1 <sect1 id="ai-ellipgal">
4 <firstname>Jasem</firstname>
5 <surname>Mutlaq</surname>
7 </address></affiliation>
11 <title>Elliptical Galaxies</title>
12 <indexterm><primary>Elliptical Galaxies</primary>
15 <para> Elliptical galaxies are spheroidal concentrations of billions
16 of stars that resemble Globular Clusters on a grand scale. They have
17 very little internal structure; the density of stars declines smoothly
18 from the concentrated center to the diffuse edge, and they can have a
19 broad range of ellipticities (or aspect ratios). They typically
20 contain very little interstellar gas and dust, and no young stellar
21 populations (although there are exceptions to these rules). Edwin
22 Hubble referred to Elliptical galaxies as <quote>early-type</quote>
23 galaxies, because he thought that they evolved to become Spiral
24 Galaxies (which he called <quote>late-type</quote> galaxies).
25 Astronomers actually now believe the opposite is the case (&ie;, that
26 Spiral galaxies can turn into Elliptical galaxies), but Hubble's
27 early- and late-type labels are still used. </para>
30 Once thought to be a simple galaxy type, ellipticals are now known to
31 be quite complex objects. Part of this complexity is due
32 to their amazing history: ellipticals are thought to be the end
33 product of the merger of two Spiral galaxies. You can
34 view a computer simulation MPEG movie of such a merger at <ulink
35 url="http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pr/2002/11/vid/v0211d3.mpg">
36 this NASA HST webpage</ulink> (warning: the file is 3.4 MB).
40 Elliptical galaxies span a very wide range of sizes and
41 luminosities, from giant Ellipticals hundreds of thousands of light
42 years across and nearly a trillion times brighter than the sun, to
43 dwarf Ellipticals just a bit brighter than the average globular
44 cluster. They are divided to several morphological classes:
49 <term>cD galaxies:</term>
51 Immense and bright objects that can
52 measure nearly 1 Megaparsec (3 million light years) across. These
53 titans are only found near the centers of large, dense clusters of
54 galaxies, and are likely the result of many galaxy
55 mergers.</para></listitem>
59 <term>Normal Elliptical galaxies</term>
60 <listitem><para>Condensed Object with
61 relatively high central surface brightness. They include the giant
62 ellipticals (gE'e), intermediate-luminosity ellipticals (E's), and
63 compact ellipticals.</para></listitem>
67 <term>Dwarf elliptical galaxies (dE's)</term>
68 <listitem><para> This class of
69 galaxies is fundamentally different from normal ellipticals. Their
70 diameters on the order of 1 to 10 kiloparsec with surface brightness
71 that is much lower than normal ellipticals, giving them a much more
72 diffuse appearance. They display the same characteristic gradual
73 decline of star density from a relatively dense core out to a diffuse
74 periphery.</para></listitem>
78 <term>Dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSph's)</term>
79 <listitem><para>Extreme low-luminosity, low
80 surface-brightness and have only been observed in the vicinity of the
81 Milky Way, and possibly other very nearby galaxy groups, such as the
82 Leo group. Their absolute magnitudes are only -8 to -15 mag.
83 The Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy has an absolute magnitude of -8.6,
84 making it fainter than the average globular cluster in the Milky Way!
89 <term>Blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCD's)</term>
91 <para> Small galaxies that are unusually
92 blue. Thehave photometric colors of B-V = 0.0 to 0.30 mag, which is
93 typical for relatively young stars of <firstterm>spectral type</firstterm> A.
94 This suggests that BCDs
95 are currently actively forming stars. These systems also have
96 abundant interstellar gas (unlike other Elliptical galaxies).
103 You can see examples of Elliptical galaxies in &kstars;, using the Find
105 (<keycombo action="simul">&Ctrl;<keycap>F</keycap></keycombo>).
106 Search for NGC 4881, which is the Giant cD galaxy in the Coma
107 cluster of galaxies. M 86 is a normal Elliptical galaxy in the Virgo
108 cluster of galaxies. M 32 is a dwarf Elliptical that is a satellite
109 of our neighbor, the Andromeda galaxy (M 31). M 110 is another
110 satellite of M 31 that is a borderline dwarf spheroidal galaxy
111 (<quote>borderline</quote> because it is somewhat brighter than most other