lilypond-1.3.144

[lilypond.git] / Documentation / user / development.itexi

@c -*-texinfo-*-

@c Move chapter

@node Development
@chapter Development

@menu
* CodingStyle::                 
* Making patches::              
* Localisation::                
* Helping with development::    
* ETF format::                  
@end menu

@node CodingStyle
@section CodingStyle - standards while programming for GNU LilyPond

As a general rule, you should always try to continue computations, even
if there is some kind of error. When the program stops, it is often very
hard for a user to pinpoint what part of the input causes an
error. Finding the culprit is much easier if there is some viewable
output.

So functions and methods do not return errorcodes, they never crash, but
report a programming_error and try to carry on.

@unnumberedsubsec Languages

C++ and Python are preferred.  Python code should use an indent of 8,
using TAB characters.

@unnumberedsubsec Filenames

Definitions of classes that are only accessed via pointers
(*) or references (&) shall not be included as include files.

filenames

@example 
        ".hh"   Include files
        ".cc"   Implementation files
        ".icc"  Inline definition files
        ".tcc"  non inline Template defs
@end example 

in emacs:

@example 
        (setq auto-mode-alist
              (append '(("\\.make$" . makefile-mode)
                        ("\\.cc$" . c++-mode)
                        ("\\.icc$" . c++-mode)
                        ("\\.tcc$" . c++-mode)
                        ("\\.hh$" . c++-mode)
                        ("\\.pod$" . text-mode)         
                        )
                      auto-mode-alist))
@end example 


The class Class_name is coded in @file{class-name.*}

@unnumberedsubsec Indentation

Standard GNU coding style is used.   In emacs:

@example 
        (add-hook 'c++-mode-hook
                  '(lambda() (c-set-style "gnu")
                     )
                  )
@end example 

If you like using font-lock, you can also add this to your @file{.emacs}:

@example 
        (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration t)
        (setq c++-font-lock-keywords-3 
              (append
               c++-font-lock-keywords-3
               '(("\\b\\([a-zA-Z_]+_\\)\\b" 1 font-lock-variable-name-face)
               ("\\b\\([A-Z]+[a-z_]+\\)\\b" 1 font-lock-type-face))
               ))
@end example 

@unnumberedsubsec Classes and Types

@example 
        This_is_a_class
@end example 

@unnumberedsubsec Members

@example 
        Class::member ()
        Type Class::member_type_
        Type Class::member_type ()
@end example 

the @code{type} is a Hungarian notation postfix for @code{Type}. See below

@unnumberedsubsec Macros

Macro names should be written in uppercase completely.

@unnumberedsubsec Broken code

Try not to write broken code. This includes hardwired dependencies,
hardwired constants, slow algorithms and obvious limitations. If you can
not avoid it, mark the place clearly, and add a comment explaining
shortcomings of the code.

@unnumberedsec Hungarian notation naming convention

The C++ part of LilyPond uses a naming convention derived from the
so-called @emph{Hungarian Notation}.  Macros, @code{enum}s and
@code{const}s are all uppercase, with the parts of the names separated
by underscores.

The hungarian notation  is to be used when variables are not declared
near usage (mostly in member variables and functions).

@unnumberedsubsec Types

@table @code
@item @code{byte}
    unsigned char. (The postfix _by is ambiguous)
@item @code{b}
    bool
@item @code{bi}
    bit
@item @code{ch}
    char
@item @code{f}
    float
@item @code{i}
    signed integer
@item @code{str}
    string class
@item @code{sz}
    Zero terminated c string
@item @code{u}
    unsigned integer
@end table

@unnumberedsubsec User defined types

@example 

        /*
                Slur blah. blah.
        */
        class Slur @{
                ...
        @};
        Slur* slur_p = new Slur;
 
@end example 

@unnumberedsubsec Modifiers

The following types modify the meaning of the prefix. 
These are preceded by the prefixes:

@table @code
@item @code{a}
    array
@item @code{arr}
    user built array.
@item @code{c}
    const. Note that the proper order is @code{Type const}
        and not @code{const Type}
@item @code{C}
    A const pointer. This would be equivalent to @code{_c_l}, but since any
    "const" pointer has to be a link (you can't delete a const pointer),
    it is superfluous.
@item @code{l}
    temporary pointer to object (link)
@item @code{p}
    pointer to newed object
@item @code{r}
    reference
@end table

@unnumberedsubsec Adjective

Adjectives such as global and static should be spelled out in full.
They come before the noun that they refer to, just as in normal english.

@example 

foo_global_i: a global variable of type int commonly called "foo".
 
@end example 

static class members do not need the static_ prefix in the name (the
Class::var notation usually makes it clear that it is static)

@table @code
@item @code{loop_i}
    Variable loop: an integer
@item @code{u}
    Temporary variable: an unsigned integer
@item @code{test_ch}
    Variable test: a character
@item @code{first_name_str}
    Variable first_name: a String class object
@item @code{last_name_ch_a}
    Variable last_name: a @code{char} array
@item @code{foo_i_p}
    Variable foo: an @code{Int*} that you must delete
@item @code{bar_i_l}
    Variable bar: an @code{Int*} that you must not delete
@end table

Generally default arguments are taboo, except for nil pointers.

The naming convention can be quite conveniently memorised, by
expressing the type in english, and abbreviating it

@example 

        static Array<int*> foo
 
@end example 

@code{foo} can be described as "the static int-pointer user-array", so you get

@example 

        foo_static_l_arr
 
@end example 


@unnumberedsec Miscellaneous
    
For some tasks, some scripts are supplied, notably creating patches, a
mirror of the website, generating the header to put over cc and hh
files, doing a release.

Use them.

@node Making patches
@section Making patches

@unnumberedsec  Track and distribute your code changes

This page documents how to distribute your changes to GNU lilypond
    
We would like to have unified context diffs with full pathnames.  A
script automating supplied with Lily.

Distributing a change normally goes like this:

@itemize @bullet
@item make your fix/add your code 
@item Add changes to CHANGES, and add yourself to Documentation/topdocs/AUTHORS.texi
@item generate a patch, 
@item e-mail your patch to one of the mailing lists
    gnu-music-discuss@@gnu.org or bug-gnu-music@@gnu.org
@end itemize

Please do not send entire files, even if the patch is bigger than the
original.  A patch makes it clear what is changed, and it won't
overwrite previous (not yet released) changes.

@unnumberedsec Generating a patch

Simple version: run

@example
        make -C lilypond-x.y.z/ distclean
        make -C lilypond-x.y.z.NEW/ distclean
        diff -urN lilypond-x.y.z/ lilypond-x.y.z.NEW/
@end example

Complicated (but automated) version:

In @file{VERSION}, set MY_PATCH_LEVEL:

@example 

    VERSION:
        ...
        MY_PATCH_LEVEL=jcn1
 
@end example 

In @file{CHANGES}, enter a summary of changes:

@example 
        0.1.73.jcn1
        ===========

        * A concise, yet clearly readable description of what changed.

@end example 

Then, from the top of Lily's source tree, type

@example 
    make release
@end example 

These handy python scripts assume a directory structure which looks
like:

@example 

    lilypond -> lilypond-x.y.z   # symlink to development directory
    lilypond-x.y.z/              # current development
    patches/                     # patches between different releases
    releases/                    # .tar.gz releases

@end example 

@unnumberedsec Applying patches

[outdated: please use xdeltas]

If you're following LilyPond development regularly, you probably want to
download just the patch for each subsequent release.
After downloading the patch (into the patches directory, of course), simply 
apply it:

@example 

    gzip -dc ../patches/lilypond-0.1.74.diff.gz | patch -p1 -E
 
@end example 

and don't forget to make automatically generated files:

@example 

    autoconf footnote(patches don't include automatically generated files, 
    i.e. file(configure) and files generated by file(configure).)

    configure
 
@end example 

@node Localisation
@section Localisation - User messages in LilyPond

This document provides some guidelines for uniformising user messages.
In the absence of other standards, we'll be using these rules when coding
 for LilyPond.  Hopefully, this can be replaced by general GNU
guidelines in the future.

Not-preferred messages are marked with @code{+}.  By convention,
agrammatical examples are marked with @code{*}.

@subsection Guidelines

@itemize @bullet

@item
Every message to the user should be localised (and thus be marked
for localisation).  This includes warning and error messages.

@item
Don't localise/gettextify:

@itemize @minus
@item @code{programming_error ()}s
@item @code{programming_warning ()}s
@item debug strings
@item output strings (PostScript, TeX)
@end itemize

@item
Messages to be localised must be encapsulated in @code{_ (STRING)}
or @code{_f (FORMAT, ...)}.  Eg:

@example
warning (_ ("Need music in a score"));
error (_f ("Can't open file: `%s'", file_name));
@end example

In some rare cases you may need to call @code{gettext ()} by hand.
This happens when you pre-define (a list of) string constants for later
use.  In that case, you'll probably also need to mark these string
constants for translation, using @code{_i (STRING)}.  The @code{_i}
macro is a no-op, it only serves as a marker for @file{xgettext}.

@example
char const* messages[] = @{
  _i ("enable debugging output"),
  _i ("ignore lilypond version"),
  0
@};

void
foo (int i)
@{
  puts (gettext (messages [i]));
@}
@end example

See also
@file{flower/getopt-long.cc} and @file{lily/main.cc}.

@item
Don't use leading or trailing whitespace in messages.

@item
Messages containing a final verb, or a gerund (@code{-ing}-form)
always start with a capital.  Other (simpler) messages start with
a lowercase letter:

@example
The word `foo' is not declared.
`foo': not declared.
Not declaring: `foo'.
@end example

@item
To avoid having a number of different messages for the same situation,
we'll use quoting like this @code{"message: `%s'"} for all strings.
Numbers are not quoted:

@example
_f ("Can't open file: `%s'", name_str)
_f ("Can't find charater number: %d", i)
@end example

@item
Think about translation issues.  In a lot of cases, it is better to
translate a whole message.  The english grammar mustn't be imposed on
the translator.  So, iso

@example
_ ("Stem at ") + moment.str () + _(" doen't fit in beam")
@end example

@noindent
have

@example
_f ("Stem at %s doen't fit in beam", moment.str ())
@end example

@item
Split up multi-sentence messages, whenever possible.  Instead of

@example
warning (_f ("out of tune!  Can't find: `%s', "Key_engraver"));

warning (_f ("Can't find font `%s', loading default", 
             font_name));
@end example

@noindent
rather say:

@example
warning (_ ("out of tune:");
warning (_f ("Can't find: `%s', "Key_engraver"));

warning (_f ("Can't find font: `%s', font_name));
warning (_f ("Loading default font"));
@end example

@item
If you must have multiple-sentence messages, use full punctuation.
Use two spaces after end of sentence punctuation.
No punctuation (esp. period) is used at the end of simple messages.

@example
   _f ("Non-matching braces in text `%s', adding braces", text)
   _ ("Debug output disabled.  Compiled with NPRINT.")
   _f ("Huh?  Not a Request: `%s'.  Ignoring.", request)
@end example

@item
Don't modularise too much; a lot of words cannot be translated
without context.
It's probably safe to treat most occurences of words like
stem, beam, crescendo as separately translatable words.

@item
When translating, it is preferrable to put interesting information 
at the end of the message, rather than embedded in the middle.
This especially applies to frequently used messages, even if this
would mean sacrificing a bit of eloquency.  This holds for original
messages too, of course.

@example
    en: can't open: `foo.ly'
+   nl: kan `foo.ly' niet openen (1)
    kan niet openen: `foo.ly'*   (2)
    niet te openen: `foo.ly'*    (3)
@end example

The first nl message, although gramatically and stylishly correct,
is not friendly for parsing by humans (even if they speak dutch).
I guess we'd prefer something like (2) or (3).

@item
Please don't run make po/po-update with GNU gettext < 0.10.35

@end itemize

@node Helping with development
@section Getting involved

If you want to help developing  LilyPond your  efforts are appreciated.
You can help LilyPond in several ways. Not all tasks requiring
programming or understanding the full source code.

Please don't expect us to give you instructions on what you should
do. We're just a bunch of simple hackers, and we're absolutely
incompetent about management, design in advance, delegating work.
Some people write to us "I want to help, what should I do?", but we
never know what to answer them.

If you want to hack, just start hacking. You can send us the result as
a patch, and we'll gladly incorporate it.

If you need some hints on where to get started: there are a number of
specific areas where you could do work.  

@unnumberedsubsec Users

Mutopia needs your help. The mutopia project is a collection of public
domain sheet music. You can help the project by entering music (either
by hand, or by converting from scans or MIDI) and submitting it. Point
your browser to the @uref{http://sca.uwaterloo.ca/Mutopia, Mutopia
webpage}.

@unnumberedsubsec Writers

The documentation of LilyPond and related utilities needs a lot of
work. The documentation is written in
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo,texinfo}. The documentation of
LilyPond is sorely lacking in terms of completeness, depth and
organisation.

Write if you know how to write english documentation in texinfo, and
know about music and music notation.  You must also know how to use
LilyPond (or be prepared to learn using it).  The task is not especially
hard, but it is a lot of work, and you must be familiar with LilyPond.

@unnumberedsubsec Translators

LilyPond is completely ready for internationalized messages, but there
are only a few translations so far (dutch, italian, german, japanese,
french, russian).  Translation involves writing a .po file, which is
relatively easy, and does not even require running LilyPond.

@unnumberedsubsec Hackers

There are lots of possibilities of improving the program itself. There
are both small projects and big ones. Most of them are listed in our
TODO file, listed on the homepage of Jan and
@uref{http://www.cs.uu.nl/~hanwen/lily-devel,Han-Wen}.  Modifying
LilyPond almost always requires patches to the C++ part.

If you still don't have any idea what to do, you might want to browse
the mailing lists; Users do lots of feature requests, and you could
implement any of them.


There are also numerous other interesting projects that are more or less
related  to LilyPond

@itemize @bullet
@item Writing convertors, eg. from NIFF and MIDI (we tried writing one with
limited success: midi2ly, included with lilypond.)

We found that writing them in Python is the easiest.

@item Writing a GUI frontend to
LilyPond. At the moment @uref{denemo,denemo.sourceforge.net} is the most
advanced.

@item Helping write @uref{http://solfege.sourceforge.net/,solfege
tools}

@item Helping @uref{primrose.sourceforge.net,primrose}, a tool for
scanning sheet music.
@end itemize

@node ETF format
@section  An incomplete description of the Enigma Transport Format

Enigma Transport Format (ETF for short) is a format designed by Coda music
technology, and it is used in the proprietary notation package
Finale. Since it is very poorly documented, I'll attempt some
documentation here.

ETF is an memory dump where object pointers have been replaced by object
numbers. The numbers are larger than 0 and the number 0 is used to
denote the nil pointer.  The dump is encoded in ASCII (where the mac
version uses CR, and the PC CR/LF as line delimiters)

A file is divided into sections like this

@example
^section-header
DATA
^section-header
DATA

(etc.)
@end example

@var{DATA} is stored in the form of tagged lines, where a tagged line looks
like

@example
^TG(N1[,N2]) X1 X2 X3 (etc)
@end example

The caret is at the start of the line, @code{TG} is a two letter tag,
and @var{N1} (and optionally @var{N2}) are numbers identifying the
object to be described. @var{X3}, @var{X4} etc contain data in the form
of either a signed 16 bit number, or a 32 bit number (in hex, with a $
sign prepended). The number of Xs per line for a certain tag is
constant.

The numbers in @code{N1} need not be consecutive or ascending, mostly.


If an object is too large to fit on a single line (which typically has
only five X's), it is put on multiple lines and padded with zero's, eg.

@example
^GF(1,2) 3 0 1 2 3
^GF(1,2) 4 0 0 0 0
@end example

(the GF object requires 6 16 bit words, hence the 4 padding zeroes).

Note structure:

Each staff can contain up to four layers, where a layer correspond to a
horizontal `line' of notes.  Each layer is broken up into frames, where
each frame is one measure of a layer.

@example
  ^GF(s,m) @var{c} @var{flags} @var{f1} @var{f2} @var{f3}
  ^GF(s,m) @var{f4} 0 0 0 0
@end example

Here @var{s} is the staff number, @var{m} the measure number,
@var{flags} is a 16-bit bit-vector, and @var{f1} to @var{f4} are frame
identifiers. @var{c} is a clef-identifier.

There is a second variant of the @code{GF} tag, which has only one line;
it looks like

@example
  ^GF(s,m) @var{fr} @var{c} @var{x} @var{y} @var{z}
@end example

here, @code{fr} is a frame number, @code{c} the clef number. The
function of x, y , z is unknown.

A frame is described by the FR tag

@example
  ^FR(@var{n}) @var{n1} @var{n2} 0 0
@end example

This means frame number @var{n} runs from note @var{n1} to note @var{n2}
Where `running from' is interpreted as ``that part of a linked note list
that starts with note @var{n1} and ends with note @var{n2}''. This is
something different from the sequence of notes
@var{n1}, @var{n1 + 1} , ... , @var{n2 - 1}, @var{n2}. 

Notes (or more accurately chord-notes/rests) are described as follows:

@example
  ^eE(@var{n}) @var{l1 l2 dur pos $flags extflags pitchcount}
     pitchrecords
@end example

This is note number @var{n} (in list where @var{l1} and @var{l2} are
previous and next).

Durations are stored as a number where 1024 is the quarter note, 512 the
eighth, etc. Dotted notes are stored by multiplying the dur field
appropriately.

pitchcount is the number of pitch records. Each pitchrecord looks like
@example
        pitch $flags
@end example
(note that the line starts with spaces, and not with  a caret)


pitch is a 16 bit number, where the lower order 4-bits is a signed
nybble which adds an alteration (0 = natural,  1 = sharp, etc.)
The remaining 12 bits encodes the note-name (octave inclusive.)

Both the alteration and the note-name are relative to the scale as
defined by the key-signature in this measure.  The person who invented
this should have his head checked out.

The key and time signature are defined in the MS field
@example
  ^MS(n) space key beats beatlen y z
@end example

@var{n} is the measure number.  @var{space} is the width of the
measure (?), @var{key} the number of the keysignature (0 = C major, 1 G
major, etc. 255 = F major, 254 = Bflat major). beats and beatlen
determine time signature.

Key and time are determined score wide. The mind boggles at how they
plan to do polytonal and polymetric music. And how do they do
mid-measure keychanges?

Slurs are (among others) stored with an Sx tag

@example
  ^Sx(@var{slurnumber}) @var{stuff}
@end example

The slur has many parameters. The 6th number on the first line is the
starting note, the 3rd number on the 4th line the ending note.


Some other information can be found in the Finale Plug-in Development
(there is a vague manual, and some source files that are useful).

You can download the PDK from Coda's website,
@uref{http://www.codamusic.com/coda/Fin2000_pdk_download.asp}. You do
need to register as a user (you can also do it if you have never bought
an coda product).


More tags:
@example
RU - repeat
ES - end repeat
ET - end repeat text
BR - backw repeat
mt - measure text
pT - page text
TX - text blocks
SD - shape
DY - score expr
AC - tempo
GF - clef
IS - staff spec
DO (shape expression), 
DT (text expression), 
IK (chord playback), 
IS (staff spec), 
IV (chord suffix), 
IX (articulation definition - documented in edata.h), 
Iu (instrument used - documented in edata.h), 
LA (layer preferences - documented in eprfdata.h), 
MN (measure number region), 
MS (measure spec), 
PS (page spec), 
RS (repeat style - documented in edata.h), 
RT (text repeat style text - documented in edata.h), 
SD (shape), 
SS (staff system spec), 
TX (text block), 
pT (page text)

TP - tuplet

sl - slur shapetag
@end example