1 @c GNU verify module documentation
3 @c Copyright (C) 2006, 2009--2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
5 @c Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
6 @c under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
7 @c any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
8 @c Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A
9 @c copy of the license is at <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.en.html>.
11 @node Compile-time Assertions
12 @section Compile-time Assertions
18 This module provides a header file @file{verify.h} that defines
19 macros related to compile-time verification.
21 Two of these macros are @code{verify (@var{V})} and @code{verify_expr
22 (@var{V}, @var{EXPR})}. Both accept an integer constant expression
23 argument @var{V} and verify that it is nonzero. If not, a compile-time error
26 These two macros implement compile-time tests, as opposed to
27 the standard @code{assert} macro which supports only runtime tests.
28 Since the tests occur at compile-time, they are more reliable, and
29 they require no runtime overhead.
31 @code{verify (@var{V});} is a declaration; it can occur outside of
32 functions. In contrast, @code{verify_expr (@var{V}, @var{EXPR})} is
33 an expression that returns the value of @var{EXPR}; it can be used in
34 macros that expand to expressions. If @var{EXPR} is an integer
35 constant expression, then @code{verify_expr (@var{V}, @var{EXPR})} is
36 also an integer constant expression. Although @var{EXPR} and
37 @code{verify_expr (@var{V}, @var{EXPR})}@ are guaranteed to have the
38 same side effects and value and type (after integer promotion), they
39 need not have the same type if @var{EXPR}'s type is an integer that is
40 narrower than @code{int} or @code{unsigned int}.
42 @var{V} should be an integer constant expression in the sense
43 of the C standard. Its leaf operands should be integer, enumeration,
44 or character constants; or @code{sizeof} expressions that return
45 constants; or floating constants that are the immediate operands of
46 casts. Outside a @code{sizeof} subexpression, @var{V} should
47 not contain any assignments, function calls, comma operators, casts to
48 non-integer types, or subexpressions whose values are outside the
49 representable ranges for their types. If @var{V} is not an
50 integer constant expression, then a compiler might reject a usage like
51 @samp{verify (@var{V});} even when @var{V} is
54 Although the standard @code{assert} macro is a runtime test, C2X
55 specifies a builtin @code{_Static_assert (@var{V})},
56 its @file{assert.h} header has a similar macro
57 named @code{static_assert}, and C++17 has a similar
58 @code{static_assert} builtin. These builtins and macros differ
59 from @code{verify} in two major ways. First, they can also be used
60 within a @code{struct} or @code{union} specifier, in place of an
61 ordinary member declaration. Second, they allow the programmer to
62 specify, as an optional second argument, a compile-time diagnostic as
63 a string literal. If your program is not intended to be portable to
64 compilers that lack C2X or C++17 @code{static_assert}, the only
65 advantage of @code{verify} is that its name is a bit shorter.
67 The @file{verify.h} header defines one more macro, @code{assume
68 (@var{E})}, which expands to an expression of type @code{void}
69 that causes the compiler to assume that @var{E} yields a nonzero
70 value. @var{E} should be a scalar expression, and should not
71 have side effects; it may or may not be evaluated. The behavior is
72 undefined if @var{E} would yield zero. The main use of @code{assume}
73 is optimization, as the compiler may be able to generate better code
74 if it assumes @var{E}. For best results, @var{E} should be simple
75 enough that a compiler can determine that it has no side effects: if
76 @var{E} calls an external function or accesses volatile storage the
77 compiler may not be able to optimize @var{E} away and @code{assume
78 (@var{E})} may therefore slow down the program.
80 Here are some example uses of these macros.
88 /* Verify that time_t is an integer type. */
89 verify ((time_t) 1.5 == 1);
91 /* Verify that time_t is no smaller than int. */
92 verify (sizeof (int) <= sizeof (time_t));
94 /* Verify that time_t is signed. */
95 verify ((time_t) -1 < 0);
97 /* Verify that time_t uses two's complement representation. */
98 verify (~ (time_t) -1 == 0);
100 /* Return the maximum value of the integer type T,
101 verifying that T is an unsigned integer type.
102 The cast to (T) is outside the call to verify_expr
103 so that the result is of type T
104 even when T is narrower than unsigned int. */
105 #define MAX_UNSIGNED_VAL(t) \
106 ((T) verify_expr (0 < (T) -1, -1))
108 /* Return T divided by CHAR_MAX + 1, where behavior is
109 undefined if T < 0. In the common case where CHAR_MAX
110 is 127 the compiler can therefore implement the division
111 by shifting T right 7 bits, an optimization that would
112 not be valid if T were negative. */
114 time_index (time_t t)
117 return t / (CHAR_MAX + 1);