5 :man manual: The Netwide Assembler Project
9 nasm - the Netwide Assembler, a portable 80x86 assembler
13 *nasm* [*-@* response file] [*-f* format] [*-o* outfile] [*-l* listfile] ['options'...] filename
17 The *nasm* command assembles the file 'filename' and directs output to the file
18 'outfile' if specified. If 'outfile' is not specified, *nasm* will derive a default
19 output file name from the name of its input file, usually by appending `.o' or
20 `.obj', or by removing all extensions for a raw binary file. Failing that, the
21 output file name will be `nasm.out'.
26 Causes *nasm* to process options from filename as if they were included on
30 Causes *nasm* to assemble the given input file without first applying the
33 *-D*|*-d* 'macro[=value]'::
34 Pre-defines a single-line macro.
37 Causes *nasm* to preprocess the given input file, and write the output to
38 'stdout' (or the specified output file name), and not actually assemble
42 Specifies the output file format. To see a list of valid output formats,
46 Specifies the debug information format. To see a list of valid output
47 formats, use the *-y* option (for example *-felf -y*).
50 Causes *nasm* to generate debug information.
53 Equivalent to **-g -F**__ format__.
56 Causes *nasm* to exit immediately, after giving a summary of its
60 Same as *-h* , but also lists all valid output formats.
62 *-I*|*-i* 'directory'::
63 Adds a directory to the search path for include files. The directory
64 specification must include the trailing slash, as it will be directly
65 prepended to the name of the include file.
68 Causes an assembly listing to be directed to the given file, in which
69 the original source is displayed on the right hand side (plus the source
70 for included files and the expansions of multi-line macros) and the
71 generated code is shown in hex on the left.
74 Causes *nasm* to output Makefile-style dependencies to stdout; normal
78 Same as *-M* but assumes that missing Makefile dependecies are generated
79 and added to dependency list without a prefix.
82 Output Makefile-style dependencies to the specified file.
85 Same as a combination of *-M* and *-MF* options.
88 Override the default name of the dependency target dependency target name.
89 This is normally the same as the output filename, specified by
93 The same as *-MT* except it tries to quote characters that have special
94 meaning in Makefile syntax. This is not foolproof, as not all characters
95 with special meaning are quotable in Make.
101 Optimize branch offsets.
102 * *-O0*: No optimization
103 * *-O1*: Minimal optimization
104 * *-Ox*: Multipass optimization (default)
107 Specifies a precise name for the output file, overriding *nasm*'s default
108 means of determining it.
111 Specifies a file to be pre-included, before the main source file
112 starts to be processed.
115 Causes *nasm* to send its error messages and/or help text to stdout
119 Causes *nasm* to assemble in SciTech TASM compatible mode.
122 Undefines a single-line macro.
125 Causes *nasm* to exit immediately, after displaying its version number.
128 Causes *nasm* to enable or disable certain classes of warning messages,
129 in gcc-like style, for example *-Worphan-labels* or *-Wno-orphan-labels*.
132 Causes *nasm* to enable or disable certain classes of warning messages,
133 for example *-w+orphan-labels* or *-w-macro-params*.
136 Specifies error reporting format (gnu or vc).
139 Causes *nasm* to list supported debug formats.
142 Causes *nasm* to redirect error messages to 'filename'. This option exists
143 to support operating systems on which stderr is not easily redirected.
147 Prepend or append (respectively) the given argument to all global or
152 This man page does not fully describe the syntax of *nasm*'s assembly language,
153 but does give a summary of the differences from other assemblers.
155 'Registers' have no leading `%' sign, unlike *gas*, and floating-point stack
156 registers are referred to as 'st0', 'st1', and so on.
158 'Floating-point instructions' may use either the single-operand form or the
159 double. A 'TO' keyword is provided; thus, one could either write
164 or one could use the alternative single-operand forms
169 'Uninitialised storage' is reserved using the 'RESB', 'RESW', 'RESD', 'RESQ',
170 'REST' and 'RESO' pseudo-opcodes, each taking one parameter which gives the
171 number of bytes, words, doublewords, quadwords or ten-byte words to reserve.
173 'Repetition' of data items is not done by the 'DUP' keyword as seen in DOS
174 assemblers, but by the use of the 'TIMES' prefix, like this:
176 message: times 3 db 'abc'
177 times 64-$+message db 0
179 which defines the string `abcabcabc`, followed by the right number of zero
180 bytes to make the total length up to 64 bytes.
182 'Symbol references' are always understood to be immediate (i.e. the address
183 of the symbol), unless square brackets are used, in which case the contents
184 of the memory location are used. Thus:
188 loads AX with the address of the variable `wordvar`, whereas
192 mov ax,[es:wordvar+bx]
194 all refer to the 'contents' of memory locations. The syntaxes
196 mov ax,es:wordvar[bx]
199 are not legal at all, although the use of a segment register name as an instruction
200 prefix is valid, and can be used with instructions such as 'LODSB' which can't
201 be overridden any other way.
203 'Constants' may be expressed numerically in most formats: a trailing H, Q or
204 B denotes hex, octal or binary respectively, and a leading `0x' or `$' denotes
205 hex as well. Leading zeros are not treated specially at all. Character constants
206 may be enclosed in single or double quotes; there is no escape character. The
207 ordering is little-endian (reversed), so that the character constant ''abcd''
208 denotes 0x64636261 and not 0x61626364.
210 Local labels begin with a period, and their `locality' is granted by the assembler
211 prepending the name of the previous non-local symbol. Thus declaring a label
212 `.loop' after a label `label' has actually defined a symbol called `label.loop'.
216 'SECTION' 'name' or 'SEGMENT' 'name' causes *nasm* to direct all following code
217 to the named section. Section names vary with output file format, although most
218 formats support the names '.text', '.data' and '.bss'. (The exception is the
219 'obj' format, in which all segments are user-definable.)
221 'ABSOLUTE' 'address' causes *nasm* to position its notional assembly point at
222 an absolute address: so no code or data may be generated, but you can use 'RESB',
223 'RESW' and 'RESD' to move the assembly point further on, and you can define labels.
224 So this directive may be used to define data structures. When you have finished
225 doing absolute assembly, you must issue another 'SECTION' directive to return to
228 'BITS' '16', 'BITS' '32' or 'BITS' '64' switches the default processor mode for
229 which *nasm* is generating code: it is equivalent to 'USE16' or 'USE32' in DOS
232 'EXTERN' 'symbol' and 'GLOBAL' 'symbol' import and export symbol definitions,
233 respectively, from and to other modules. Note that the 'GLOBAL' directive must
234 appear before the definition of the symbol it refers to.
236 'STRUC' 'strucname' and 'ENDSTRUC', when used to bracket a number of 'RESB',
237 'RESW' or similar instructions, define a data structure. In addition to
238 defining the offsets of the structure members, the construct also defines a symbol
239 for the size of the structure, which is simply the structure name with 'size'
240 tacked on to the end.
242 FORMAT-SPECIFIC DIRECTIVES
243 --------------------------
244 'ORG' 'address' is used by the 'bin' flat-form binary output format, and
245 specifies the address at which the output code will eventually be loaded.
247 'GROUP' 'grpname' 'seg1' 'seg2'... is used by the obj (Microsoft 16-bit)
248 output format, and defines segment groups. This format also uses 'UPPERCASE',
249 which directs that all segment, group and symbol names output to the object
250 file should be in uppercase. Note that the actual assembly is still case
253 'LIBRARY' 'libname' is used by the 'rdf' output format, and causes a
254 dependency record to be written to the output file which indicates that
255 the program requires a certain library in order to run.
259 Single-line macros are defined using the '%define' or '%idefine' commands, in
260 a similar fashion to the C preprocessor. They can be overloaded with respect
261 to number of parameters, although defining a macro with no parameters prevents
262 the definition of any macro with the same name taking parameters, and vice versa.
263 '%define' defines macros whose names match case-sensitively, whereas '%idefine'
264 defines case-insensitive macros.
266 Multi-line macros are defined using '%macro' and '%imacro' (the distinction is the
267 same as that between '%define' and '%idefine'), whose syntax is as follows
269 %macro name minprm[-maxprm][+][.nolist] [defaults]
270 <some lines of macro expansion text>
273 Again, these macros may be overloaded. The trailing plus sign indicates that
274 any parameters after the last one get subsumed, with their separating commas,
275 into the last parameter. The 'defaults' part can be used to specify defaults for
276 unspecified macro parameters after 'minparam'. '%endm' is a valid synonym for
279 To refer to the macro parameters within a macro expansion, you use '%1', '%2' and
280 so on. You can also enforce that a macro parameter should contain a condition
281 code by using '%+1', and you can invert the condition code by using '%-1'. You can also
282 define a label specific to a macro invocation by prefixing it with a double `%' sign.
284 Files can be included using the '%include' directive, which works like C.
286 The preprocessor has a `context stack', which may be used by one macro to store
287 information that a later one will retrieve. You can push a context on the stack
288 using '%push', remove one using '%pop', and change the name of the top context (without
289 disturbing any associated definitions) using '%repl'. Labels and '%define' macros
290 specific to the top context may be defined by prefixing their names with %$,
291 and things specific to the next context down with %$$, and so on.
293 Conditional assembly is done by means of '%ifdef', '%ifndef', '%else' and '%endif'
294 as in C. (Except that '%ifdef' can accept several putative macro names, and
295 will evaluate TRUE if any of them is defined.) In addition, the directives
296 '%ifctx' and '%ifnctx' can be used to condition on the name of the top context
297 on the context stack. The obvious set of `else-if' directives, '%elifdef',
298 '%elifndef', '%elifctx' and '%elifnctx' are also supported.
302 Please report bugs through the bug tracker function at http://nasm.us.