git format-patch: avoid underrun when format.headers is empty or all NLs

[git/dscho.git] / Documentation / rev-list-options.txt

Commit Formatting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
Using these options, linkgit:git-rev-list[1] will act similar to the
more specialized family of commit log tools: linkgit:git-log[1],
linkgit:git-show[1], and linkgit:git-whatchanged[1]
endif::git-rev-list[]

include::pretty-options.txt[]

--relative-date::

        Synonym for `--date=relative`.

--date={relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short}::

        Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such
        as when using "--pretty". `log.date` config variable sets a default
        value for log command's --date option.
+
`--date=relative` shows dates relative to the current time,
e.g. "2 hours ago".
+
`--date=local` shows timestamps in user's local timezone.
+
`--date=iso` (or `--date=iso8601`) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format.
+
`--date=rfc` (or `--date=rfc2822`) shows timestamps in RFC 2822
format, often found in E-mail messages.
+
`--date=short` shows only date but not time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format.
+
`--date=default` shows timestamps in the original timezone
(either committer's or author's).

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--header::

        Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is
        separated with a NUL character.
endif::git-rev-list[]

--parents::

        Print the parents of the commit.  Also enables parent
        rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below.

--children::

        Print the children of the commit.  Also enables parent
        rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below.

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--timestamp::
        Print the raw commit timestamp.
endif::git-rev-list[]

--left-right::

        Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from.
        Commits from the left side are prefixed with `<` and those from
        the right with `>`.  If combined with `--boundary`, those
        commits are prefixed with `-`.
+
For example, if you have this topology:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
             y---b---b  branch B
            / \ /
           /   .
          /   / \
         o---x---a---a  branch A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
you would get an output like this:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B

        >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
        >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
        <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
        <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
        -yyyyyyy... 1st on b
        -xxxxxxx... 1st on a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

--graph::

        Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history
        on the left hand side of the output.  This may cause extra lines
        to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history
        to be drawn properly.
+
This implies the '--topo-order' option by default, but the
'--date-order' option may also be specified.

ifndef::git-rev-list[]
Diff Formatting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Below are listed options that control the formatting of diff output.
Some of them are specific to linkgit:git-rev-list[1], however other diff
options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options.

-c::

        This flag changes the way a merge commit is displayed.  It shows
        the differences from each of the parents to the merge result
        simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent
        and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists only files
        which were modified from all parents.

--cc::

        This flag implies the '-c' options and further compresses the
        patch output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in
        the parents have only two variants and the merge result picks
        one of them without modification.

-r::

        Show recursive diffs.

-t::

        Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies '-r'.
endif::git-rev-list[]

Commit Limiting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
special notations explained in the description, additional commit
limiting may be applied.

--

-n 'number'::
--max-count='number'::

        Limit the number of commits output.

--skip='number'::

        Skip 'number' commits before starting to show the commit output.

--since='date'::
--after='date'::

        Show commits more recent than a specific date.

--until='date'::
--before='date'::

        Show commits older than a specific date.

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--max-age='timestamp'::
--min-age='timestamp'::

        Limit the commits output to specified time range.
endif::git-rev-list[]

--author='pattern'::
--committer='pattern'::

        Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
        header lines that match the specified pattern (regular expression).

--grep='pattern'::

        Limit the commits output to ones with log message that
        matches the specified pattern (regular expression).

-i::
--regexp-ignore-case::

        Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case.

-E::
--extended-regexp::

        Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
        instead of the default basic regular expressions.

-F::
--fixed-strings::

        Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret
        pattern as a regular expression).

--remove-empty::

        Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.

--no-merges::

        Do not print commits with more than one parent.

--first-parent::
        Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge
        commit.  This option can give a better overview when
        viewing the evolution of a particular topic branch,
        because merges into a topic branch tend to be only about
        adjusting to updated upstream from time to time, and
        this option allows you to ignore the individual commits
        brought in to your history by such a merge.

--not::

        Reverses the meaning of the '{caret}' prefix (or lack thereof)
        for all following revision specifiers, up to the next '--not'.

--all::

        Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/` are listed on the
        command line as '<commit>'.

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--stdin::

        In addition to the '<commit>' listed on the command
        line, read them from the standard input.

--quiet::

        Don't print anything to standard output.  This form
        is primarily meant to allow the caller to
        test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully
        connected (or not).  It is faster than redirecting stdout
        to /dev/null as the output does not have to be formatted.
endif::git-rev-list[]

--cherry-pick::

        Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
        another commit on the "other side" when the set of
        commits are limited with symmetric difference.
+
For example, if you have two branches, `A` and `B`, a usual way
to list all commits on only one side of them is with
`--left-right`, like the example above in the description of
that option.  It however shows the commits that were cherry-picked
from the other branch (for example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked
from branch A).  With this option, such pairs of commits are
excluded from the output.

-g::
--walk-reflogs::

        Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
        reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
        When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
        exclude (that is, '{caret}commit', 'commit1..commit2',
        nor 'commit1...commit2' notations cannot be used).
+
With '\--pretty' format other than oneline (for obvious reasons),
this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
taken from the reflog.  By default, 'commit@\{Nth}' notation is
used in the output.  When the starting commit is specified as
'commit@\{now}', output also uses 'commit@\{timestamp}' notation
instead.  Under '\--pretty=oneline', the commit message is
prefixed with this information on the same line.
This option cannot be combined with '\--reverse'.
See also linkgit:git-reflog[1].

--merge::

        After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a
        conflict and don't exist on all heads to merge.

--boundary::

        Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually
        not shown.

--

History Simplification
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When optional paths are given, 'git-rev-list' simplifies commits with
various strategies, according to the options you have selected.

Suppose you specified `foo` as the <paths>.  We shall call commits
that modify `foo` !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME.  (In a diff
filtered for `foo`, they look different and equal, respectively.)

In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
illustrate the differences between simplification settings.  We assume
that you are filtering for a file `foo` in this commit graph:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
          .-A---M---N---O---P
         /     /   /   /   /
        I     B   C   D   E
         \   /   /   /   /
          `-------------'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
The horizontal line of history A--P is taken to be the first parent of
each merge.  The commits are:

* `I` is the initial commit, in which `foo` exists with contents
  "asdf", and a file `quux` exists with contents "quux".  Initial
  commits are compared to an empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME.

* In `A`, `foo` contains just "foo".

* `B` contains the same change as `A`.  Its merge `M` is trivial and
  hence TREESAME to all parents.

* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to "foobar",
  so it is not TREESAME to any parent.

* `D` sets `foo` to "baz".  Its merge `O` combines the strings from
  `N` and `D` to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.

* `E` changes `quux` to "xyzzy", and its merge `P` combines the
  strings to "quux xyzzy".  Despite appearing interesting, `P` is
  TREESAME to all parents.

'rev-list' walks backwards through history, including or excluding
commits based on whether '\--full-history' and/or parent rewriting
(via '\--parents' or '\--children') are used.  The following settings
are available.

Default mode::

        Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent
        (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below).  If the
        commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow
        only that parent.  (Even if there are several TREESAME
        parents, follow only one of them.)  Otherwise, follow all
        parents.
+
This results in:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
          .-A---N---O
         /         /
        I---------D
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
available, removed `B` from consideration entirely.  `C` was
considered via `N`, but is TREESAME.  Root commits are compared to an
empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME.
+
Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that does
not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the
parent lines.

--full-history without parent rewriting::

        This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow
        all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them.
        Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are
        included, this does not imply that the merge itself is!  In
        the example, we get
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        I  A  B  N  D  O
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
`P` and `M` were excluded because they are TREESAME to a parent.  `E`,
`C` and `B` were all walked, but only `B` was !TREESAME, so the others
do not appear.
+
Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk
about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show
them disconnected.

--full-history with parent rewriting::

        Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME
        (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below).
+
Merges are always included.  However, their parent list is rewritten:
Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included
themselves.  This results in
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
          .-A---M---N---O---P
         /     /   /   /   /
        I     B   /   D   /
         \   /   /   /   /
          `-------------'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
Compare to '\--full-history' without rewriting above.  Note that `E`
was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
rewritten to contain `E`'s parent `I`.  The same happened for `C` and
`N`.  Note also that `P` was included despite being TREESAME.

In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
affects inclusion:

--dense::

        Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME
        to any parent.

--sparse::

        All commits that are walked are included.
+
Note that without '\--full-history', this still simplifies merges: if
one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other
sides of the merge are never walked.


ifdef::git-rev-list[]
Bisection Helpers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

--bisect::

Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between
the included and excluded commits. Thus, if

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        $ git-rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

outputs 'midpoint', the output of the two commands

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        $ git-rev-list foo ^midpoint
        $ git-rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

would be of roughly the same length.  Finding the change which
introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly
generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length
one.

--bisect-vars::

This calculates the same as `--bisect`, but outputs text ready
to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the name of
the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the
expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is
tested to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be
tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`,
the expected number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev`
turns out to be bad to `bisect_bad`, and the number of commits
we are bisecting right now to `bisect_all`.

--bisect-all::

This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded
commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded
commits. The farthest from them is displayed first. (This is the only
one displayed by `--bisect`.)

This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to
test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they
may not compile for example).

This option can be used along with `--bisect-vars`, in this case,
after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if
`--bisect-vars` had been used alone.
endif::git-rev-list[]


Commit Ordering
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.

--topo-order::

        This option makes them appear in topological order (i.e.
        descendant commits are shown before their parents).

--date-order::

        This option is similar to '--topo-order' in the sense that no
        parent comes before all of its children, but otherwise things
        are still ordered in the commit timestamp order.

--reverse::

        Output the commits in reverse order.
        Cannot be combined with '\--walk-reflogs'.

Object Traversal
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories.

--objects::

        Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
        commits.  '--objects foo ^bar' thus means "send me
        all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit
        object 'bar', but not 'foo'".

--objects-edge::

        Similar to '--objects', but also print the IDs of excluded
        commits prefixed with a "-" character.  This is used by
        linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build "thin" pack, which records
        objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these
        excluded commits to reduce network traffic.

--unpacked::

        Only useful with '--objects'; print the object IDs that are not
        in packs.

--no-walk::

        Only show the given revs, but do not traverse their ancestors.

--do-walk::

        Overrides a previous --no-walk.