1 @node Exported Symbols of Shared Libraries
2 @section Controlling the Exported Symbols of Shared Libraries
4 @c Documentation of gnulib module 'lib-symbol-visibility'.
6 @c Copyright (C) 2005-2006, 2009-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
8 @c Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
9 @c under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
10 @c any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
11 @c Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
12 @c Texts. A copy of the license is included in the ``GNU Free
13 @c Documentation License'' file as part of this distribution.
15 The @code{lib-symbol-visibility} module allows precise control of the
16 symbols exported by a shared library. This is useful because
20 It prevents abuse of undocumented APIs of your library. Symbols that
21 are not exported from the library cannot be used. This eliminates the
22 problem that when the maintainer of the library changes internals of the
23 library, maintainers of other projects cry ``breakage''. Instead, these
24 maintainers are forced to negotiate the desired API from the maintainer
28 It reduces the risk of symbol collision between your library and other
29 libraries. For example, the symbol @samp{readline} is defined in several
30 libraries, most of which don't have the same semantics and the same calling
31 convention as the GNU readline library.
34 It reduces the startup time of programs linked to the library. This is
35 because the dynamic loader has less symbols to process.
38 It allows the compiler to generate better code. Within a shared library,
39 a call to a function that is a global symbol costs a ``call'' instruction
40 to a code location in the so-called PLT (procedure linkage table) which
41 contains a ``jump'' instruction to the actual function's code. (This is
42 needed so that the function can be overridden, for example by a function
43 with the same name in the executable or in a shared library interposed
44 with @code{LD_PRELOAD}.) Whereas a call to a function for which the compiler
45 can assume that it is in the same shared library is just a direct ``call''
46 instructions. Similarly for variables: A reference to a global variable
47 fetches a pointer in the so-called GOT (global offset table); this is a
48 pointer to the variable's memory. So the code to access it is two memory
49 load instructions. Whereas for a variable which is known to reside in the
50 same shared library, it is just a direct memory access: one memory load
54 There are traditionally three ways to specify the exported symbols of a
59 The programmer specifies the list of symbols to be exported when the
60 shared library is created. Usually a command-line option is passed
61 to the linker, with the name of a file containing the symbols.
63 The upside of this approach is flexibility: it allows the same code to
64 be used in different libraries with different export lists. The downsides
65 are: 1. it's a lot of maintenance overhead when the symbol list is platform
66 dependent, 2. it doesn't work well with C++, due to name mangling.
69 The programmer specifies a ``hidden'' attribute for every variable and
70 function that shall not be exported.
72 The drawbacks of this approach are: Symbols are still exported from
73 the library by default. It's a lot of maintenance work to mark every non-
74 exported variable and function. But usually the exported API is quite small,
75 compared to the internal API of the library. And it's the wrong paradigm:
76 It doesn't force thinking when introducing new exported API.
79 The programmer specifies a ``hidden'' attribute for all files that make up
80 the shared library, and an ``exported'' attribute for those symbols in these
81 files that shall be exported.
83 This is perfect: It burdens the maintainer only for exported API, not
84 for library-internal API. And it keeps the annotations in the source code.
87 GNU libtool's @option{-export-symbols} option implements the first approach.
89 This gnulib module implements the third approach. For this it relies on
90 GNU GCC 4.0 or newer, namely on its @samp{-fvisibility=hidden} command-line
91 option and the ``visibility'' attribute. (The ``visibility'' attribute
92 was already supported in GCC 3.4, but without the command line option,
93 introduced in GCC 4.0, the third approach could not be used.)
95 More explanations on this subject can be found in
96 @url{https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Visibility}, which contains more details
97 on the GCC features and additional advice for C++ libraries, and in
98 Ulrich Drepper's paper @url{https://www.akkadia.org/drepper/dsohowto.pdf},
99 which also explains other tricks for reducing the startup time impact
102 The gnulib autoconf macro @code{gl_VISIBILITY} tests for GCC 4.0 or newer.
103 It defines a Makefile variable @code{@@CFLAG_VISIBILITY@@} containing
104 @samp{-fvisibility=hidden} or nothing. It also defines as a C macro and
105 as a substituted variable: @@HAVE_VISIBILITY@@. Its value is 1 when symbol
106 visibility control is supported, and 0 otherwise.
108 To use this module in a library, say libfoo, you will do these steps:
112 Add @code{@@CFLAG_VISIBILITY@@} or (in a Makefile.am)
113 @code{$(CFLAG_VISIBILITY)} to the CFLAGS for the compilation of the sources
114 that make up the library.
117 Add a C macro definition, say @samp{-DBUILDING_LIBFOO}, to the CPPFLAGS
118 for the compilation of the sources that make up the library.
121 Define a macro specific to your library like this.
123 #if BUILDING_LIBFOO && HAVE_VISIBILITY
124 #define LIBFOO_DLL_EXPORTED __attribute__((__visibility__("default")))
126 #define LIBFOO_DLL_EXPORTED
129 This macro should be enabled in all public header files of your library.
132 Annotate all variable, function and class declarations in all public header
133 files of your library with @samp{LIBFOO_DLL_EXPORTED}. This annotation
134 can occur at different locations: between the @samp{extern} and the
135 type or return type, or just before the entity being declared, or after
136 the entire declarator. My preference is to put it right after @samp{extern},
137 so that the declarations in the header files remain halfway readable.
140 Note that the precise control of the exported symbols will not work with
141 other compilers than GCC >= 4.0, and will not work on systems where the
142 assembler or linker lack the support of ``hidden'' visibility. Therefore,
143 it's good if, in order to reduce the risk of collisions with symbols in
144 other libraries, you continue to use a prefix specific to your library
145 for all non-static variables and functions and for all C++ classes in
148 Note about other compilers: MSVC support can be added easily, by extending
149 the definition of the macro mentioned above, to something like this:
151 #if BUILDING_LIBFOO && HAVE_VISIBILITY
152 #define LIBFOO_DLL_EXPORTED __attribute__((__visibility__("default")))
153 #elif BUILDING_LIBFOO && defined _MSC_VER
154 #define LIBFOO_DLL_EXPORTED __declspec(dllexport)
155 #elif defined _MSC_VER
156 #define LIBFOO_DLL_EXPORTED __declspec(dllimport)
158 #define LIBFOO_DLL_EXPORTED