6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>]
16 [--help] <command> [<args>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
52 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
55 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
56 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
57 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
62 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
65 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
72 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
82 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
91 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
105 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
108 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
109 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
110 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
111 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
113 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
116 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
117 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
118 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
119 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
120 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
121 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
122 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
123 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
124 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
125 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
127 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
130 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
131 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
132 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
133 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
134 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
135 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
137 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
140 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
141 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
142 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
143 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
144 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
147 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
148 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
149 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
150 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
151 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
152 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
154 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
157 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
158 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
159 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
160 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
162 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
165 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
166 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
167 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
168 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
169 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
170 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
171 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
173 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
176 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
177 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
178 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
179 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
180 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
181 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
182 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
184 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
187 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
188 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
189 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
190 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
191 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
192 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
193 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
195 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
198 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
199 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
200 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
201 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
202 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
203 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
204 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
205 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
207 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
210 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
211 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
212 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
213 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
214 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
215 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
216 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
217 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
218 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
220 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
223 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
224 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
225 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
226 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
227 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
228 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
230 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
233 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
234 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
235 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
238 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
241 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
244 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
245 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
249 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
250 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
252 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
253 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
254 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
255 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
264 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
267 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
268 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
269 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
270 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
272 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
273 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
274 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
278 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
279 given will override values from configuration files.
280 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
281 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
283 --exec-path[=<path>]::
284 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
285 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
286 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
287 the current setting and then exit.
290 Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed
294 Print the path to wherever your git man pages are installed
298 Print the path to wherever your git Info files are installed
303 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
304 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
305 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
309 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
312 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
313 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
314 path or relative path to current working directory.
317 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
318 or a path relative to the current working directory.
319 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
320 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
321 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
322 more detailed discussion).
325 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
326 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
329 --no-replace-objects::
330 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
331 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
334 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
335 ---------------------
337 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
338 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
340 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
341 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
342 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
344 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
346 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
349 The internals are documented in the
350 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
355 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
356 ("plumbing") commands.
358 High-level commands (porcelain)
359 -------------------------------
361 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
362 ancillary user utilities.
364 Main porcelain commands
365 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
367 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
373 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
377 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
380 Interacting with Others
381 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
383 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
384 people via patch over e-mail.
386 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
389 Low-level commands (plumbing)
390 -----------------------------
392 Although git includes its
393 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
394 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
395 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
396 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
398 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
399 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
400 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
401 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
402 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
405 The following description divides
406 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
407 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
408 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
412 Manipulation commands
413 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
415 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
418 Interrogation commands
419 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
421 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
423 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
427 Synching repositories
428 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
430 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
432 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
433 typically do not use them directly.
435 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
438 Internal helper commands
439 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
441 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
442 users typically do not use them directly.
444 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
447 Configuration Mechanism
448 -----------------------
450 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
451 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
452 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
453 people. Here is an example:
457 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
462 ; Don't trust file modes
467 name = "Junio C Hamano"
468 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
472 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
473 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
477 Identifier Terminology
478 ----------------------
480 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
483 Indicates a blob object name.
486 Indicates a tree object name.
489 Indicates a commit object name.
492 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
493 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
494 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
495 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
498 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
499 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
500 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
501 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
504 Indicates that an object type is required.
505 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
508 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
509 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
513 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
517 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
518 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
522 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
526 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
528 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
529 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
532 File/Directory Structure
533 ------------------------
535 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
537 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
539 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
545 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
548 Environment Variables
549 ---------------------
550 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
554 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
555 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
556 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
559 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
560 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
563 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
564 If the object storage directory is specified via this
565 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
566 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
569 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
570 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
571 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
572 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
573 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
574 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
577 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
578 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
579 for the base of the repository.
582 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
583 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
584 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
585 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
586 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
588 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
589 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
590 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
591 up into while looking for a repository directory.
592 It will not exclude the current working directory or
593 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
594 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
596 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
597 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
598 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
599 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
600 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
601 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
602 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
603 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
611 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
612 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
613 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
615 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
620 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
621 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
622 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
623 value passed on the git diff command line.
625 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
626 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
627 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
628 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
629 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
631 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
635 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
636 contents of <old|new>,
637 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
638 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
640 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
641 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
642 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
643 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
644 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
646 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
651 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
652 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
653 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
654 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
657 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
658 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
659 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
660 linkgit:git-config[1].
663 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
664 and 'git push' will use this command instead
665 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
666 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
667 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
668 shell command to execute on that remote system.
670 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
671 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
672 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
674 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
675 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
679 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
680 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
681 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
682 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
683 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
686 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
687 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
688 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
689 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
690 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
691 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
692 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
693 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
696 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
697 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
698 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
699 execution and external command execution.
700 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
701 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
702 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
703 trace messages into this file descriptor.
704 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
705 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
706 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
709 Discussion[[Discussion]]
710 ------------------------
712 More detail on the following is available from the
713 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
714 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
716 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
717 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
718 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
719 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
720 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
721 as tags and branch heads.
723 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
724 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
725 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
726 and some number of parent commits.
728 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
729 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
730 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
731 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
733 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
734 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
735 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
736 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
739 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
740 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
742 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
743 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
744 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
745 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
746 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
747 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
749 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
750 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
751 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
752 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
753 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
754 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
755 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
756 content stored in the index.
758 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
759 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
760 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
764 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
765 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
766 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
767 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
768 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
769 the authors for specific parts of the project.
774 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
775 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
776 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
780 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
781 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
782 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
783 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
784 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
788 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite