -1;
        }
        vlan->nb_host_devs++;
        ret = tap_win32_init(vlan, ifname);
    } else
#else
    if (!strcmp(device, "tap")) {
        char ifname[64];
        char setup_script[1024], down_script[1024];
        int fd;
        vlan->nb_host_devs++;
        if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "fd", p) > 0) {
            fd = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
            fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
            ret = -1;
            if (net_tap_fd_init(vlan, fd))
                ret = 0;
        } else {
            if (get_param_value(ifname, sizeof(ifname), "ifname", p) <= 0) {
                ifname[0] = '\0';
            }
            if (get_param_value(setup_script, sizeof(setup_script), "script", p) == 0) {
                pstrcpy(setup_script, sizeof(setup_script), DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT);
            }
            if (get_param_value(down_script, sizeof(down_script), "downscript", p) == 0) {
                pstrcpy(down_script, sizeof(down_script), DEFAULT_NETWORK_DOWN_SCRIPT);
            }
            ret = net_tap_init(vlan, ifname, setup_script, down_script);
        }
    } else
#endif
    if (!strcmp(device, "socket")) {
        if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "fd", p) > 0) {
            int fd;
            fd = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
            ret = -1;
            if (net_socket_fd_init(vlan, fd, 1))
                ret = 0;
        } else if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "listen", p) > 0) {
            ret = net_socket_listen_init(vlan, buf);
        } else if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "connect", p) > 0) {
            ret = net_socket_connect_init(vlan, buf);
        } else if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "mcast", p) > 0) {
            ret = net_socket_mcast_init(vlan, buf);
        } else {
            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown socket options: %s\n", p);
            return -1;
        }
        vlan->nb_host_devs++;
    } else
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "Unknown network device: %s\n", device);
        return -1;
    }
    if (ret < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Could not initialize device '%s'\n", device);
    }

    return ret;
}

void net_client_uninit(NICInfo *nd)
{
    nd->vlan->nb_guest_devs--; /* XXX: free vlan on last reference */
    nb_nics--;
    nd->used = 0;
    free((void *)nd->model);
}

void do_info_network(void)
{
    VLANState *vlan;
    VLANClientState *vc;

    for(vlan = first_vlan; vlan != NULL; vlan = vlan->next) {
        term_printf("VLAN %d devices:\n", vlan->id);
        for(vc = vlan->first_client; vc != NULL; vc = vc->next)
            term_printf("  %s\n", vc->info_str);
    }
}

#define HD_ALIAS "index=%d,media=disk"
#ifdef TARGET_PPC
#define CDROM_ALIAS "index=1,media=cdrom"
#else
#define CDROM_ALIAS "index=2,media=cdrom"
#endif
#define FD_ALIAS "index=%d,if=floppy"
#define PFLASH_ALIAS "if=pflash"
#define MTD_ALIAS "if=mtd"
#define SD_ALIAS "index=0,if=sd"

static int drive_opt_get_free_idx(void)
{
    int index;

    for (index = 0; index < MAX_DRIVES; index++)
        if (!drives_opt[index].used) {
            drives_opt[index].used = 1;
            return index;
        }

    return -1;
}

static int drive_get_free_idx(void)
{
    int index;

    for (index = 0; index < MAX_DRIVES; index++)
        if (!drives_table[index].used) {
            drives_table[index].used = 1;
            return index;
        }

    return -1;
}

int drive_add(const char *file, const char *fmt, ...)
{
    va_list ap;
    int index = drive_opt_get_free_idx();

    if (nb_drives_opt >= MAX_DRIVES || index == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: too many drives\n");
        return -1;
    }

    drives_opt[index].file = file;
    va_start(ap, fmt);
    vsnprintf(drives_opt[index].opt,
              sizeof(drives_opt[0].opt), fmt, ap);
    va_end(ap);

    nb_drives_opt++;
    return index;
}

void drive_remove(int index)
{
    drives_opt[index].used = 0;
    nb_drives_opt--;
}

int drive_get_index(BlockInterfaceType type, int bus, int unit)
{
    int index;

    /* seek interface, bus and unit */

    for (index = 0; index < MAX_DRIVES; index++)
        if (drives_table[index].type == type &&
            drives_table[index].bus == bus &&
            drives_table[index].unit == unit &&
            drives_table[index].used)
        return index;

    return -1;
}

int drive_get_max_bus(BlockInterfaceType type)
{
    int max_bus;
    int index;

    max_bus = -1;
    for (index = 0; index < nb_drives; index++) {
        if(drives_table[index].type == type &&
           drives_table[index].bus > max_bus)
            max_bus = drives_table[index].bus;
    }
    return max_bus;
}

static void bdrv_format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)
{
    fprintf(stderr, " %s", name);
}

void drive_uninit(BlockDriverState *bdrv)
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < MAX_DRIVES; i++)
        if (drives_table[i].bdrv == bdrv) {
            drives_table[i].bdrv = NULL;
            drives_table[i].used = 0;
            drive_remove(drives_table[i].drive_opt_idx);
            nb_drives--;
            break;
        }
}

int drive_init(struct drive_opt *arg, int snapshot,
               QEMUMachine *machine)
{
    char buf[128];
    char file[1024];
    char devname[128];
    const char *mediastr = "";
    BlockInterfaceType type;
    enum { MEDIA_DISK, MEDIA_CDROM } media;
    int bus_id, unit_id;
    int cyls, heads, secs, translation;
    BlockDriverState *bdrv;
    BlockDriver *drv = NULL;
    int max_devs;
    int index;
    int cache;
    int bdrv_flags;
    int drives_table_idx;
    char *str = arg->opt;
    char *params[] = { "bus", "unit", "if", "index", "cyls", "heads",
                       "secs", "trans", "media", "snapshot", "file",
                       "cache", "format", "boot", NULL };

    if (check_params(buf, sizeof(buf), params, str) < 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "qemu: unknown parameter '%s' in '%s'\n",
                         buf, str);
         return -1;
    }

    file[0] = 0;
    cyls = heads = secs = 0;
    bus_id = 0;
    unit_id = -1;
    translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_AUTO;
    index = -1;
    cache = 1;

    if (!strcmp(machine->name, "realview") ||
        !strcmp(machine->name, "SS-5") ||
        !strcmp(machine->name, "SS-10") ||
        !strcmp(machine->name, "SS-600MP") ||
        !strcmp(machine->name, "versatilepb") ||
        !strcmp(machine->name, "versatileab")) {
        type = IF_SCSI;
        max_devs = MAX_SCSI_DEVS;
        strcpy(devname, "scsi");
    } else {
        type = IF_IDE;
        max_devs = MAX_IDE_DEVS;
        strcpy(devname, "ide");
    }
    media = MEDIA_DISK;

    /* extract parameters */

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "bus", str)) {
        bus_id = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
        if (bus_id < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' invalid bus id\n", str);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "unit", str)) {
        unit_id = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
        if (unit_id < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' invalid unit id\n", str);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "if", str)) {
        strncpy(devname, buf, sizeof(devname));
        if (!strcmp(buf, "ide")) {
            type = IF_IDE;
            max_devs = MAX_IDE_DEVS;
        } else if (!strcmp(buf, "scsi")) {
            type = IF_SCSI;
            max_devs = MAX_SCSI_DEVS;
        } else if (!strcmp(buf, "floppy")) {
            type = IF_FLOPPY;
            max_devs = 0;
        } else if (!strcmp(buf, "pflash")) {
            type = IF_PFLASH;
            max_devs = 0;
        } else if (!strcmp(buf, "mtd")) {
            type = IF_MTD;
            max_devs = 0;
        } else if (!strcmp(buf, "sd")) {
            type = IF_SD;
            max_devs = 0;
        } else if (!strcmp(buf, "virtio")) {
            type = IF_VIRTIO;
            max_devs = 0;
        } else {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' unsupported bus type '%s'\n", str, buf);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "index", str)) {
        index = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
        if (index < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' invalid index\n", str);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "cyls", str)) {
        cyls = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
    }

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "heads", str)) {
        heads = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
    }

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "secs", str)) {
        secs = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
    }

    if (cyls || heads || secs) {
        if (cyls < 1 || cyls > 16383) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' invalid physical cyls number\n", str);
            return -1;
        }
        if (heads < 1 || heads > 16) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' invalid physical heads number\n", str);
            return -1;
        }
        if (secs < 1 || secs > 63) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' invalid physical secs number\n", str);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "trans", str)) {
        if (!cyls) {
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "qemu: '%s' trans must be used with cyls,heads and secs\n",
                    str);
            return -1;
        }
        if (!strcmp(buf, "none"))
            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_NONE;
        else if (!strcmp(buf, "lba"))
            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_LBA;
        else if (!strcmp(buf, "auto"))
            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_AUTO;
        else {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' invalid translation type\n", str);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "media", str)) {
        if (!strcmp(buf, "disk")) {
            media = MEDIA_DISK;
        } else if (!strcmp(buf, "cdrom")) {
            if (cyls || secs || heads) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                        "qemu: '%s' invalid physical CHS format\n", str);
                return -1;
            }
            media = MEDIA_CDROM;
        } else {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' invalid media\n", str);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "snapshot", str)) {
        if (!strcmp(buf, "on"))
            snapshot = 1;
        else if (!strcmp(buf, "off"))
            snapshot = 0;
        else {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' invalid snapshot option\n", str);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "cache", str)) {
        if (!strcmp(buf, "off"))
            cache = 0;
        else if (!strcmp(buf, "on"))
            cache = 1;
        else {
           fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid cache option\n");
           return -1;
        }
    }

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "format", str)) {
       if (strcmp(buf, "?") == 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: Supported formats:");
            bdrv_iterate_format(bdrv_format_print, NULL);
            fprintf(stderr, "\n");
            return -1;
        }
        drv = bdrv_find_format(buf);
        if (!drv) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' invalid format\n", buf);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "boot", str)) {
        if (!strcmp(buf, "on")) {
            if (extboot_drive != -1) {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: two bootable drives specified\n");
                return -1;
            }
            extboot_drive = nb_drives;
        } else if (strcmp(buf, "off")) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' invalid boot option\n", str);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    if (arg->file == NULL)
        get_param_value(file, sizeof(file), "file", str);
    else
        pstrcpy(file, sizeof(file), arg->file);

    /* compute bus and unit according index */

    if (index != -1) {
        if (bus_id != 0 || unit_id != -1) {
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "qemu: '%s' index cannot be used with bus and unit\n", str);
            return -1;
        }
        if (max_devs == 0)
        {
            unit_id = index;
            bus_id = 0;
        } else {
            unit_id = index % max_devs;
            bus_id = index / max_devs;
        }
    }

    /* if user doesn't specify a unit_id,
     * try to find the first free
     */

    if (unit_id == -1) {
       unit_id = 0;
       while (drive_get_index(type, bus_id, unit_id) != -1) {
           unit_id++;
           if (max_devs && unit_id >= max_devs) {
               unit_id -= max_devs;
               bus_id++;
           }
       }
    }

    /* check unit id */

    if (max_devs && unit_id >= max_devs) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: '%s' unit %d too big (max is %d)\n",
                        str, unit_id, max_devs - 1);
        return -1;
    }

    /*
     * ignore multiple definitions
     */

    if (drive_get_index(type, bus_id, unit_id) != -1)
        return -2;

    /* init */

    if (type == IF_IDE || type == IF_SCSI)
        mediastr = (media == MEDIA_CDROM) ? "-cd" : "-hd";
    if (max_devs)
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s%i%s%i",
                 devname, bus_id, mediastr, unit_id);
    else
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s%s%i",
                 devname, mediastr, unit_id);
    bdrv = bdrv_new(buf);
    drives_table_idx = drive_get_free_idx();
    drives_table[drives_table_idx].bdrv = bdrv;
    drives_table[drives_table_idx].type = type;
    drives_table[drives_table_idx].bus = bus_id;
    drives_table[drives_table_idx].unit = unit_id;
    drives_table[drives_table_idx].drive_opt_idx = arg - drives_opt;
    nb_drives++;

    switch(type) {
    case IF_IDE:
    case IF_SCSI:
        switch(media) {
        case MEDIA_DISK:
            if (cyls != 0) {
                bdrv_set_geometry_hint(bdrv, cyls, heads, secs);
                bdrv_set_translation_hint(bdrv, translation);
            }
            break;
        case MEDIA_CDROM:
            bdrv_set_type_hint(bdrv, BDRV_TYPE_CDROM);
            break;
        }
        break;
    case IF_SD:
        /* FIXME: This isn't really a floppy, but it's a reasonable
           approximation.  */
    case IF_FLOPPY:
        bdrv_set_type_hint(bdrv, BDRV_TYPE_FLOPPY);
        break;
    case IF_PFLASH:
    case IF_MTD:
    case IF_VIRTIO:
        break;
    }
    if (!file[0])
        return -2;
    bdrv_flags = 0;
    if (snapshot)
        bdrv_flags |= BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT;
    if (!cache)
        bdrv_flags |= BDRV_O_DIRECT;
    if (bdrv_open2(bdrv, file, bdrv_flags, drv) < 0 || qemu_key_check(bdrv, file)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open disk image %s\n",
                        file);
        return -1;
    }
    return drives_table_idx;
}

/***********************************************************/
/* USB devices */

static USBPort *used_usb_ports;
static USBPort *free_usb_ports;

/* ??? Maybe change this to register a hub to keep track of the topology.  */
void qemu_register_usb_port(USBPort *port, void *opaque, int index,
                            usb_attachfn attach)
{
    port->opaque = opaque;
    port->index = index;
    port->attach = attach;
    port->next = free_usb_ports;
    free_usb_ports = port;
}

static int usb_device_add(const char *devname)
{
    const char *p;
    USBDevice *dev;
    USBPort *port;

    if (!free_usb_ports)
        return -1;

    if (strstart(devname, "host:", &p)) {
        dev = usb_host_device_open(p);
    } else if (!strcmp(devname, "mouse")) {
        dev = usb_mouse_init();
    } else if (!strcmp(devname, "tablet")) {
        dev = usb_tablet_init();
    } else if (!strcmp(devname, "keyboard")) {
        dev = usb_keyboard_init();
    } else if (strstart(devname, "disk:", &p)) {
        dev = usb_msd_init(p);
    } else if (!strcmp(devname, "wacom-tablet")) {
        dev = usb_wacom_init();
    } else if (strstart(devname, "serial:", &p)) {
        dev = usb_serial_init(p);
#ifdef CONFIG_BRLAPI
    } else if (!strcmp(devname, "braille")) {
        dev = usb_baum_init();
#endif
    } else {
        return -1;
    }
    if (!dev)
        return -1;

    /* Find a USB port to add the device to.  */
    port = free_usb_ports;
    if (!port->next) {
        USBDevice *hub;

        /* Create a new hub and chain it on.  */
        free_usb_ports = NULL;
        port->next = used_usb_ports;
        used_usb_ports = port;

        hub = usb_hub_init(VM_USB_HUB_SIZE);
        usb_attach(port, hub);
        port = free_usb_ports;
    }

    free_usb_ports = port->next;
    port->next = used_usb_ports;
    used_usb_ports = port;
    usb_attach(port, dev);
    return 0;
}

static int usb_device_del(const char *devname)
{
    USBPort *port;
    USBPort **lastp;
    USBDevice *dev;
    int bus_num, addr;
    const char *p;

    if (!used_usb_ports)
        return -1;

    p = strchr(devname, '.');
    if (!p)
        return -1;
    bus_num = strtoul(devname, NULL, 0);
    addr = strtoul(p + 1, NULL, 0);
    if (bus_num != 0)
        return -1;

    lastp = &used_usb_ports;
    port = used_usb_ports;
    while (port && port->dev->addr != addr) {
        lastp = &port->next;
        port = port->next;
    }

    if (!port)
        return -1;

    dev = port->dev;
    *lastp = port->next;
    usb_attach(port, NULL);
    dev->handle_destroy(dev);
    port->next = free_usb_ports;
    free_usb_ports = port;
    return 0;
}

void do_usb_add(const char *devname)
{
    int ret;
    ret = usb_device_add(devname);
    if (ret < 0)
        term_printf("Could not add USB device '%s'\n", devname);
}

void do_usb_del(const char *devname)
{
    int ret;
    ret = usb_device_del(devname);
    if (ret < 0)
        term_printf("Could not remove USB device '%s'\n", devname);
}

void usb_info(void)
{
    USBDevice *dev;
    USBPort *port;
    const char *speed_str;

    if (!usb_enabled) {
        term_printf("USB support not enabled\n");
        return;
    }

    for (port = used_usb_ports; port; port = port->next) {
        dev = port->dev;
        if (!dev)
            continue;
        switch(dev->speed) {
        case USB_SPEED_LOW:
            speed_str = "1.5";
            break;
        case USB_SPEED_FULL:
            speed_str = "12";
            break;
        case USB_SPEED_HIGH:
            speed_str = "480";
            break;
        default:
            speed_str = "?";
            break;
        }
        term_printf("  Device %d.%d, Speed %s Mb/s, Product %s\n",
                    0, dev->addr, speed_str, dev->devname);
    }
}

/***********************************************************/
/* PCMCIA/Cardbus */

static struct pcmcia_socket_entry_s {
    struct pcmcia_socket_s *socket;
    struct pcmcia_socket_entry_s *next;
} *pcmcia_sockets = 0;

void pcmcia_socket_register(struct pcmcia_socket_s *socket)
{
    struct pcmcia_socket_entry_s *entry;

    entry = qemu_malloc(sizeof(struct pcmcia_socket_entry_s));
    entry->socket = socket;
    entry->next = pcmcia_sockets;
    pcmcia_sockets = entry;
}

void pcmcia_socket_unregister(struct pcmcia_socket_s *socket)
{
    struct pcmcia_socket_entry_s *entry, **ptr;

    ptr = &pcmcia_sockets;
    for (entry = *ptr; entry; ptr = &entry->next, entry = *ptr)
        if (entry->socket == socket) {
            *ptr = entry->next;
            qemu_free(entry);
        }
}

void pcmcia_info(void)
{
    struct pcmcia_socket_entry_s *iter;
    if (!pcmcia_sockets)
        term_printf("No PCMCIA sockets\n");

    for (iter = pcmcia_sockets; iter; iter = iter->next)
        term_printf("%s: %s\n", iter->socket->slot_string,
                    iter->socket->attached ? iter->socket->card_string :
                    "Empty");
}

/***********************************************************/
/* dumb display */

static void dumb_update(DisplayState *ds, int x, int y, int w, int h)
{
}

static void dumb_resize(DisplayState *ds, int w, int h)
{
}

static void dumb_refresh(DisplayState *ds)
{
#if defined(CONFIG_SDL)
    vga_hw_update();
#endif
}

static void dumb_display_init(DisplayState *ds)
{
    ds->data = NULL;
    ds->linesize = 0;
    ds->depth = 0;
    ds->dpy_update = dumb_update;
    ds->dpy_resize = dumb_resize;
    ds->dpy_refresh = dumb_refresh;
}

/***********************************************************/
/* I/O handling */

#define MAX_IO_HANDLERS 64

typedef struct IOHandlerRecord {
    int fd;
    IOCanRWHandler *fd_read_poll;
    IOHandler *fd_read;
    IOHandler *fd_write;
    int deleted;
    void *opaque;
    /* temporary data */
    struct pollfd *ufd;
    struct IOHandlerRecord *next;
} IOHandlerRecord;

static IOHandlerRecord *first_io_handler;

/* XXX: fd_read_poll should be suppressed, but an API change is
   necessary in the character devices to suppress fd_can_read(). */
int qemu_set_fd_handler2(int fd,
                         IOCanRWHandler *fd_read_poll,
                         IOHandler *fd_read,
                         IOHandler *fd_write,
                         void *opaque)
{
    IOHandlerRecord **pioh, *ioh;

    if (!fd_read && !fd_write) {
        pioh = &first_io_handler;
        for(;;) {
            ioh = *pioh;
            if (ioh == NULL)
                break;
            if (ioh->fd == fd) {
                ioh->deleted = 1;
                break;
            }
            pioh = &ioh->next;
        }
    } else {
        for(ioh = first_io_handler; ioh != NULL; ioh = ioh->next) {
            if (ioh->fd == fd)
                goto found;
        }
        ioh = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(IOHandlerRecord));
        if (!ioh)
            return -1;
        ioh->next = first_io_handler;
        first_io_handler = ioh;
    found:
        ioh->fd = fd;
        ioh->fd_read_poll = fd_read_poll;
        ioh->fd_read = fd_read;
        ioh->fd_write = fd_write;
        ioh->opaque = opaque;
        ioh->deleted = 0;
    }
    return 0;
}

int qemu_set_fd_handler(int fd,
                        IOHandler *fd_read,
                        IOHandler *fd_write,
                        void *opaque)
{
    return qemu_set_fd_handler2(fd, NULL, fd_read, fd_write, opaque);
}

/***********************************************************/
/* Polling handling */

typedef struct PollingEntry {
    PollingFunc *func;
    void *opaque;
    struct PollingEntry *next;
} PollingEntry;

static PollingEntry *first_polling_entry;

int qemu_add_polling_cb(PollingFunc *func, void *opaque)
{
    PollingEntry **ppe, *pe;
    pe = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(PollingEntry));
    if (!pe)
        return -1;
    pe->func = func;
    pe->opaque = opaque;
    for(ppe = &first_polling_entry; *ppe != NULL; ppe = &(*ppe)->next);
    *ppe = pe;
    return 0;
}

void qemu_del_polling_cb(PollingFunc *func, void *opaque)
{
    PollingEntry **ppe, *pe;
    for(ppe = &first_polling_entry; *ppe != NULL; ppe = &(*ppe)->next) {
        pe = *ppe;
        if (pe->func == func && pe->opaque == opaque) {
            *ppe = pe->next;
            qemu_free(pe);
            break;
        }
    }
}

#ifdef _WIN32
/***********************************************************/
/* Wait objects support */
typedef struct WaitObjects {
    int num;
    HANDLE events[MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS + 1];
    WaitObjectFunc *func[MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS + 1];
    void *opaque[MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS + 1];
} WaitObjects;

static WaitObjects wait_objects = {0};

int qemu_add_wait_object(HANDLE handle, WaitObjectFunc *func, void *opaque)
{
    WaitObjects *w = &wait_objects;

    if (w->num >= MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS)
        return -1;
    w->events[w->num] = handle;
    w->func[w->num] = func;
    w->opaque[w->num] = opaque;
    w->num++;
    return 0;
}

void qemu_del_wait_object(HANDLE handle, WaitObjectFunc *func, void *opaque)
{
    int i, found;
    WaitObjects *w = &wait_objects;

    found = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < w->num; i++) {
        if (w->events[i] == handle)
            found = 1;
        if (found) {
            w->events[i] = w->events[i + 1];
            w->func[i] = w->func[i + 1];
            w->opaque[i] = w->opaque[i + 1];
        }
    }
    if (found)
        w->num--;
}
#endif

#define SELF_ANNOUNCE_ROUNDS 5
#define ETH_P_EXPERIMENTAL 0x01F1 /* just a number */
//#define ETH_P_EXPERIMENTAL 0x0012 /* make it the size of the packet */
#define EXPERIMENTAL_MAGIC 0xf1f23f4f

static int announce_self_create(uint8_t *buf, 
                                uint8_t *mac_addr)
{
    uint32_t magic = EXPERIMENTAL_MAGIC;
    uint16_t proto = htons(ETH_P_EXPERIMENTAL);

    /* FIXME: should we send a different packet (arp/rarp/ping)? */

    memset(buf, 0xff, 6);         /* h_dst */
    memcpy(buf + 6, mac_addr, 6); /* h_src */
    memcpy(buf + 12, &proto, 2);  /* h_proto */
    memcpy(buf + 14, &magic, 4);  /* magic */

    return 18; /* len */
}

static void qemu_announce_self(void)
{
    int i, j, len;
    VLANState *vlan;
    VLANClientState *vc;
    uint8_t buf[256];

    for (i = 0; i < nb_nics; i++) {
        len = announce_self_create(buf, nd_table[i].macaddr);
        vlan = nd_table[i].vlan;
        for(vc = vlan->first_client; vc != NULL; vc = vc->next) {
            if (vc->fd_read == tap_receive)  /* send only if tap */
                for (j=0; j < SELF_ANNOUNCE_ROUNDS; j++)
                    vc->fd_read(vc->opaque, buf, len);
        }
    }
}

/***********************************************************/
/* savevm/loadvm support */

#define IO_BUF_SIZE 32768

struct QEMUFile {
    QEMUFilePutBufferFunc *put_buffer;
    QEMUFileGetBufferFunc *get_buffer;
    QEMUFileCloseFunc *close;
    void *opaque;

    int64_t buf_offset; /* start of buffer when writing, end of buffer
                           when reading */
    int buf_index;
    int buf_size; /* 0 when writing */
    uint8_t buf[IO_BUF_SIZE];
};

typedef struct QEMUFileFD
{
    int fd;
} QEMUFileFD;

static int fd_get_buffer(void *opaque, uint8_t *buf, int64_t pos, int size)
{
    QEMUFileFD *s = opaque;
    int offset = 0;
    ssize_t len;

again:
    len = read(s->fd, buf + offset, size - offset);
    if (len == -1) {
        if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)
            goto again;
    }

    return len;
}

QEMUFile *qemu_fopen_fd(int fd)
{
    QEMUFileFD *s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(QEMUFileFD));
    s->fd = fd;
    return qemu_fopen(s, NULL, fd_get_buffer, qemu_free);
}

typedef struct QEMUFileUnix
{
    FILE *outfile;
} QEMUFileUnix;

static void file_put_buffer(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf, int64_t pos, int size)
{
    QEMUFileUnix *s = opaque;
    fseek(s->outfile, pos, SEEK_SET);
    fwrite(buf, 1, size, s->outfile);
}

static int file_get_buffer(void *opaque, uint8_t *buf, int64_t pos, int size)
{
    QEMUFileUnix *s = opaque;
    fseek(s->outfile, pos, SEEK_SET);
    return fread(buf, 1, size, s->outfile);
}

static void file_close(void *opaque)
{
    QEMUFileUnix *s = opaque;
    fclose(s->outfile);
    qemu_free(s);
}

QEMUFile *qemu_fopen_file(const char *filename, const char *mode)
{
    QEMUFileUnix *s;

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(QEMUFileUnix));
    if (!s)
        return NULL;

    s->outfile = fopen(filename, mode);
    if (!s->outfile)
        goto fail;

    if (!strcmp(mode, "wb"))
        return qemu_fopen(s, file_put_buffer, NULL, file_close);
    else if (!strcmp(mode, "rb"))
        return qemu_fopen(s, NULL, file_get_buffer, file_close);

fail:
    if (s->outfile)
        fclose(s->outfile);
    qemu_free(s);
    return NULL;
}

typedef struct QEMUFileBdrv
{
    BlockDriverState *bs;
    int64_t base_offset;
} QEMUFileBdrv;

static void bdrv_put_buffer(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf, int64_t pos, int size)
{
    QEMUFileBdrv *s = opaque;
    bdrv_pwrite(s->bs, s->base_offset + pos, buf, size);
}

static int bdrv_get_buffer(void *opaque, uint8_t *buf, int64_t pos, int size)
{
    QEMUFileBdrv *s = opaque;
    return bdrv_pread(s->bs, s->base_offset + pos, buf, size);
}

QEMUFile *qemu_fopen_bdrv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int is_writable)
{
    QEMUFileBdrv *s;

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(QEMUFileBdrv));
    if (!s)
        return NULL;

    s->bs = bs;
    s->base_offset = offset;

    if (is_writable)
        return qemu_fopen(s, bdrv_put_buffer, NULL, qemu_free);

    return qemu_fopen(s, NULL, bdrv_get_buffer, qemu_free);
}

QEMUFile *qemu_fopen(void *opaque, QEMUFilePutBufferFunc *put_buffer,
                     QEMUFileGetBufferFunc *get_buffer, QEMUFileCloseFunc *close)
{
    QEMUFile *f;

    f = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(QEMUFile));
    if (!f)
        return NULL;

    f->opaque = opaque;
    f->put_buffer = put_buffer;
    f->get_buffer = get_buffer;
    f->close = close;

    return f;
}

void qemu_fflush(QEMUFile *f)
{
    if (!f->put_buffer)
        return;

    if (f->buf_index > 0) {
        f->put_buffer(f->opaque, f->buf, f->buf_offset, f->buf_index);
        f->buf_offset += f->buf_index;
        f->buf_index = 0;
    }
}

static void qemu_fill_buffer(QEMUFile *f)
{
    int len;

    if (!f->get_buffer)
        return;

    len = f->get_buffer(f->opaque, f->buf, f->buf_offset, IO_BUF_SIZE);
    if (len < 0)
        len = 0;

    f->buf_index = 0;
    f->buf_size = len;
    f->buf_offset += len;
}

void qemu_fclose(QEMUFile *f)
{
    qemu_fflush(f);
    if (f->close)
        f->close(f->opaque);
    qemu_free(f);
}

void qemu_put_buffer(QEMUFile *f, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    int l;
    while (size > 0) {
        l = IO_BUF_SIZE - f->buf_index;
        if (l > size)
            l = size;
        memcpy(f->buf + f->buf_index, buf, l);
        f->buf_index += l;
        buf += l;
        size -= l;
        if (f->buf_index >= IO_BUF_SIZE)
            qemu_fflush(f);
    }
}

void qemu_put_byte(QEMUFile *f, int v)
{
    f->buf[f->buf_index++] = v;
    if (f->buf_index >= IO_BUF_SIZE)
        qemu_fflush(f);
}

int qemu_get_buffer(QEMUFile *f, uint8_t *buf, int size1)
{
    int size, l;

    size = size1;
    while (size > 0) {
        l = f->buf_size - f->buf_index;
        if (l == 0) {
            qemu_fill_buffer(f);
            l = f->buf_size - f->buf_index;
            if (l == 0)
                break;
        }
        if (l > size)
            l = size;
        memcpy(buf, f->buf + f->buf_index, l);
        f->buf_index += l;
        buf += l;
        size -= l;
    }
    return size1 - size;
}

int qemu_get_byte(QEMUFile *f)
{
    if (f->buf_index >= f->buf_size) {
        qemu_fill_buffer(f);
        if (f->buf_index >= f->buf_size)
            return 0;
    }
    return f->buf[f->buf_index++];
}

int64_t qemu_ftell(QEMUFile *f)
{
    return f->buf_offset - f->buf_size + f->buf_index;
}

int64_t qemu_fseek(QEMUFile *f, int64_t pos, int whence)
{
    if (whence == SEEK_SET) {
        /* nothing to do */
    } else if (whence == SEEK_CUR) {
        pos += qemu_ftell(f);
    } else {
        /* SEEK_END not supported */
        return -1;
    }
    if (f->put_buffer) {
        qemu_fflush(f);
        f->buf_offset = pos;
    } else {
        f->buf_offset = pos;
        f->buf_index = 0;
        f->buf_size = 0;
    }
    return pos;
}

void qemu_put_be16(QEMUFile *f, unsigned int v)
{
    qemu_put_byte(f, v >> 8);
    qemu_put_byte(f, v);
}

void qemu_put_be32(QEMUFile *f, unsigned int v)
{
    qemu_put_byte(f, v >> 24);
    qemu_put_byte(f, v >> 16);
    qemu_put_byte(f, v >> 8);
    qemu_put_byte(f, v);
}

void qemu_put_be64(QEMUFile *f, uint64_t v)
{
    qemu_put_be32(f, v >> 32);
    qemu_put_be32(f, v);
}

unsigned int qemu_get_be16(QEMUFile *f)
{
    unsigned int v;
    v = qemu_get_byte(f) << 8;
    v |= qemu_get_byte(f);
    return v;
}

unsigned int qemu_get_be32(QEMUFile *f)
{
    unsigned int v;
    v = qemu_get_byte(f) << 24;
    v |= qemu_get_byte(f) << 16;
    v |= qemu_get_byte(f) << 8;
    v |= qemu_get_byte(f);
    return v;
}

uint64_t qemu_get_be64(QEMUFile *f)
{
    uint64_t v;
    v = (uint64_t)qemu_get_be32(f) << 32;
    v |= qemu_get_be32(f);
    return v;
}

typedef struct SaveStateEntry {
    char idstr[256];
    int instance_id;
    int version_id;
    SaveStateHandler *save_state;
    LoadStateHandler *load_state;
    void *opaque;
    struct SaveStateEntry *next;
} SaveStateEntry;

static SaveStateEntry *first_se;

int register_savevm(const char *idstr,
                    int instance_id,
                    int version_id,
                    SaveStateHandler *save_state,
                    LoadStateHandler *load_state,
                    void *opaque)
{
    SaveStateEntry *se, **pse;

    se = qemu_malloc(sizeof(SaveStateEntry));
    if (!se)
        return -1;
    pstrcpy(se->idstr, sizeof(se->idstr), idstr);
    se->instance_id = instance_id;
    se->version_id = version_id;
    se->save_state = save_state;
    se->load_state = load_state;
    se->opaque = opaque;
    se->next = NULL;

    /* add at the end of list */
    pse = &first_se;
    while (*pse != NULL)
        pse = &(*pse)->next;
    *pse = se;
    return 0;
}

#define QEMU_VM_FILE_MAGIC   0x5145564d
#define QEMU_VM_FILE_VERSION 0x00000002

static int qemu_savevm_state(QEMUFile *f)
{
    SaveStateEntry *se;
    int len, ret;
    int64_t cur_pos, len_pos, total_len_pos;

    qemu_put_be32(f, QEMU_VM_FILE_MAGIC);
    qemu_put_be32(f, QEMU_VM_FILE_VERSION);
    total_len_pos = qemu_ftell(f);
    qemu_put_be64(f, 0); /* total size */

    for(se = first_se; se != NULL; se = se->next) {
        /* ID string */
        len = strlen(se->idstr);
        qemu_put_byte(f, len);
        qemu_put_buffer(f, (uint8_t *)se->idstr, len);

        qemu_put_be32(f, se->instance_id);
        qemu_put_be32(f, se->version_id);

        /* record size: filled later */
        len_pos = qemu_ftell(f);
        qemu_put_be32(f, 0);
        se->save_state(f, se->opaque);

        /* fill record size */
        cur_pos = qemu_ftell(f);
        len = cur_pos - len_pos - 4;
        qemu_fseek(f, len_pos, SEEK_SET);
        qemu_put_be32(f, len);
        qemu_fseek(f, cur_pos, SEEK_SET);
    }
    cur_pos = qemu_ftell(f);
    qemu_fseek(f, total_len_pos, SEEK_SET);
    qemu_put_be64(f, cur_pos - total_len_pos - 8);
    qemu_fseek(f, cur_pos, SEEK_SET);

    ret = 0;
    return ret;
}

static SaveStateEntry *find_se(const char *idstr, int instance_id)
{
    SaveStateEntry *se;

    for(se = first_se; se != NULL; se = se->next) {
        if (!strcmp(se->idstr, idstr) &&
            instance_id == se->instance_id)
            return se;
    }
    return NULL;
}

static int qemu_loadvm_state(QEMUFile *f)
{
    SaveStateEntry *se;
    int len, ret, instance_id, record_len, version_id;
    int64_t total_len, end_pos, cur_pos;
    unsigned int v;
    char idstr[256];

    v = qemu_get_be32(f);
    if (v != QEMU_VM_FILE_MAGIC)
        goto fail;
    v = qemu_get_be32(f);
    if (v != QEMU_VM_FILE_VERSION) {
    fail:
        ret = -1;
        goto the_end;
    }
    total_len = qemu_get_be64(f);
    end_pos = total_len + qemu_ftell(f);
    for(;;) {
        if (qemu_ftell(f) >= end_pos)
            break;
        len = qemu_get_byte(f);
        qemu_get_buffer(f, (uint8_t *)idstr, len);
        idstr[len] = '\0';
        instance_id = qemu_get_be32(f);
        version_id = qemu_get_be32(f);
        record_len = qemu_get_be32(f);
#if 0
        printf("idstr=%s instance=0x%x version=%d len=%d\n",
               idstr, instance_id, version_id, record_len);
#endif
        cur_pos = qemu_ftell(f);
        se = find_se(idstr, instance_id);
        if (!se) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: warning: instance 0x%x of device '%s' not present in current VM\n",
                    instance_id, idstr);
        } else {
            ret = se->load_state(f, se->opaque, version_id);
            if (ret < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: warning: error while loading state for instance 0x%x of device '%s'\n",
                        instance_id, idstr);
                goto the_end;
            }
        }
        /* always seek to exact end of record */
        qemu_fseek(f, cur_pos + record_len, SEEK_SET);
     }
    ret = 0;
 the_end:
    return ret;
}

int qemu_live_savevm_state(QEMUFile *f)
{
    SaveStateEntry *se;
    int len, ret;

    qemu_put_be32(f, QEMU_VM_FILE_MAGIC);
    qemu_put_be32(f, QEMU_VM_FILE_VERSION);

    for(se = first_se; se != NULL; se = se->next) {
        len = strlen(se->idstr);

        qemu_put_byte(f, len);
        qemu_put_buffer(f, se->idstr, len);
        qemu_put_be32(f, se->instance_id);
        qemu_put_be32(f, se->version_id);

        se->save_state(f, se->opaque);
    }

    qemu_put_byte(f, 0);

    ret = 0;
    return ret;
}

int qemu_live_loadvm_state(QEMUFile *f)
{
    SaveStateEntry *se;
    int len, ret, instance_id, version_id;
    unsigned int v;
    char idstr[256];
    
    v = qemu_get_be32(f);
    if (v != QEMU_VM_FILE_MAGIC)
        goto fail;
    v = qemu_get_be32(f);
    if (v != QEMU_VM_FILE_VERSION) {
    fail:
        ret = -1;
        goto the_end;
    }

    for(;;) {
        len = qemu_get_byte(f);
        if (len == 0)
            break;
        qemu_get_buffer(f, idstr, len);
        idstr[len] = '\0';
        instance_id = qemu_get_be32(f);
        version_id = qemu_get_be32(f);
        se = find_se(idstr, instance_id);
        if (!se) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: warning: instance 0x%x of device '%s' not present in current VM\n", 
                    instance_id, idstr);
        } else {
            if (version_id > se->version_id) { /* src version > dst version */
                fprintf(stderr, "migration:version mismatch:%s:%d(s)>%d(d)\n",
                        idstr, version_id, se->version_id);
                ret = -1;
                goto the_end;
            }
            ret = se->load_state(f, se->opaque, version_id);
            if (ret < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: warning: error while loading state for instance 0x%x of device '%s'\n", 
                        instance_id, idstr);
                goto the_end;
            }
        }
    }
    ret = 0;

    qemu_announce_self();

 the_end:
    return ret;
}

/* device can contain snapshots */
static int bdrv_can_snapshot(BlockDriverState *bs)
{
    return (bs &&
            !bdrv_is_removable(bs) &&
            !bdrv_is_read_only(bs));
}

/* device must be snapshots in order to have a reliable snapshot */
static int bdrv_has_snapshot(BlockDriverState *bs)
{
    return (bs &&
            !bdrv_is_removable(bs) &&
            !bdrv_is_read_only(bs));
}

static BlockDriverState *get_bs_snapshots(void)
{
    BlockDriverState *bs;
    int i;

    if (bs_snapshots)
        return bs_snapshots;
    for(i = 0; i <= nb_drives; i++) {
        bs = drives_table[i].bdrv;
        if (bdrv_can_snapshot(bs))
            goto ok;
    }
    return NULL;
 ok:
    bs_snapshots = bs;
    return bs;
}

static int bdrv_snapshot_find(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_info,
                              const char *name)
{
    QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_tab, *sn;
    int nb_sns, i, ret;

    ret = -ENOENT;
    nb_sns = bdrv_snapshot_list(bs, &sn_tab);
    if (nb_sns < 0)
        return ret;
    for(i = 0; i < nb_sns; i++) {
        sn = &sn_tab[i];
        if (!strcmp(sn->id_str, name) || !strcmp(sn->name, name)) {
            *sn_info = *sn;
            ret = 0;
            break;
        }
    }
    qemu_free(sn_tab);
    return ret;
}

void do_savevm(const char *name)
{
    BlockDriverState *bs, *bs1;
    QEMUSnapshotInfo sn1, *sn = &sn1, old_sn1, *old_sn = &old_sn1;
    int must_delete, ret, i;
    BlockDriverInfo bdi1, *bdi = &bdi1;
    QEMUFile *f;
    int saved_vm_running;
#ifdef _WIN32
    struct _timeb tb;
#else
    struct timeval tv;
#endif

    bs = get_bs_snapshots();
    if (!bs) {
        term_printf("No block device can accept snapshots\n");
        return;
    }

    /* ??? Should this occur after vm_stop?  */
    qemu_aio_flush();

    saved_vm_running = vm_running;
    vm_stop(0);

    must_delete = 0;
    if (name) {
        ret = bdrv_snapshot_find(bs, old_sn, name);
        if (ret >= 0) {
            must_delete = 1;
        }
    }
    memset(sn, 0, sizeof(*sn));
    if (must_delete) {
        pstrcpy(sn->name, sizeof(sn->name), old_sn->name);
        pstrcpy(sn->id_str, sizeof(sn->id_str), old_sn->id_str);
    } else {
        if (name)
            pstrcpy(sn->name, sizeof(sn->name), name);
    }

    /* fill auxiliary fields */
#ifdef _WIN32
    _ftime(&tb);
    sn->date_sec = tb.time;
    sn->date_nsec = tb.millitm * 1000000;
#else
    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
    sn->date_sec = tv.tv_sec;
    sn->date_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;
#endif
    sn->vm_clock_nsec = qemu_get_clock(vm_clock);

    if (bdrv_get_info(bs, bdi) < 0 || bdi->vm_state_offset <= 0) {
        term_printf("Device %s does not support VM state snapshots\n",
                    bdrv_get_device_name(bs));
        goto the_end;
    }

    /* save the VM state */
    f = qemu_fopen_bdrv(bs, bdi->vm_state_offset, 1);
    if (!f) {
        term_printf("Could not open VM state file\n");
        goto the_end;
    }
    ret = qemu_savevm_state(f);
    sn->vm_state_size = qemu_ftell(f);
    qemu_fclose(f);
    if (ret < 0) {
        term_printf("Error %d while writing VM\n", ret);
        goto the_end;
    }

    /* create the snapshots */

    for(i = 0; i < nb_drives; i++) {
        bs1 = drives_table[i].bdrv;
        if (bdrv_has_snapshot(bs1)) {
            if (must_delete) {
                ret = bdrv_snapshot_delete(bs1, old_sn->id_str);
                if (ret < 0) {
                    term_printf("Error while deleting snapshot on '%s'\n",
                                bdrv_get_device_name(bs1));
                }
            }
            ret = bdrv_snapshot_create(bs1, sn);
            if (ret < 0) {
                term_printf("Error while creating snapshot on '%s'\n",
                            bdrv_get_device_name(bs1));
            }
        }
    }

 the_end:
    if (saved_vm_running)
        vm_start();
}

void do_loadvm(const char *name)
{
    BlockDriverState *bs, *bs1;
    BlockDriverInfo bdi1, *bdi = &bdi1;
    QEMUFile *f;
    int i, ret;
    int saved_vm_running;

    bs = get_bs_snapshots();
    if (!bs) {
        term_printf("No block device supports snapshots\n");
        return;
    }

    /* Flush all IO requests so they don't interfere with the new state.  */
    qemu_aio_flush();

    saved_vm_running = vm_running;
    vm_stop(0);

    for(i = 0; i <= nb_drives; i++) {
        bs1 = drives_table[i].bdrv;
        if (bdrv_has_snapshot(bs1)) {
            ret = bdrv_snapshot_goto(bs1, name);
            if (ret < 0) {
                if (bs != bs1)
                    term_printf("Warning: ");
                switch(ret) {
                case -ENOTSUP:
                    term_printf("Snapshots not supported on device '%s'\n",
                                bdrv_get_device_name(bs1));
                    break;
                case -ENOENT:
                    term_printf("Could not find snapshot '%s' on device '%s'\n",
                                name, bdrv_get_device_name(bs1));
                    break;
                default:
                    term_printf("Error %d while activating snapshot on '%s'\n",
                                ret, bdrv_get_device_name(bs1));
                    break;
                }
                /* fatal on snapshot block device */
                if (bs == bs1)
                    goto the_end;
            }
        }
    }

    if (bdrv_get_info(bs, bdi) < 0 || bdi->vm_state_offset <= 0) {
        term_printf("Device %s does not support VM state snapshots\n",
                    bdrv_get_device_name(bs));
        return;
    }

    /* restore the VM state */
    f = qemu_fopen_bdrv(bs, bdi->vm_state_offset, 0);
    if (!f) {
        term_printf("Could not open VM state file\n");
        goto the_end;
    }
    ret = qemu_loadvm_state(f);
    qemu_fclose(f);
    if (ret < 0) {
        term_printf("Error %d while loading VM state\n", ret);
    }
 the_end:
    if (saved_vm_running)
        vm_start();
}

void do_delvm(const char *name)
{
    BlockDriverState *bs, *bs1;
    int i, ret;

    bs = get_bs_snapshots();
    if (!bs) {
        term_printf("No block device supports snapshots\n");
        return;
    }

    for(i = 0; i <= nb_drives; i++) {
        bs1 = drives_table[i].bdrv;
        if (bdrv_has_snapshot(bs1)) {
            ret = bdrv_snapshot_delete(bs1, name);
            if (ret < 0) {
                if (ret == -ENOTSUP)
                    term_printf("Snapshots not supported on device '%s'\n",
                                bdrv_get_device_name(bs1));
                else
                    term_printf("Error %d while deleting snapshot on '%s'\n",
                                ret, bdrv_get_device_name(bs1));
            }
        }
    }
}

void do_info_snapshots(void)
{
    BlockDriverState *bs, *bs1;
    QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_tab, *sn;
    int nb_sns, i;
    char buf[256];

    bs = get_bs_snapshots();
    if (!bs) {
        term_printf("No available block device supports snapshots\n");
        return;
    }
    term_printf("Snapshot devices:");
    for(i = 0; i <= nb_drives; i++) {
        bs1 = drives_table[i].bdrv;
        if (bdrv_has_snapshot(bs1)) {
            if (bs == bs1)
                term_printf(" %s", bdrv_get_device_name(bs1));
        }
    }
    term_printf("\n");

    nb_sns = bdrv_snapshot_list(bs, &sn_tab);
    if (nb_sns < 0) {
        term_printf("bdrv_snapshot_list: error %d\n", nb_sns);
        return;
    }
    term_printf("Snapshot list (from %s):\n", bdrv_get_device_name(bs));
    term_printf("%s\n", bdrv_snapshot_dump(buf, sizeof(buf), NULL));
    for(i = 0; i < nb_sns; i++) {
        sn = &sn_tab[i];
        term_printf("%s\n", bdrv_snapshot_dump(buf, sizeof(buf), sn));
    }
    qemu_free(sn_tab);
}

/***********************************************************/
/* ram save/restore */

static int ram_get_page(QEMUFile *f, uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    int v;

    v = qemu_get_byte(f);
    switch(v) {
    case 0:
        if (qemu_get_buffer(f, buf, len) != len)
            return -EIO;
        break;
    case 1:
        v = qemu_get_byte(f);
        memset(buf, v, len);
        break;
    default:
        return -EINVAL;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int ram_load_v1(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
    int ret;
    ram_addr_t i;

    if (qemu_get_be32(f) != phys_ram_size)
        return -EINVAL;
    for(i = 0; i < phys_ram_size; i+= TARGET_PAGE_SIZE) {
        if (kvm_enabled() && (i>=0xa0000) && (i<0xc0000)) /* do not access video-addresses */
            continue;
        ret = ram_get_page(f, phys_ram_base + i, TARGET_PAGE_SIZE);
        if (ret)
            return ret;
    }
    return 0;
}

#define BDRV_HASH_BLOCK_SIZE 1024
#define IOBUF_SIZE 4096
#define RAM_CBLOCK_MAGIC 0xfabe

typedef struct RamCompressState {
    z_stream zstream;
    QEMUFile *f;
    uint8_t buf[IOBUF_SIZE];
} RamCompressState;

static int ram_compress_open(RamCompressState *s, QEMUFile *f)
{
    int ret;
    memset(s, 0, sizeof(*s));
    s->f = f;
    ret = deflateInit2(&s->zstream, 1,
                       Z_DEFLATED, 15,
                       9, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY);
    if (ret != Z_OK)
        return -1;
    s->zstream.avail_out = IOBUF_SIZE;
    s->zstream.next_out = s->buf;
    return 0;
}

static void ram_put_cblock(RamCompressState *s, const uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    qemu_put_be16(s->f, RAM_CBLOCK_MAGIC);
    qemu_put_be16(s->f, len);
    qemu_put_buffer(s->f, buf, len);
}

static int ram_compress_buf(RamCompressState *s, const uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    int ret;

    s->zstream.avail_in = len;
    s->zstream.next_in = (uint8_t *)buf;
    while (s->zstream.avail_in > 0) {
        ret = deflate(&s->zstream, Z_NO_FLUSH);
        if (ret != Z_OK)
            return -1;
        if (s->zstream.avail_out == 0) {
            ram_put_cblock(s, s->buf, IOBUF_SIZE);
            s->zstream.avail_out = IOBUF_SIZE;
            s->zstream.next_out = s->buf;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

static void ram_compress_close(RamCompressState *s)
{
    int len, ret;

    /* compress last bytes */
    for(;;) {
        ret = deflate(&s->zstream, Z_FINISH);
        if (ret == Z_OK || ret == Z_STREAM_END) {
            len = IOBUF_SIZE - s->zstream.avail_out;
            if (len > 0) {
                ram_put_cblock(s, s->buf, len);
            }
            s->zstream.avail_out = IOBUF_SIZE;
            s->zstream.next_out = s->buf;
            if (ret == Z_STREAM_END)
                break;
        } else {
            goto fail;
        }
    }
fail:
    deflateEnd(&s->zstream);
}

typedef struct RamDecompressState {
    z_stream zstream;
    QEMUFile *f;
    uint8_t buf[IOBUF_SIZE];
} RamDecompressState;

static int ram_decompress_open(RamDecompressState *s, QEMUFile *f)
{
    int ret;
    memset(s, 0, sizeof(*s));
    s->f = f;
    ret = inflateInit(&s->zstream);
    if (ret != Z_OK)
        return -1;
    return 0;
}

static int ram_decompress_buf(RamDecompressState *s, uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    int ret, clen;

    s->zstream.avail_out = len;
    s->zstream.next_out = buf;
    while (s->zstream.avail_out > 0) {
        if (s->zstream.avail_in == 0) {
            if (qemu_get_be16(s->f) != RAM_CBLOCK_MAGIC)
                return -1;
            clen = qemu_get_be16(s->f);
            if (clen > IOBUF_SIZE)
                return -1;
            qemu_get_buffer(s->f, s->buf, clen);
            s->zstream.avail_in = clen;
            s->zstream.next_in = s->buf;
        }
        ret = inflate(&s->zstream, Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH);
        if (ret != Z_OK && ret != Z_STREAM_END) {
            return -1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

static void ram_decompress_close(RamDecompressState *s)
{
    inflateEnd(&s->zstream);
}

static void ram_save_live(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
    target_ulong addr;

    for (addr = 0; addr < phys_ram_size; addr += TARGET_PAGE_SIZE) {
        if (kvm_enabled() && (addr>=0xa0000) && (addr<0xc0000)) /* do not access video-addresses */
            continue;
        if (cpu_physical_memory_get_dirty(addr, MIGRATION_DIRTY_FLAG)) {
            qemu_put_be32(f, addr);
            qemu_put_buffer(f, phys_ram_base + addr, TARGET_PAGE_SIZE);
        }
    }
    qemu_put_be32(f, 1);
}

static void ram_save_static(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
    ram_addr_t i;
    RamCompressState s1, *s = &s1;
    uint8_t buf[10];

    qemu_put_be32(f, phys_ram_size);
    if (ram_compress_open(s, f) < 0)
        return;
    for(i = 0; i < phys_ram_size; i+= BDRV_HASH_BLOCK_SIZE) {
        if (kvm_enabled() && (i>=0xa0000) && (i<0xc0000)) /* do not access video-addresses */
            continue;
#if 0
        if (tight_savevm_enabled) {
            int64_t sector_num;
            int j;

            /* find if the memory block is available on a virtual
               block device */
            sector_num = -1;
            for(j = 0; j < nb_drives; j++) {
                sector_num = bdrv_hash_find(drives_table[j].bdrv,
                                            phys_ram_base + i,
                                            BDRV_HASH_BLOCK_SIZE);
                if (sector_num >= 0)
                    break;
            }
            if (j == nb_drives)
                goto normal_compress;
            buf[0] = 1;
            buf[1] = j;
            cpu_to_be64wu((uint64_t *)(buf + 2), sector_num);
            ram_compress_buf(s, buf, 10);
        } else
#endif
        {
            //        normal_compress:
            buf[0] = 0;
            ram_compress_buf(s, buf, 1);
            ram_compress_buf(s, phys_ram_base + i, BDRV_HASH_BLOCK_SIZE);
        }
    }
    ram_compress_close(s);
}

static void ram_save(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
    int in_migration = cpu_physical_memory_get_dirty_tracking();

    qemu_put_byte(f, in_migration);

    if (in_migration)
        ram_save_live(f, opaque);
    else
        ram_save_static(f, opaque);
}

static int ram_load_live(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
    target_ulong addr;

    do {
        addr = qemu_get_be32(f);
        if (addr == 1)
            break;

        qemu_get_buffer(f, phys_ram_base + addr, TARGET_PAGE_SIZE);
    } while (1);

    return 0;
}

static int ram_load_static(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
    RamDecompressState s1, *s = &s1;
    uint8_t buf[10];
    ram_addr_t i;

    if (qemu_get_be32(f) != phys_ram_size)
        return -EINVAL;
    if (ram_decompress_open(s, f) < 0)
        return -EINVAL;
    for(i = 0; i < phys_ram_size; i+= BDRV_HASH_BLOCK_SIZE) {
        if (kvm_enabled() && (i>=0xa0000) && (i<0xc0000)) /* do not access video-addresses */
            continue;
        if (ram_decompress_buf(s, buf, 1) < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Error while reading ram block header\n");
            goto error;
        }
        if (buf[0] == 0) {
            if (ram_decompress_buf(s, phys_ram_base + i, BDRV_HASH_BLOCK_SIZE) < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Error while reading ram block address=0x%08" PRIx64, (uint64_t)i);
                goto error;
            }
        } else
#if 0
        if (buf[0] == 1) {
            int bs_index;
            int64_t sector_num;

            ram_decompress_buf(s, buf + 1, 9);
            bs_index = buf[1];
            sector_num = be64_to_cpupu((const uint64_t *)(buf + 2));
            if (bs_index >= nb_drives) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Invalid block device index %d\n", bs_index);
                goto error;
            }
            if (bdrv_read(drives_table[bs_index].bdrv, sector_num,
                          phys_ram_base + i,
                          BDRV_HASH_BLOCK_SIZE / 512) < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Error while reading sector %d:%" PRId64 "\n",
                        bs_index, sector_num);
                goto error;
            }
        } else
#endif
        {
        error:
            printf("Error block header\n");
            return -EINVAL;
        }
    }
    ram_decompress_close(s);
    return 0;
}

static int ram_load(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque, int version_id)
{
    int ret;

    switch (version_id) {
    case 1:
        ret = ram_load_v1(f, opaque);
        break;
    case 3:
        if (qemu_get_byte(f)) {
            ret = ram_load_live(f, opaque);
            break;
        }
    case 2:
        ret = ram_load_static(f, opaque);
        break;
    default:
        ret = -EINVAL;
        break;
    }

    return ret;
}

/***********************************************************/
/* bottom halves (can be seen as timers which expire ASAP) */

struct QEMUBH {
    QEMUBHFunc *cb;
    void *opaque;
    int scheduled;
    QEMUBH *next;
};

static QEMUBH *first_bh = NULL;

QEMUBH *qemu_bh_new(QEMUBHFunc *cb, void *opaque)
{
    QEMUBH *bh;
    bh = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(QEMUBH));
    if (!bh)
        return NULL;
    bh->cb = cb;
    bh->opaque = opaque;
    return bh;
}

int qemu_bh_poll(void)
{
    QEMUBH *bh, **pbh;
    int ret;

    ret = 0;
    for(;;) {
        pbh = &first_bh;
        bh = *pbh;
        if (!bh)
            break;
        ret = 1;
        *pbh = bh->next;
        bh->scheduled = 0;
        bh->cb(bh->opaque);
    }
    return ret;
}

void qemu_bh_schedule(QEMUBH *bh)
{
    CPUState *env = cpu_single_env;
    if (bh->scheduled)
        return;
    bh->scheduled = 1;
    bh->next = first_bh;
    first_bh = bh;

    /* stop the currently executing CPU to execute the BH ASAP */
    if (env) {
        cpu_interrupt(env, CPU_INTERRUPT_EXIT);
    }
    if (kvm_enabled())
        qemu_kvm_notify_work();
}

void qemu_bh_cancel(QEMUBH *bh)
{
    QEMUBH **pbh;
    if (bh->scheduled) {
        pbh = &first_bh;
        while (*pbh != bh)
            pbh = &(*pbh)->next;
        *pbh = bh->next;
        bh->scheduled = 0;
    }
}

void qemu_bh_delete(QEMUBH *bh)
{
    qemu_bh_cancel(bh);
    qemu_free(bh);
}

/***********************************************************/
/* machine registration */

QEMUMachine *first_machine = NULL;
QEMUMachine *current_machine = NULL;

int qemu_register_machine(QEMUMachine *m)
{
    QEMUMachine **pm;
    pm = &first_machine;
    while (*pm != NULL)
        pm = &(*pm)->next;
    m->next = NULL;
    *pm = m;
    return 0;
}

static QEMUMachine *find_machine(const char *name)
{
    QEMUMachine *m;

    for(m = first_machine; m != NULL; m = m->next) {
        if (!strcmp(m->name, name))
            return m;
    }
    return NULL;
}

/***********************************************************/
/* main execution loop */

static void gui_update(void *opaque)
{
    DisplayState *ds = opaque;
    ds->dpy_refresh(ds);
    qemu_mod_timer(ds->gui_timer,
        (ds->gui_timer_interval ?
            ds->gui_timer_interval :
            GUI_REFRESH_INTERVAL)
        + qemu_get_clock(rt_clock));
}

struct vm_change_state_entry {
    VMChangeStateHandler *cb;
    void *opaque;
    LIST_ENTRY (vm_change_state_entry) entries;
};

static LIST_HEAD(vm_change_state_head, vm_change_state_entry) vm_change_state_head;

VMChangeStateEntry *qemu_add_vm_change_state_handler(VMChangeStateHandler *cb,
                                                     void *opaque)
{
    VMChangeStateEntry *e;

    e = qemu_mallocz(sizeof (*e));
    if (!e)
        return NULL;

    e->cb = cb;
    e->opaque = opaque;
    LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vm_change_state_head, e, entries);
    return e;
}

void qemu_del_vm_change_state_handler(VMChangeStateEntry *e)
{
    LIST_REMOVE (e, entries);
    qemu_free (e);
}

static void vm_state_notify(int running)
{
    VMChangeStateEntry *e;

    for (e = vm_change_state_head.lh_first; e; e = e->entries.le_next) {
        e->cb(e->opaque, running);
    }
}

/* XXX: support several handlers */
static VMStopHandler *vm_stop_cb;
static void *vm_stop_opaque;

int qemu_add_vm_stop_handler(VMStopHandler *cb, void *opaque)
{
    vm_stop_cb = cb;
    vm_stop_opaque = opaque;
    return 0;
}

void qemu_del_vm_stop_handler(VMStopHandler *cb, void *opaque)
{
    vm_stop_cb = NULL;
}

void vm_start(void)
{
    if (!vm_running) {
        cpu_enable_ticks();
        vm_running = 1;
        vm_state_notify(1);
        qemu_rearm_alarm_timer(alarm_timer);
    }
}

void vm_stop(int reason)
{
    if (vm_running) {
        cpu_disable_ticks();
        vm_running = 0;
        if (reason != 0) {
            if (vm_stop_cb) {
                vm_stop_cb(vm_stop_opaque, reason);
            }
        }
        vm_state_notify(0);
    }
}

/* reset/shutdown handler */

typedef struct QEMUResetEntry {
    QEMUResetHandler *func;
    void *opaque;
    struct QEMUResetEntry *next;
} QEMUResetEntry;

static QEMUResetEntry *first_reset_entry;
static int reset_requested;
static int shutdown_requested;
static int powerdown_requested;

int qemu_shutdown_requested(void)
{
    int r = shutdown_requested;
    shutdown_requested = 0;
    return r;
}

int qemu_reset_requested(void)
{
    int r = reset_requested;
    reset_requested = 0;
    return r;
}

int qemu_powerdown_requested(void)
{
    int r = powerdown_requested;
    powerdown_requested = 0;
    return r;
}

void qemu_register_reset(QEMUResetHandler *func, void *opaque)
{
    QEMUResetEntry **pre, *re;

    pre = &first_reset_entry;
    while (*pre != NULL)
        pre = &(*pre)->next;
    re = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(QEMUResetEntry));
    re->func = func;
    re->opaque = opaque;
    re->next = NULL;
    *pre = re;
}

void qemu_system_reset(void)
{
    QEMUResetEntry *re;

    /* reset all devices */
    for(re = first_reset_entry; re != NULL; re = re->next) {
        re->func(re->opaque);
    }
}

void qemu_system_reset_request(void)
{
    if (no_reboot) {
        shutdown_requested = 1;
    } else {
        reset_requested = 1;
    }
    if (cpu_single_env)
        cpu_interrupt(cpu_single_env, CPU_INTERRUPT_EXIT);
#ifdef USE_KVM
    if (kvm_allowed)
        if (!no_reboot)
            qemu_kvm_system_reset_request();
#endif
}

void qemu_system_shutdown_request(void)
{
    shutdown_requested = 1;
    if (cpu_single_env)
        cpu_interrupt(cpu_single_env, CPU_INTERRUPT_EXIT);
}

void qemu_system_powerdown_request(void)
{
    powerdown_requested = 1;
    if (cpu_single_env)
        cpu_interrupt(cpu_single_env, CPU_INTERRUPT_EXIT);
}

/* boot_set handler */
QEMUBootSetHandler *qemu_boot_set_handler = NULL;

void qemu_register_boot_set(QEMUBootSetHandler *func)
{
        qemu_boot_set_handler = func;
}

static int qemu_select(int max_fd, fd_set *rfds, fd_set *wfds, fd_set *xfds,
                       struct timeval *tv)
{
    int ret;

    /* KVM holds a mutex while QEMU code is running, we need hooks to
       release the mutex whenever QEMU code sleeps. */

    kvm_sleep_begin();

    ret = select(max_fd, rfds, wfds, xfds, tv);

    kvm_sleep_end();

    return ret;
}

void main_loop_wait(int timeout)
{
    IOHandlerRecord *ioh;
    fd_set rfds, wfds, xfds;
    int ret, nfds;
#ifdef _WIN32
    int ret2, i;
#endif
    struct timeval tv;
    PollingEntry *pe;


    /* XXX: need to suppress polling by better using win32 events */
    ret = 0;
    for(pe = first_polling_entry; pe != NULL; pe = pe->next) {
        ret |= pe->func(pe->opaque);
    }
#ifdef _WIN32
    if (ret == 0) {
        int err;
        WaitObjects *w = &wait_objects;

        ret = WaitForMultipleObjects(w->num, w->events, FALSE, timeout);
        if (WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 0 <= ret && ret <= WAIT_OBJECT_0 + w->num - 1) {
            if (w->func[ret - WAIT_OBJECT_0])
                w->func[ret - WAIT_OBJECT_0](w->opaque[ret - WAIT_OBJECT_0]);

            /* Check for additional signaled events */
            for(i = (ret - WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 1); i < w->num; i++) {

                /* Check if event is signaled */
                ret2 = WaitForSingleObject(w->events[i], 0);
                if(ret2 == WAIT_OBJECT_0) {
                    if (w->func[i])
                        w->func[i](w->opaque[i]);
                } else if (ret2 == WAIT_TIMEOUT) {
                } else {
                    err = GetLastError();
                    fprintf(stderr, "WaitForSingleObject error %d %d\n", i, err);
                }
            }
        } else if (ret == WAIT_TIMEOUT) {
        } else {
            err = GetLastError();
            fprintf(stderr, "WaitForMultipleObjects error %d %d\n", ret, err);
        }
    }
#endif
    /* poll any events */
    /* XXX: separate device handlers from system ones */
    nfds = -1;
    FD_ZERO(&rfds);
    FD_ZERO(&wfds);
    FD_ZERO(&xfds);
    for(ioh = first_io_handler; ioh != NULL; ioh = ioh->next) {
        if (ioh->deleted)
            continue;
        if (ioh->fd_read &&
            (!ioh->fd_read_poll ||
             ioh->fd_read_poll(ioh->opaque) != 0)) {
            FD_SET(ioh->fd, &rfds);
            if (ioh->fd > nfds)
                nfds = ioh->fd;
        }
        if (ioh->fd_write) {
            FD_SET(ioh->fd, &wfds);
            if (ioh->fd > nfds)
                nfds = ioh->fd;
        }
    }

#ifdef _WIN32
    tv.tv_sec = 0;
    tv.tv_usec = 0;
#else
    tv.tv_sec = timeout / 1000;
    tv.tv_usec = (timeout % 1000) * 1000;
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_SLIRP)
    if (slirp_inited) {
        slirp_select_fill(&nfds, &rfds, &wfds, &xfds);
    }
#endif
 moreio:
    ret = qemu_select(nfds + 1, &rfds, &wfds, &xfds, &tv);
    if (ret > 0) {
        IOHandlerRecord **pioh;
        int more = 0;

        for(ioh = first_io_handler; ioh != NULL; ioh = ioh->next) {
            if (!ioh->deleted && ioh->fd_read && FD_ISSET(ioh->fd, &rfds)) {
                ioh->fd_read(ioh->opaque);
                if (!ioh->fd_read_poll || ioh->fd_read_poll(ioh->opaque))
                    more = 1;
                else
                    FD_CLR(ioh->fd, &rfds);
            }
            if (!ioh->deleted && ioh->fd_write && FD_ISSET(ioh->fd, &wfds)) {
                ioh->fd_write(ioh->opaque);
                more = 1;
            }
        }

        /* remove deleted IO handlers */
        pioh = &first_io_handler;
        while (*pioh) {
            ioh = *pioh;
            if (ioh->deleted) {
                *pioh = ioh->next;
                qemu_free(ioh);
            } else
                pioh = &ioh->next;
        }
        if (more && !kvm_received_signal())
            goto moreio;
    }
#if defined(CONFIG_SLIRP)
    if (slirp_inited) {
        if (ret < 0) {
            FD_ZERO(&rfds);
            FD_ZERO(&wfds);
            FD_ZERO(&xfds);
        }
        slirp_select_poll(&rfds, &wfds, &xfds);
    }
#endif
    virtio_net_poll();

    qemu_aio_poll();

    if (vm_running) {
        qemu_run_timers(&active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL],
                        qemu_get_clock(vm_clock));
        /* run dma transfers, if any */
        DMA_run();
    }

    /* real time timers */
    qemu_run_timers(&active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME],
                    qemu_get_clock(rt_clock));

    if (alarm_timer->flags & ALARM_FLAG_EXPIRED) {
        alarm_timer->flags &= ~(ALARM_FLAG_EXPIRED);
        qemu_rearm_alarm_timer(alarm_timer);
    }

    /* Check bottom-halves last in case any of the earlier events triggered
       them.  */
    qemu_bh_poll();

}

static int main_loop(void)
{
    int ret, timeout;
#ifdef CONFIG_PROFILER
    int64_t ti;
#endif
    CPUState *env;


    if (kvm_enabled()) {
        kvm_main_loop();
        cpu_disable_ticks();
        return 0;
    }

    cur_cpu = first_cpu;
    next_cpu = cur_cpu->next_cpu ?: first_cpu;
    for(;;) {
        if (vm_running) {

            for(;;) {
                /* get next cpu */
                env = next_cpu;
#ifdef CONFIG_PROFILER
                ti = profile_getclock();
#endif
                ret = cpu_exec(env);
#ifdef CONFIG_PROFILER
                qemu_time += profile_getclock() - ti;
#endif
                next_cpu = env->next_cpu ?: first_cpu;
                if (event_pending && likely(ret != EXCP_DEBUG)) {
                    ret = EXCP_INTERRUPT;
                    event_pending = 0;
                    break;
                }
                if (ret == EXCP_HLT) {
                    /* Give the next CPU a chance to run.  */
                    cur_cpu = env;
                    continue;
                }
                if (ret != EXCP_HALTED)
                    break;
                /* all CPUs are halted ? */
                if (env == cur_cpu)
                    break;
            }
            cur_cpu = env;

            if (shutdown_requested) {
                ret = EXCP_INTERRUPT;
                if (no_shutdown) {
                    vm_stop(0);
                    no_shutdown = 0;
                }
                else
                    break;
            }
            if (reset_requested) {
                reset_requested = 0;
                qemu_system_reset();
                if (kvm_enabled())
                        kvm_load_registers(env);
                ret = EXCP_INTERRUPT;
            }
            if (powerdown_requested) {
                powerdown_requested = 0;
                qemu_system_powerdown();
                ret = EXCP_INTERRUPT;
            }
            if (unlikely(ret == EXCP_DEBUG)) {
                vm_stop(EXCP_DEBUG);
            }
            /* If all cpus are halted then wait until the next IRQ */
            /* XXX: use timeout computed from timers */
            if (ret == EXCP_HALTED)
                timeout = 10;
            else
                timeout = 0;
        } else {
            timeout = 10;
        }
#ifdef CONFIG_PROFILER
        ti = profile_getclock();
#endif
        main_loop_wait(timeout);
#ifdef CONFIG_PROFILER
        dev_time += profile_getclock() - ti;
#endif
    }
    cpu_disable_ticks();
    return ret;
}

static void help(int exitcode)
{
    printf("QEMU PC emulator version " QEMU_VERSION " (" KVM_VERSION ")"
           ", Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard\n"
           "usage: %s [options] [disk_image]\n"
           "\n"
           "'disk_image' is a raw hard image image for IDE hard disk 0\n"
           "\n"
           "Standard options:\n"
           "-M machine      select emulated machine (-M ? for list)\n"
           "-cpu cpu        select CPU (-cpu ? for list)\n"
           "-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image\n"
           "-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as IDE hard disk 0/1 image\n"
           "-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as IDE hard disk 2/3 image\n"
           "-cdrom file     use 'file' as IDE cdrom image (cdrom is ide1 master)\n"
           "-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]\n"
           "       [,cyls=c,heads=h,secs=s[,trans=t]][,snapshot=on|off]\n"
           "       [,cache=on|off][,format=f][,boot=on|off]\n"
           "                use 'file' as a drive image\n"
           "-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image\n"
           "-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image\n"
           "-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image\n"
           "-boot [a|c|d|n] boot on floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), or network (n)\n"
           "-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_SDL
           "-no-frame       open SDL window without a frame and window decorations\n"
           "-alt-grab       use Ctrl-Alt-Shift to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)\n"
           "-no-quit        disable SDL window close capability\n"
#endif
#ifdef TARGET_I386
           "-no-fd-bootchk  disable boot signature checking for floppy disks\n"
#endif
           "-m megs         set virtual RAM size to megs MB [default=%d]\n"
           "-smp n          set the number of CPUs to 'n' [default=1]\n"
           "-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console\n"
           "-portrait       rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD)\n"
#ifndef _WIN32
           "-k language     use keyboard layout (for example \"fr\" for French)\n"
#endif
#ifdef HAS_AUDIO
           "-audio-help     print list of audio drivers and their options\n"
           "-soundhw c1,... enable audio support\n"
           "                and only specified sound cards (comma separated list)\n"
           "                use -soundhw ? to get the list of supported cards\n"
           "                use -soundhw all to enable all of them\n"
#endif
           "-localtime      set the real time clock to local time [default=utc]\n"
           "-full-screen    start in full screen\n"
#ifdef TARGET_I386
           "-win2k-hack     use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug\n"
#endif
           "-usb            enable the USB driver (will be the default soon)\n"
           "-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'\n"
#if defined(TARGET_PPC) || defined(TARGET_SPARC)
           "-g WxH[xDEPTH]  Set the initial graphical resolution and depth\n"
#endif
           "-name string    set the name of the guest\n"
           "\n"
           "Network options:\n"
           "-net nic[,vlan=n][,macaddr=addr][,model=type]\n"
           "                create a new Network Interface Card and connect it to VLAN 'n'\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
           "-net user[,vlan=n][,hostname=host]\n"
           "                connect the user mode network stack to VLAN 'n' and send\n"
           "                hostname 'host' to DHCP clients\n"
#endif
#ifdef _WIN32
           "-net tap[,vlan=n],ifname=name\n"
           "                connect the host TAP network interface to VLAN 'n'\n"
#else
           "-net tap[,vlan=n][,fd=h][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]\n"
           "                connect the host TAP network interface to VLAN 'n' and use the\n"
           "                network scripts 'file' (default=%s)\n"
           "                and 'dfile' (default=%s);\n"
           "                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution;\n"
           "                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface\n"
#endif
           "-net socket[,vlan=n][,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]\n"
           "                connect the vlan 'n' to another VLAN using a socket connection\n"
           "-net socket[,vlan=n][,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port]\n"
           "                connect the vlan 'n' to multicast maddr and port\n"
           "-net none       use it alone to have zero network devices; if no -net option\n"
           "                is provided, the default is '-net nic -net user'\n"
           "\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
           "-tftp dir       allow tftp access to files in dir [-net user]\n"
           "-bootp file     advertise file in BOOTP replies\n"
#ifndef _WIN32
           "-smb dir        allow SMB access to files in 'dir' [-net user]\n"
#endif
           "-redir [tcp|udp]:host-port:[guest-host]:guest-port\n"
           "                redirect TCP or UDP connections from host to guest [-net user]\n"
#endif
           "\n"
           "Linux boot specific:\n"
           "-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image\n"
           "-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line\n"
           "-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk\n"
           "\n"
           "Debug/Expert options:\n"
           "-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'\n"
           "-vmchannel di:DI,dev  redirect the hypercall device with device id DI, to char device 'dev'\n"
           "-balloon dev    redirect the balloon hypercall device to char device 'dev'\n"
           "-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'\n"
           "-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'\n"
           "-pidfile file   Write PID to 'file'\n"
           "-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)\n"
           "-s              wait gdb connection to port\n"
           "-p port         set gdb connection port [default=%s]\n"
           "-d item1,...    output log to %s (use -d ? for a list of log items)\n"
           "-hdachs c,h,s[,t]  force hard disk 0 physical geometry and the optional BIOS\n"
           "                translation (t=none or lba) (usually qemu can guess them)\n"
           "-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps\n"
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
           "-kernel-kqemu   enable KQEMU full virtualization (default is user mode only)\n"
           "-no-kqemu       disable KQEMU kernel module usage\n"
#endif
#ifdef USE_KVM
#ifndef NO_CPU_EMULATION
           "-no-kvm         disable KVM hardware virtualization\n"
#endif
           "-no-kvm-irqchip disable KVM kernel mode PIC/IOAPIC/LAPIC\n"
           "-no-kvm-pit     disable KVM kernel mode PIT\n"
#endif
#ifdef TARGET_I386
           "-std-vga        simulate a standard VGA card with VESA Bochs Extensions\n"
           "                (default is CL-GD5446 PCI VGA)\n"
           "-no-acpi        disable ACPI\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CURSES
           "-curses         use a curses/ncurses interface instead of SDL\n"
#endif
           "-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting\n"
           "-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown\n"
           "-loadvm file    start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)\n"
           "-vnc display    start a VNC server on display\n"
#ifndef _WIN32
           "-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing\n"
#endif
           "-tdf            inject timer interrupts that got lost\n"
           "-kvm-shadow-memory megs set the amount of shadow pages to be allocated\n"
           "-mem-path       set the path to hugetlbfs/tmpfs mounted directory, also enables allocation of guest memory with huge pages\n"
           "-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space\n"
#ifdef TARGET_SPARC
           "-prom-env variable=value  set OpenBIOS nvram variables\n"
#endif
           "-clock          force the use of the given methods for timer alarm.\n"
           "                To see what timers are available use -clock ?\n"
           "-startdate      select initial date of the clock\n"
           "\n"
           "During emulation, the following keys are useful:\n"
           "ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen\n"
           "ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'\n"
           "ctrl-alt        toggle mouse and keyboard grab\n"
           "\n"
           "When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.\n"
           ,
           "qemu",
           DEFAULT_RAM_SIZE,
#ifndef _WIN32
           DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT,
           DEFAULT_NETWORK_DOWN_SCRIPT,
#endif
           DEFAULT_GDBSTUB_PORT,
           "/tmp/qemu.log");
    exit(exitcode);
}

#define HAS_ARG 0x0001

enum {
    QEMU_OPTION_h,

    QEMU_OPTION_M,
    QEMU_OPTION_cpu,
    QEMU_OPTION_fda,
    QEMU_OPTION_fdb,
    QEMU_OPTION_hda,
    QEMU_OPTION_hdb,
    QEMU_OPTION_hdc,
    QEMU_OPTION_hdd,
    QEMU_OPTION_drive,
    QEMU_OPTION_cdrom,
    QEMU_OPTION_mtdblock,
    QEMU_OPTION_sd,
    QEMU_OPTION_pflash,
    QEMU_OPTION_boot,
    QEMU_OPTION_snapshot,
#ifdef TARGET_I386
    QEMU_OPTION_no_fd_bootchk,
#endif
    QEMU_OPTION_m,
    QEMU_OPTION_nographic,
    QEMU_OPTION_portrait,
#ifdef HAS_AUDIO
    QEMU_OPTION_audio_help,
    QEMU_OPTION_soundhw,
#endif

    QEMU_OPTION_net,
    QEMU_OPTION_tftp,
    QEMU_OPTION_bootp,
    QEMU_OPTION_smb,
    QEMU_OPTION_redir,

    QEMU_OPTION_kernel,
    QEMU_OPTION_append,
    QEMU_OPTION_initrd,

    QEMU_OPTION_S,
    QEMU_OPTION_s,
    QEMU_OPTION_p,
    QEMU_OPTION_d,
    QEMU_OPTION_hdachs,
    QEMU_OPTION_L,
    QEMU_OPTION_bios,
    QEMU_OPTION_no_code_copy,
    QEMU_OPTION_k,
    QEMU_OPTION_localtime,
    QEMU_OPTION_cirrusvga,
    QEMU_OPTION_vmsvga,
    QEMU_OPTION_g,
    QEMU_OPTION_std_vga,
    QEMU_OPTION_echr,
    QEMU_OPTION_monitor,
    QEMU_OPTION_balloon,
    QEMU_OPTION_vmchannel,
    QEMU_OPTION_serial,
    QEMU_OPTION_parallel,
    QEMU_OPTION_loadvm,
    QEMU_OPTION_full_screen,
    QEMU_OPTION_no_frame,
    QEMU_OPTION_alt_grab,
    QEMU_OPTION_no_quit,
    QEMU_OPTION_pidfile,
    QEMU_OPTION_no_kqemu,
    QEMU_OPTION_kernel_kqemu,
    QEMU_OPTION_win2k_hack,
    QEMU_OPTION_usb,
    QEMU_OPTION_usbdevice,
    QEMU_OPTION_smp,
    QEMU_OPTION_vnc,
    QEMU_OPTION_no_acpi,
    QEMU_OPTION_curses,
    QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm,
    QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm_irqchip,
    QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm_pit,
    QEMU_OPTION_no_reboot,
    QEMU_OPTION_no_shutdown,
    QEMU_OPTION_show_cursor,
    QEMU_OPTION_daemonize,
    QEMU_OPTION_option_rom,
    QEMU_OPTION_semihosting,
    QEMU_OPTION_cpu_vendor,
    QEMU_OPTION_name,
    QEMU_OPTION_prom_env,
    QEMU_OPTION_old_param,
    QEMU_OPTION_clock,
    QEMU_OPTION_startdate,
    QEMU_OPTION_translation,
    QEMU_OPTION_incoming,
    QEMU_OPTION_tdf,
    QEMU_OPTION_kvm_shadow_memory,
    QEMU_OPTION_mempath,
};

typedef struct QEMUOption {
    const char *name;
    int flags;
    int index;
} QEMUOption;

const QEMUOption qemu_options[] = {
    { "h", 0, QEMU_OPTION_h },
    { "help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_h },

    { "M", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_M },
    { "cpu", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cpu },
    { "fda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fda },
    { "fdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fdb },
    { "hda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hda },
    { "hdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdb },
    { "hdc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdc },
    { "hdd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdd },
    { "drive", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_drive },
    { "cdrom", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cdrom },
    { "mtdblock", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mtdblock },
    { "sd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_sd },
    { "pflash", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_pflash },
    { "boot", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_boot },
    { "snapshot", 0, QEMU_OPTION_snapshot },
#ifdef TARGET_I386
    { "no-fd-bootchk", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_fd_bootchk },
#endif
    { "m", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_m },
    { "nographic", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nographic },
    { "portrait", 0, QEMU_OPTION_portrait },
    { "k", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_k },
#ifdef HAS_AUDIO
    { "audio-help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_audio_help },
    { "soundhw", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_soundhw },
#endif

    { "net", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_net},
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
    { "tftp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_tftp },
    { "bootp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_bootp },
#ifndef _WIN32
    { "smb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smb },
#endif
    { "redir", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_redir },
#endif

    { "kernel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_kernel },
    { "append", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_append },
    { "initrd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_initrd },

    { "S", 0, QEMU_OPTION_S },
    { "s", 0, QEMU_OPTION_s },
    { "p", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_p },
    { "d", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_d },
    { "hdachs", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdachs },
    { "L", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_L },
    { "bios", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_bios },
    { "no-code-copy", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_code_copy },
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
    { "no-kqemu", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_kqemu },
    { "kernel-kqemu", 0, QEMU_OPTION_kernel_kqemu },
#endif
#ifdef USE_KVM
#ifndef NO_CPU_EMULATION
    { "no-kvm", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm },
#endif
    { "no-kvm-irqchip", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm_irqchip },
    { "no-kvm-pit", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm_pit },
#endif
#if defined(TARGET_PPC) || defined(TARGET_SPARC)
    { "g", 1, QEMU_OPTION_g },
#endif
    { "localtime", 0, QEMU_OPTION_localtime },
    { "std-vga", 0, QEMU_OPTION_std_vga },
    { "monitor", 1, QEMU_OPTION_monitor },
    { "balloon", 1, QEMU_OPTION_balloon },
    { "vmchannel", 1, QEMU_OPTION_vmchannel },
    { "echr", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_echr },
    { "monitor", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_monitor },
    { "serial", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_serial },
    { "parallel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_parallel },
    { "loadvm", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_loadvm },
    { "incoming", 1, QEMU_OPTION_incoming },
    { "full-screen", 0, QEMU_OPTION_full_screen },
#ifdef CONFIG_SDL
    { "no-frame", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_frame },
    { "alt-grab", 0, QEMU_OPTION_alt_grab },
    { "no-quit", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_quit },
#endif
    { "pidfile", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_pidfile },
    { "win2k-hack", 0, QEMU_OPTION_win2k_hack },
    { "usbdevice", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_usbdevice },
    { "smp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smp },
    { "vnc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_vnc },
#ifdef CONFIG_CURSES
    { "curses", 0, QEMU_OPTION_curses },
#endif

    /* temporary options */
    { "usb", 0, QEMU_OPTION_usb },
    { "cirrusvga", 0, QEMU_OPTION_cirrusvga },
    { "vmwarevga", 0, QEMU_OPTION_vmsvga },
    { "no-acpi", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_acpi },
    { "no-reboot", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_reboot },
    { "no-shutdown", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_shutdown },
    { "show-cursor", 0, QEMU_OPTION_show_cursor },
    { "daemonize", 0, QEMU_OPTION_daemonize },
    { "option-rom", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_option_rom },
#if defined(TARGET_ARM) || defined(TARGET_M68K)
    { "semihosting", 0, QEMU_OPTION_semihosting },
#endif
    { "tdf", 0, QEMU_OPTION_tdf }, /* enable time drift fix */
    { "kvm-shadow-memory", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_kvm_shadow_memory },
    { "name", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_name },
#if defined(TARGET_SPARC)
    { "prom-env", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_prom_env },
#endif
    { "cpu-vendor", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cpu_vendor },
#if defined(TARGET_ARM)
    { "old-param", 0, QEMU_OPTION_old_param },
#endif
    { "clock", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_clock },
    { "startdate", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_startdate },
    { "mem-path", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mempath },
    { NULL },
};

/* password input */

int qemu_key_check(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *name)
{
    char password[256];
    int i;

    if (!bdrv_is_encrypted(bs))
        return 0;

    term_printf("%s is encrypted.\n", name);
    for(i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
        monitor_readline("Password: ", 1, password, sizeof(password));
        if (bdrv_set_key(bs, password) == 0)
            return 0;
        term_printf("invalid password\n");
    }
    return -EPERM;
}

static BlockDriverState *get_bdrv(int index)
{
    if (index > nb_drives)
        return NULL;
    return drives_table[index].bdrv;
}

static void read_passwords(void)
{
    BlockDriverState *bs;
    int i;

    for(i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
        bs = get_bdrv(i);
        if (bs)
            qemu_key_check(bs, bdrv_get_device_name(bs));
    }
}

#ifdef HAS_AUDIO
struct soundhw soundhw[] = {
#ifdef HAS_AUDIO_CHOICE
#if defined(TARGET_I386) || defined(TARGET_MIPS)
    {
        "pcspk",
        "PC speaker",
        0,
        1,
        { .init_isa = pcspk_audio_init }
    },
#endif
    {
        "sb16",
        "Creative Sound Blaster 16",
        0,
        1,
        { .init_isa = SB16_init }
    },

#ifdef CONFIG_ADLIB
    {
        "adlib",
#ifdef HAS_YMF262
        "Yamaha YMF262 (OPL3)",
#else
        "Yamaha YM3812 (OPL2)",
#endif
        0,
        1,
        { .init_isa = Adlib_init }
    },
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_GUS
    {
        "gus",
        "Gravis Ultrasound GF1",
        0,
        1,
        { .init_isa = GUS_init }
    },
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_AC97
    {
        "ac97",
        "Intel 82801AA AC97 Audio",
        0,
        0,
        { .init_pci = ac97_init }
    },
#endif

    {
        "es1370",
        "ENSONIQ AudioPCI ES1370",
        0,
        0,
        { .init_pci = es1370_init }
    },
#endif

    { NULL, NULL, 0, 0, { NULL } }
};

static void select_soundhw (const char *optarg)
{
    struct soundhw *c;

    if (*optarg == '?') {
    show_valid_cards:

        printf ("Valid sound card names (comma separated):\n");
        for (c = soundhw; c->name; ++c) {
            printf ("%-11s %s\n", c->name, c->descr);
        }
        printf ("\n-soundhw all will enable all of the above\n");
        exit (*optarg != '?');
    }
    else {
        size_t l;
        const char *p;
        char *e;
        int bad_card = 0;

        if (!strcmp (optarg, "all")) {
            for (c = soundhw; c->name; ++c) {
                c->enabled = 1;
            }
            return;
        }

        p = optarg;
        while (*p) {
            e = strchr (p, ',');
            l = !e ? strlen (p) : (size_t) (e - p);

            for (c = soundhw; c->name; ++c) {
                if (!strncmp (c->name, p, l)) {
                    c->enabled = 1;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (!c->name) {
                if (l > 80) {
                    fprintf (stderr,
                             "Unknown sound card name (too big to show)\n");
                }
                else {
                    fprintf (stderr, "Unknown sound card name `%.*s'\n",
                             (int) l, p);
                }
                bad_card = 1;
            }
            p += l + (e != NULL);
        }

        if (bad_card)
            goto show_valid_cards;
    }
}
#endif

#ifdef _WIN32
static BOOL WINAPI qemu_ctrl_handler(DWORD type)
{
    exit(STATUS_CONTROL_C_EXIT);
    return TRUE;
}
#endif

#define MAX_NET_CLIENTS 32

static int saved_argc;
static char **saved_argv;

void qemu_get_launch_info(int *argc, char ***argv, int *opt_daemonize, const char **opt_incoming)
{
    *argc = saved_argc;
    *argv = saved_argv;
    *opt_daemonize = daemonize;
    *opt_incoming = incoming;
}


static int gethugepagesize(void)
{
    int ret, fd;
    char buf[4096];
    char *needle = "Hugepagesize:";
    char *size;
    unsigned long hugepagesize;

    fd = open("/proc/meminfo", O_RDONLY);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("open");
        exit(0);
    }

    ret = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("read");
        exit(0);
    }

    size = strstr(buf, needle);
    if (!size)
        return 0;
    size += strlen(needle);
    hugepagesize = strtol(size, NULL, 0);
    return hugepagesize;
}

void *alloc_mem_area(unsigned long memory, const char *path)
{
    char *filename;
    void *area;
    int fd;

    if (asprintf(&filename, "%s/kvm.XXXXXX", path) == -1)
        return NULL;

    hpagesize = gethugepagesize() * 1024;
    if (!hpagesize)
        return NULL;

    fd = mkstemp(filename);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("mkstemp");
        free(filename);
        return NULL;
    }
    unlink(filename);
    free(filename);

    memory = (memory+hpagesize-1) & ~(hpagesize-1);

    /*
     * ftruncate is not supported by hugetlbfs in older
     * hosts, so don't bother checking for errors.
     * If anything goes wrong with it under other filesystems,
     * mmap will fail.
     */
    ftruncate(fd, memory);

    area = mmap(0, memory, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
    if (area == MAP_FAILED) {
        perror("mmap");
        close(fd);
        return NULL;
    }

    return area;
}

void *qemu_alloc_physram(unsigned long memory)
{
    void *area = NULL;

    if (mem_path)
        area = alloc_mem_area(memory, mem_path);
    if (!area)
        area = qemu_vmalloc(memory);

    return area;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_GDBSTUB
    int use_gdbstub;
    const char *gdbstub_port;
#endif
    uint32_t boot_devices_bitmap = 0;
    int i;
    int snapshot, linux_boot, net_boot;
    const char *initrd_filename;
    const char *kernel_filename, *kernel_cmdline;
    const char *boot_devices = "";
    DisplayState *ds = &display_state;
    int cyls, heads, secs, translation;
    const char *net_clients[MAX_NET_CLIENTS];
    int nb_net_clients;
    int hda_index;
    int optind;
    const char *r, *optarg;
    CharDriverState *monitor_hd;
    const char *monitor_device;
    const char *serial_devices[MAX_SERIAL_PORTS];
    int serial_device_index;
    char vmchannel_devices[MAX_VMCHANNEL_DEVICES][128];
    int vmchannel_device_index;
    const char *parallel_devices[MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS];
    int parallel_device_index;
    const char *loadvm = NULL;
    QEMUMachine *machine;
    const char *cpu_model;
    const char *usb_devices[MAX_USB_CMDLINE];
    int usb_devices_index;
    int fds[2];
    const char *pid_file = NULL;
    VLANState *vlan;

    saved_argc = argc;
    saved_argv = argv;

    LIST_INIT (&vm_change_state_head);
#ifndef _WIN32
    {
        struct sigaction act;
        sigfillset(&act.sa_mask);
        act.sa_flags = 0;
        act.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
        sigaction(SIGPIPE, &act, NULL);
    }
#else
    SetConsoleCtrlHandler(qemu_ctrl_handler, TRUE);
    /* Note: cpu_interrupt() is currently not SMP safe, so we force
       QEMU to run on a single CPU */
    {
        HANDLE h;
        DWORD mask, smask;
        int i;
        h = GetCurrentProcess();
        if (GetProcessAffinityMask(h, &mask, &smask)) {
            for(i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
                if (mask & (1 << i))
                    break;
            }
            if (i != 32) {
                mask = 1 << i;
                SetProcessAffinityMask(h, mask);
            }
        }
    }
#endif

    register_machines();
    machine = first_machine;
    cpu_model = NULL;
    initrd_filename = NULL;
    ram_size = 0;
    vga_ram_size = VGA_RAM_SIZE;
#ifdef CONFIG_GDBSTUB
    use_gdbstub = 0;
    gdbstub_port = DEFAULT_GDBSTUB_PORT;
#endif
    snapshot = 0;
    nographic = 0;
    curses = 0;
    kernel_filename = NULL;
    kernel_cmdline = "";
    cyls = heads = secs = 0;
    translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_AUTO;
    monitor_device = "vc:800x600";

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_VMCHANNEL_DEVICES; i++)
        vmchannel_devices[i][0] = '\0';
    vmchannel_device_index = 0;

    serial_devices[0] = "vc:80Cx24C";
    for(i = 1; i < MAX_SERIAL_PORTS; i++)
        serial_devices[i] = NULL;
    serial_device_index = 0;

    parallel_devices[0] = "vc:640x480";
    for(i = 1; i < MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS; i++)
        parallel_devices[i] = NULL;
    parallel_device_index = 0;

    usb_devices_index = 0;

    nb_net_clients = 0;
    nb_drives = 0;
    nb_drives_opt = 0;
    hda_index = -1;

    nb_nics = 0;
    /* default mac address of the first network interface */

    optind = 1;
    for(;;) {
        if (optind >= argc)
            break;
        r = argv[optind];
        if (r[0] != '-') {
            hda_index = drive_add(argv[optind++], HD_ALIAS, 0);
        } else {
            const QEMUOption *popt;

            optind++;
            /* Treat --foo the same as -foo.  */
            if (r[1] == '-')
                r++;
            popt = qemu_options;
            for(;;) {
                if (!popt->name) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid option -- '%s'\n",
                            argv[0], r);
                    exit(1);
                }
                if (!strcmp(popt->name, r + 1))
                    break;
                popt++;
            }
            if (popt->flags & HAS_ARG) {
                if (optind >= argc) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "%s: option '%s' requires an argument\n",
                            argv[0], r);
                    exit(1);
                }
                optarg = argv[optind++];
            } else {
                optarg = NULL;
            }

            switch(popt->index) {
            case QEMU_OPTION_M:
                machine = find_machine(optarg);
                if (!machine) {
                    QEMUMachine *m;
                    printf("Supported machines are:\n");
                    for(m = first_machine; m != NULL; m = m->next) {
                        printf("%-10s %s%s\n",
                               m->name, m->desc,
                               m == first_machine ? " (default)" : "");
                    }
                    exit(*optarg != '?');
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_cpu:
                /* hw initialization will check this */
                if (*optarg == '?') {
/* XXX: implement xxx_cpu_list for targets that still miss it */
#if defined(cpu_list)
                    cpu_list(stdout, &fprintf);
#endif
                    exit(0);
                } else {
                    cpu_model = optarg;
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_initrd:
                initrd_filename = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_hda:
                if (cyls == 0)
                    hda_index = drive_add(optarg, HD_ALIAS, 0);
                else
                    hda_index = drive_add(optarg, HD_ALIAS
                             ",cyls=%d,heads=%d,secs=%d%s",
                             0, cyls, heads, secs,
                             translation == BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_LBA ?
                                 ",trans=lba" :
                             translation == BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_NONE ?
                                 ",trans=none" : "");
                 break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_hdb:
            case QEMU_OPTION_hdc:
            case QEMU_OPTION_hdd:
                drive_add(optarg, HD_ALIAS, popt->index - QEMU_OPTION_hda);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_drive:
                drive_add(NULL, "%s", optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_mtdblock:
                drive_add(optarg, MTD_ALIAS);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_sd:
                drive_add(optarg, SD_ALIAS);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_pflash:
                drive_add(optarg, PFLASH_ALIAS);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_snapshot:
                snapshot = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_hdachs:
                {
                    const char *p;
                    p = optarg;
                    cyls = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 0);
                    if (cyls < 1 || cyls > 16383)
                        goto chs_fail;
                    if (*p != ',')
                        goto chs_fail;
                    p++;
                    heads = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 0);
                    if (heads < 1 || heads > 16)
                        goto chs_fail;
                    if (*p != ',')
                        goto chs_fail;
                    p++;
                    secs = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 0);
                    if (secs < 1 || secs > 63)
                        goto chs_fail;
                    if (*p == ',') {
                        p++;
                        if (!strcmp(p, "none"))
                            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_NONE;
                        else if (!strcmp(p, "lba"))
                            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_LBA;
                        else if (!strcmp(p, "auto"))
                            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_AUTO;
                        else
                            goto chs_fail;
                    } else if (*p != '\0') {
                    chs_fail:
                        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid physical CHS format\n");
                        exit(1);
                    }
                    if (hda_index != -1)
                        snprintf(drives_opt[hda_index].opt,
                                 sizeof(drives_opt[hda_index].opt),
                                 HD_ALIAS ",cyls=%d,heads=%d,secs=%d%s",
                                 0, cyls, heads, secs,
                                 translation == BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_LBA ?
                                    ",trans=lba" :
                                 translation == BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_NONE ?
                                     ",trans=none" : "");
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_nographic:
                serial_devices[0] = "stdio";
                parallel_devices[0] = "null";
                monitor_device = "stdio";
                nographic = 1;
                break;
#ifdef CONFIG_CURSES
            case QEMU_OPTION_curses:
                curses = 1;
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_portrait:
                graphic_rotate = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_kernel:
                kernel_filename = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_append:
                kernel_cmdline = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_cdrom:
                drive_add(optarg, CDROM_ALIAS);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_boot:
                boot_devices = optarg;
                /* We just do some generic consistency checks */
                {
                    /* Could easily be extended to 64 devices if needed */
                    const char *p;
                    
                    boot_devices_bitmap = 0;
                    for (p = boot_devices; *p != '\0'; p++) {
                        /* Allowed boot devices are:
                         * a b     : floppy disk drives
                         * c ... f : IDE disk drives
                         * g ... m : machine implementation dependant drives
                         * n ... p : network devices
                         * It's up to each machine implementation to check
                         * if the given boot devices match the actual hardware
                         * implementation and firmware features.
                         */
                        if (*p < 'a' || *p > 'q') {
                            fprintf(stderr, "Invalid boot device '%c'\n", *p);
                            exit(1);
                        }
                        if (boot_devices_bitmap & (1 << (*p - 'a'))) {
                            fprintf(stderr,
                                    "Boot device '%c' was given twice\n",*p);
                            exit(1);
                        }
                        boot_devices_bitmap |= 1 << (*p - 'a');
                    }
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_fda:
            case QEMU_OPTION_fdb:
                drive_add(optarg, FD_ALIAS, popt->index - QEMU_OPTION_fda);
                break;
#ifdef TARGET_I386
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_fd_bootchk:
                fd_bootchk = 0;
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_code_copy:
                code_copy_enabled = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_net:
                if (nb_net_clients >= MAX_NET_CLIENTS) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: too many network clients\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                net_clients[nb_net_clients] = optarg;
                nb_net_clients++;
                break;
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
            case QEMU_OPTION_tftp:
                tftp_prefix = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_bootp:
                bootp_filename = optarg;
                break;
#ifndef _WIN32
            case QEMU_OPTION_smb:
                net_slirp_smb(optarg);
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_redir:
                net_slirp_redir(optarg);
                break;
#endif
#ifdef HAS_AUDIO
            case QEMU_OPTION_audio_help:
                AUD_help ();
                exit (0);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_soundhw:
                select_soundhw (optarg);
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_h:
                help(0);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_m: {
                uint64_t value;
                char *ptr;

                value = strtoul(optarg, &ptr, 10);
                switch (*ptr) {
                case 0: case 'M': case 'm':
                    value <<= 20;
                    break;
                case 'G': case 'g':
                    value <<= 30;
                    break;
                default:
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid ram size: %s\n", optarg);
                    exit(1);
                }

                /* On 32-bit hosts, QEMU is limited by virtual address space */
                if (value > (2047 << 20)
#ifndef USE_KQEMU
                    && HOST_LONG_BITS == 32
#endif
                    ) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: at most 2047 MB RAM can be simulated\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                if (value != (uint64_t)(ram_addr_t)value) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: ram size too large\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                ram_size = value;
                break;
            }
            case QEMU_OPTION_d:
                {
                    int mask;
                    CPULogItem *item;

                    mask = cpu_str_to_log_mask(optarg);
                    if (!mask) {
                        printf("Log items (comma separated):\n");
                    for(item = cpu_log_items; item->mask != 0; item++) {
                        printf("%-10s %s\n", item->name, item->help);
                    }
                    exit(1);
                    }
                    cpu_set_log(mask);
                }
                break;
#ifdef CONFIG_GDBSTUB
            case QEMU_OPTION_s:
                use_gdbstub = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_p:
                gdbstub_port = optarg;
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_L:
                bios_dir = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_bios:
                bios_name = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_S:
                autostart = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_k:
                keyboard_layout = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_localtime:
                rtc_utc = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_cirrusvga:
                cirrus_vga_enabled = 1;
                vmsvga_enabled = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_vmsvga:
                cirrus_vga_enabled = 0;
                vmsvga_enabled = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_std_vga:
                cirrus_vga_enabled = 0;
                vmsvga_enabled = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_g:
                {
                    const char *p;
                    int w, h, depth;
                    p = optarg;
                    w = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 10);
                    if (w <= 0) {
                    graphic_error:
                        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid resolution or depth\n");
                        exit(1);
                    }
                    if (*p != 'x')
                        goto graphic_error;
                    p++;
                    h = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 10);
                    if (h <= 0)
                        goto graphic_error;
                    if (*p == 'x') {
                        p++;
                        depth = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 10);
                        if (depth != 8 && depth != 15 && depth != 16 &&
                            depth != 24 && depth != 32)
                            goto graphic_error;
                    } else if (*p == '\0') {
                        depth = graphic_depth;
                    } else {
                        goto graphic_error;
                    }

                    graphic_width = w;
                    graphic_height = h;
                    graphic_depth = depth;
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_echr:
                {
                    char *r;
                    term_escape_char = strtol(optarg, &r, 0);
                    if (r == optarg)
                        printf("Bad argument to echr\n");
                    break;
                }
            case QEMU_OPTION_monitor:
                monitor_device = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_balloon:
                if (vmchannel_device_index >= MAX_VMCHANNEL_DEVICES) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: too many balloon/vmchannel devices\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                if (balloon_used) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: only one balloon device can be used\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                sprintf(vmchannel_devices[vmchannel_device_index],"di:cdcd,%s", optarg);
                vmchannel_device_index++;
                balloon_used = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_vmchannel:
                if (vmchannel_device_index >= MAX_VMCHANNEL_DEVICES) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: too many balloon/vmchannel devices\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                pstrcpy(vmchannel_devices[vmchannel_device_index], 
                        sizeof(vmchannel_devices[0]), optarg);
                vmchannel_device_index++;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_serial:
                if (serial_device_index >= MAX_SERIAL_PORTS) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: too many serial ports\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                serial_devices[serial_device_index] = optarg;
                serial_device_index++;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_parallel:
                if (parallel_device_index >= MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: too many parallel ports\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                parallel_devices[parallel_device_index] = optarg;
                parallel_device_index++;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_loadvm:
                loadvm = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_incoming:
                incoming = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_full_screen:
                full_screen = 1;
                break;
#ifdef CONFIG_SDL
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_frame:
                no_frame = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_alt_grab:
                alt_grab = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_quit:
                no_quit = 1;
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_pidfile:
                pid_file = optarg;
                break;
#ifdef TARGET_I386
            case QEMU_OPTION_win2k_hack:
                win2k_install_hack = 1;
                break;
#endif
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_kqemu:
                kqemu_allowed = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_kernel_kqemu:
                kqemu_allowed = 2;
                break;
#endif
#ifdef USE_KVM
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm:
                kvm_allowed = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm_irqchip: {
                extern int kvm_irqchip, kvm_pit;
                kvm_irqchip = 0;
                kvm_pit = 0;
                break;
            }
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_kvm_pit: {
                extern int kvm_pit;
                kvm_pit = 0;
                break;
            }
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_usb:
                usb_enabled = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_usbdevice:
                usb_enabled = 1;
                if (usb_devices_index >= MAX_USB_CMDLINE) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Too many USB devices\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                usb_devices[usb_devices_index] = optarg;
                usb_devices_index++;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_smp:
                smp_cpus = atoi(optarg);
                if (smp_cpus < 1 || smp_cpus > MAX_CPUS) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Invalid number of CPUs\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_vnc:
                vnc_display = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_acpi:
                acpi_enabled = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_reboot:
                no_reboot = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_shutdown:
                no_shutdown = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_show_cursor:
                cursor_hide = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_daemonize:
                daemonize = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_option_rom:
                if (nb_option_roms >= MAX_OPTION_ROMS) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Too many option ROMs\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                option_rom[nb_option_roms] = optarg;
                nb_option_roms++;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_semihosting:
                semihosting_enabled = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_tdf:
                time_drift_fix = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_kvm_shadow_memory:
                kvm_shadow_memory = (int64_t)atoi(optarg) * 1024 * 1024 / 4096;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_mempath:
                mem_path = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_name:
                qemu_name = optarg;
                break;
#ifdef TARGET_SPARC
            case QEMU_OPTION_prom_env:
                if (nb_prom_envs >= MAX_PROM_ENVS) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Too many prom variables\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                prom_envs[nb_prom_envs] = optarg;
                nb_prom_envs++;
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_cpu_vendor:
                cpu_vendor_string = optarg;
                break;
#ifdef TARGET_ARM
            case QEMU_OPTION_old_param:
                old_param = 1;
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_clock:
                configure_alarms(optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_startdate:
                {
                    struct tm tm;
                    time_t rtc_start_date;
                    if (!strcmp(optarg, "now")) {
                        rtc_date_offset = -1;
                    } else {
                        if (sscanf(optarg, "%d-%d-%dT%d:%d:%d",
                               &tm.tm_year,
                               &tm.tm_mon,
                               &tm.tm_mday,
                               &tm.tm_hour,
                               &tm.tm_min,
                               &tm.tm_sec) == 6) {
                            /* OK */
                        } else if (sscanf(optarg, "%d-%d-%d",
                                          &tm.tm_year,
                                          &tm.tm_mon,
                                          &tm.tm_mday) == 3) {
                            tm.tm_hour = 0;
                            tm.tm_min = 0;
                            tm.tm_sec = 0;
                        } else {
                            goto date_fail;
                        }
                        tm.tm_year -= 1900;
                        tm.tm_mon--;
                        rtc_start_date = mktimegm(&tm);
                        if (rtc_start_date == -1) {
                        date_fail:
                            fprintf(stderr, "Invalid date format. Valid format are:\n"
                                    "'now' or '2006-06-17T16:01:21' or '2006-06-17'\n");
                            exit(1);
                        }
                        rtc_date_offset = time(NULL) - rtc_start_date;
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
        }
    }

#ifndef _WIN32
    if (daemonize) {
        pid_t pid;

        if (pipe(fds) == -1)
            exit(1);

        pid = fork();
        if (pid > 0) {
            uint8_t status;
            ssize_t len;

            close(fds[1]);

        again:
            len = read(fds[0], &status, 1);
            if (len == -1 && (errno == EINTR))
                goto again;

            if (len != 1)
                exit(1);
            else if (status == 1) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Could not acquire pidfile\n");
                exit(1);
            } else
                exit(0);
        } else if (pid < 0)
            exit(1);

        setsid();

        pid = fork();
        if (pid > 0)
            exit(0);
        else if (pid < 0)
            exit(1);

        umask(027);

        signal(SIGTSTP, SIG_IGN);
        signal(SIGTTOU, SIG_IGN);
        signal(SIGTTIN, SIG_IGN);
    }
#endif

#if USE_KVM
    if (kvm_enabled()) {
        if (kvm_qemu_init() < 0) {
            extern int kvm_allowed;
            fprintf(stderr, "Could not initialize KVM, will disable KVM support\n");
#ifdef NO_CPU_EMULATION
            fprintf(stderr, "Compiled with --disable-cpu-emulation, exiting.\n");
            exit(1);
#endif
            kvm_allowed = 0;
        }
    }
#endif

    if (pid_file && qemu_create_pidfile(pid_file) != 0) {
        if (daemonize) {
            uint8_t status = 1;
            write(fds[1], &status, 1);
        } else
            fprintf(stderr, "Could not acquire pid file\n");
        exit(1);
    }

#ifdef USE_KQEMU
    if (smp_cpus > 1)
        kqemu_allowed = 0;
#endif
    linux_boot = (kernel_filename != NULL);
    net_boot = (boot_devices_bitmap >> ('n' - 'a')) & 0xF;

    /* XXX: this should not be: some embedded targets just have flash */
    if (!linux_boot && net_boot == 0 &&
        nb_drives_opt == 0)
        help(1);

    /* boot to floppy or the default cd if no hard disk defined yet */
    if (!boot_devices[0]) {
        boot_devices = "cad";
    }
    setvbuf(stdout, NULL, _IOLBF, 0);

    init_timers();
    init_timer_alarm();
    qemu_aio_init();

#ifdef _WIN32
    socket_init();
#endif

    /* init network clients */
    if (nb_net_clients == 0) {
        /* if no clients, we use a default config */
        net_clients[0] = "nic";
        net_clients[1] = "user";
        nb_net_clients = 2;
    }

    for(i = 0;i < nb_net_clients; i++) {
        if (net_client_init(net_clients[i]) < 0)
            exit(1);
    }
    for(vlan = first_vlan; vlan != NULL; vlan = vlan->next) {
        if (vlan->nb_guest_devs == 0 && vlan->nb_host_devs == 0)
            continue;
        if (vlan->nb_guest_devs == 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Invalid vlan (%d) with no nics\n", vlan->id);
            exit(1);
        }
        if (vlan->nb_host_devs == 0)
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "Warning: vlan %d is not connected to host network\n",
                    vlan->id);
    }

#ifdef TARGET_I386
    /* XXX: this should be moved in the PC machine instantiation code */
    if (net_boot != 0) {
        int netroms = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < nb_nics && i < 4; i++) {
            const char *model = nd_table[i].model;
            char buf[1024];
            if (net_boot & (1 << i)) {
                if (model == NULL)
                    model = "rtl8139";
                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s/pxe-%s.bin", bios_dir, model);
                if (get_image_size(buf) > 0) {
                    if (nb_option_roms >= MAX_OPTION_ROMS) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "Too many option ROMs\n");
                        exit(1);
                    }
                    option_rom[nb_option_roms] = strdup(buf);
                    nb_option_roms++;
                    netroms++;
                }
            }
        }
        if (netroms == 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "No valid PXE rom found for network device\n");
            exit(1);
        }
    }
#endif

    /* init the memory */
    phys_ram_size = machine->ram_require & ~RAMSIZE_FIXED;

    if (machine->ram_require & RAMSIZE_FIXED) {
        if (ram_size > 0) {
            if (ram_size < phys_ram_size) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Machine `%s' requires %llu bytes of memory\n",
                                machine->name, (unsigned long long) phys_ram_size);
                exit(-1);
            }

            phys_ram_size = ram_size;
        } else
            ram_size = phys_ram_size;
    } else {
        if (ram_size == 0)
            ram_size = DEFAULT_RAM_SIZE * 1024 * 1024;

        phys_ram_size += ram_size;
    }

    /* Initialize kvm */
#if defined(TARGET_I386) || defined(TARGET_X86_64)
#define KVM_EXTRA_PAGES 3
#else
#define KVM_EXTRA_PAGES 0
#endif
    if (kvm_enabled()) {
            phys_ram_size += KVM_EXTRA_PAGES * TARGET_PAGE_SIZE;
            if (kvm_qemu_create_context() < 0) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Could not create KVM context\n");
                    exit(1);
            }
#ifdef KVM_CAP_USER_MEMORY
{
            int ret;

            ret = kvm_qemu_check_extension(KVM_CAP_USER_MEMORY);
            if (ret) {
                phys_ram_base = qemu_alloc_physram(phys_ram_size);
                if (!phys_ram_base) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate physical memory\n");
                        exit(1);
                }
            }
}
#endif
    } else {
            phys_ram_base = qemu_vmalloc(phys_ram_size);
            if (!phys_ram_base) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate physical memory\n");
                    exit(1);
            }
    }

    bdrv_init();

    /* we always create the cdrom drive, even if no disk is there */

    if (nb_drives_opt < MAX_DRIVES)
        drive_add(NULL, CDROM_ALIAS);

    /* we always create at least one floppy */

    if (nb_drives_opt < MAX_DRIVES)
        drive_add(NULL, FD_ALIAS, 0);

    /* we always create one sd slot, even if no card is in it */

    if (nb_drives_opt < MAX_DRIVES)
        drive_add(NULL, SD_ALIAS);

    /* open the virtual block devices
     * note that migration with device
     * hot add/remove is broken.
     */
    for(i = 0; i < nb_drives_opt; i++)
        if (drive_init(&drives_opt[i], snapshot, machine) == -1)
            exit(1);

    register_savevm("timer", 0, 2, timer_save, timer_load, NULL);
    register_savevm("ram", 0, 3, ram_save, ram_load, NULL);

    init_ioports();

    /* terminal init */
    memset(&display_state, 0, sizeof(display_state));
    if (nographic) {
        if (curses) {
            fprintf(stderr, "fatal: -nographic can't be used with -curses\n");
            exit(1);
        }
        /* nearly nothing to do */
        dumb_display_init(ds);
    } else if (vnc_display != NULL) {
        vnc_display_init(ds);
        if (vnc_display_open(ds, vnc_display) < 0)
            exit(1);
    } else
#if defined(CONFIG_CURSES)
    if (curses) {
        curses_display_init(ds, full_screen);
    } else
#endif
    {
#if defined(CONFIG_SDL)
        sdl_display_init(ds, full_screen, no_frame);
#elif defined(CONFIG_COCOA)
        cocoa_display_init(ds, full_screen);
#else
        dumb_display_init(ds);
#endif
    }

    /* Maintain compatibility with multiple stdio monitors */
    if (!strcmp(monitor_device,"stdio")) {
        for (i = 0; i < MAX_SERIAL_PORTS; i++) {
            const char *devname = serial_devices[i];
            if (devname && !strcmp(devname,"mon:stdio")) {
                monitor_device = NULL;
                break;
            } else if (devname && !strcmp(devname,"stdio")) {
                monitor_device = NULL;
                serial_devices[i] = "mon:stdio";
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    if (monitor_device) {
        monitor_hd = qemu_chr_open(monitor_device);
        if (!monitor_hd) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open monitor device '%s'\n", monitor_device);
            exit(1);
        }
        monitor_init(monitor_hd, !nographic);
    }

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_VMCHANNEL_DEVICES; i++) {
        const char *devname = vmchannel_devices[i];
        if (devname[0] != '\0' && strcmp(devname, "none")) {
            int devid;
            char *termn;

            if (strstart(devname, "di:", &devname)) {
                devid = strtol(devname, &termn, 16);
                devname = termn + 1;
            }
            else {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not find vmchannel device id '%s'\n", 
                        devname);
                exit(1);
            }
            vmchannel_hds[i] = qemu_chr_open(devname);
            if (!vmchannel_hds[i]) {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open vmchannel device '%s'\n", 
                        devname);
                exit(1);
            }
            vmchannel_init(vmchannel_hds[i], devid, i);
        }
    }

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_SERIAL_PORTS; i++) {
        const char *devname = serial_devices[i];
        if (devname && strcmp(devname, "none")) {
            serial_hds[i] = qemu_chr_open(devname);
            if (!serial_hds[i]) {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open serial device '%s'\n",
                        devname);
                exit(1);
            }
            if (strstart(devname, "vc", 0))
                qemu_chr_printf(serial_hds[i], "serial%d console\r\n", i);
        }
    }

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS; i++) {
        const char *devname = parallel_devices[i];
        if (devname && strcmp(devname, "none")) {
            parallel_hds[i] = qemu_chr_open(devname);
            if (!parallel_hds[i]) {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open parallel device '%s'\n",
                        devname);
                exit(1);
            }
            if (strstart(devname, "vc", 0))
                qemu_chr_printf(parallel_hds[i], "parallel%d console\r\n", i);
        }
    }

    if (kvm_enabled())
        kvm_init_ap();

    machine->init(ram_size, vga_ram_size, boot_devices, ds,
                  kernel_filename, kernel_cmdline, initrd_filename, cpu_model);

    current_machine = machine;

    /* init USB devices */
    if (usb_enabled) {
        for(i = 0; i < usb_devices_index; i++) {
            if (usb_device_add(usb_devices[i]) < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Warning: could not add USB device %s\n",
                        usb_devices[i]);
            }
        }
    }

    if (display_state.dpy_refresh) {
        display_state.gui_timer = qemu_new_timer(rt_clock, gui_update, &display_state);
        qemu_mod_timer(display_state.gui_timer, qemu_get_clock(rt_clock));
    }

#ifdef CONFIG_GDBSTUB
    if (use_gdbstub) {
        /* XXX: use standard host:port notation and modify options
           accordingly. */
        if (gdbserver_start(gdbstub_port) < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open gdbstub device on port '%s'\n",
                    gdbstub_port);
            exit(1);
        }
    }
#endif
    if (loadvm)
        do_loadvm(loadvm);

    if (incoming) {
        int rc;

        rc = migrate_incoming(incoming);
        if (rc != 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Migration failed rc=%d\n", rc);
            exit(rc);
        }
    }

    {
        /* XXX: simplify init */
        read_passwords();
        if (autostart) {
            vm_start();
        }
    }

    if (daemonize) {
        uint8_t status = 0;
        ssize_t len;
        int fd;

    again1:
        len = write(fds[1], &status, 1);
        if (len == -1 && (errno == EINTR))
            goto again1;

        if (len != 1)
            exit(1);

        chdir("/");
        TFR(fd = open("/dev/null", O_RDWR));
        if (fd == -1)
            exit(1);

        dup2(fd, 0);
        dup2(fd, 1);
        dup2(fd, 2);

        close(fd);
    }

    main_loop();
    quit_timers();

#if !defined(_WIN32)
    /* close network clients */
    for(vlan = first_vlan; vlan != NULL; vlan = vlan->next) {
        VLANClientState *vc;

        for(vc = vlan->first_client; vc != NULL; vc = vc->next) {
            if (vc->fd_read == tap_receive) {
                char ifname[64];
                TAPState *s = vc->opaque;

                if (sscanf(vc->info_str, "tap: ifname=%63s ", ifname) == 1 &&
                    s->down_script[0])
                    launch_script(s->down_script, ifname, s->fd);
            }
        }
    }
#endif
    return 0;
}