1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
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11 @node Unfretted string instruments
12 @section Unfretted string instruments
14 @cindex orchestral strings
15 @cindex strings, writing for
17 This section provides information and references which are helpful
18 when writing for unfretted string instruments, principally
22 * Common notation for unfretted strings::
25 @node Common notation for unfretted strings
26 @subsection Common notation for unfretted strings
28 There is little specialist notation for unfretted string
29 instruments. The music is notated on a single staff, and
30 usually only a single voice is required. Two voices might
31 be required for some double-stopped or divisi passages.
34 * References for unfretted strings::
35 * Bowing indications::
37 * Snap (Bartók) pizzicato::
40 @node References for unfretted strings
41 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for unfretted strings
43 Most of the notation which is useful for orchestral strings
44 and other bowed instruments is covered elsewhere:
48 @item Texual indications such as @qq{pizz.} and @qq{arco} are
49 added as simple text -- see @ref{Text scripts}.
51 @item Fingerings, including the thumb indication, are described
52 in @ref{Fingering instructions}.
54 @item When writing for orchestral strings, slurs are used to
55 indicate passages which should be bowed in a continuous movement.
56 For details, see @ref{Slurs}.
58 @item Double stopping is normally indicated by writing a chord,
59 see @ref{Chorded notes}. A triple or quadruple stop might be
60 indicated by a square bracket to indicate the notes should be
61 played simultaneously rather than arpeggiated. A square bracket
62 is also used to indicate the two notes of a double stop should be
63 played divisi by the two players on the stand. A bracket arpeggio
64 can be used to bracket notes together, see @ref{Arpeggio}.
66 @item For passages which require two voices see @rlearning{I'm
67 hearing Voices} and @ref{Single-staff polyphony}.
69 @item A template for a string quartet can be found in
70 @rlearning{String quartet}. Others are shown in the snippets.
76 @rlearning{I'm hearing Voices},
77 @rlearning{String quartet}.
81 @ref{Fingering instructions},
85 @ref{Single-staff polyphony}.
88 @rlsr{Unfretted strings}.
90 @node Bowing indications
91 @unnumberedsubsubsec Bowing indications
96 @cindex bowing indications
97 @cindex up bow indication
98 @cindex down bow indication
100 Bowing indications are created as articulations, which are
101 described in @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}. The
102 bowing commands, @code{\upbow} and @code{\downbow}, are used with
105 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
106 c4(\downbow d) e(\upbow f)
113 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}
117 @unnumberedsubsubsec Harmonics
121 @strong{@i{Natural harmonics}}
123 @cindex natural harmonics
124 @cindex harmonics, natural
126 Natural harmonics can be notated in several ways. A diamond-shaped
127 note head generally means to touch the string where you would stop
128 the note if it were not a diamond. Diamond note heads are created
129 by placing @code{\harmonic} after the note and enclosing the whole
131 Dotted harmonics indicated with @code{\harmonic} do not show the
132 dots. The context property @code{harmonicDots} should be set if
136 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
137 <b\harmonic>4 <b\harmonic>2.
138 \set harmonicDots = ##t
139 <b\harmonic>4 <b\harmonic>2.
142 Alternatively a normal note head is shown at the pitch to be
143 sounded together with a small circle to indicate it should be
144 played as a harmonic:
146 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
147 d4^\flageolet d_\flageolet
150 A smaller circle may be created, see the snippet list in
151 @ref{References for unfretted strings}.
153 @strong{@i{Artificial harmonics}}
155 @cindex artificial harmonics
156 @cindex harmonics, artifical
158 Artificial harmonics are notated with two notes, one with a normal
159 note head indicating the stopped position and one with an open
160 diamond note head to indicate the harmonic position.
161 They are entered by marking the harmonic pitch with @code{\harmonic}.
162 Note the @code{\harmonic} command must be placed within the angle
163 brackets signifying the chord. The example shows the notation for a
164 fourth and a fifth harmonic.
166 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
167 <e a\harmonic>2 <c g'\harmonic>
175 @ref{Special note heads},
176 @ref{References for unfretted strings}.
178 @node Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
179 @unnumberedsubsubsec Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
181 @cindex pizzicato, Bartók
182 @cindex pizzicato, snap
183 @cindex Bartók pizzicato
184 @cindex snap pizzicato
187 @c TODO add Bartók pizz as a @lilypondfile