Functions to quote and unquote pathnames in C-style.
[git/dscho.git] / Documentation / git.txt
blob796c4f61ea232aef526ab1032879cf3431d6324d
1 git(7)
2 ======
4 NAME
5 ----
6 git - the stupid content tracker
9 SYNOPSIS
10 --------
11 'git-<command>' <args>
13 DESCRIPTION
14 -----------
16 This is reference information for the core git commands.
18 Before reading this cover to cover, you may want to take a look
19 at the link:tutorial.html[tutorial] document.
21 The <<Discussion>> section below contains much useful definition and
22 clarification info - read that first.  And of the commands, I suggest
23 reading gitlink:git-update-index[1] and
24 gitlink:git-read-tree[1] first - I wish I had!
26 If you are migrating from CVS, link:cvs-migration.html[cvs migration]
27 document may be helpful after you finish the tutorial.
29 After you get the general feel from the tutorial and this
30 overview page, you may want to take a look at the
31 link:howto-index.html[howto] documents.
34 David Greaves <david@dgreaves.com>
35 08/05/05
37 Updated by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> on 2005-05-05 to
38 reflect recent changes.
40 Commands Overview
41 -----------------
42 The git commands can helpfully be split into those that manipulate
43 the repository, the cache and the working fileset, those that
44 interrogate and compare them, and those that moves objects and
45 references between repositories.
47 In addition, git itself comes with a spartan set of porcelain
48 commands.  They are usable but are not meant to compete with real
49 Porcelains.
51 There are also some ancillary programs that can be viewed as useful
52 aids for using the core commands but which are unlikely to be used by
53 SCMs layered over git.
55 Manipulation commands
56 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
57 gitlink:git-apply[1]::
58         Reads a "diff -up1" or git generated patch file and
59         applies it to the working tree.
61 gitlink:git-checkout-index[1]::
62         Copy files from the cache to the working directory
63         Previously this command was known as git-checkout-cache.
65 gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]::
66         Creates a new commit object
68 gitlink:git-hash-object[1]::
69         Computes the object ID from a file.
71 gitlink:git-index-pack.html[1]::
72         Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
74 gitlink:git-init-db[1]::
75         Creates an empty git object database
77 gitlink:git-merge-index[1]::
78         Runs a merge for files needing merging
79         Previously this command was known as git-merge-cache.
81 gitlink:git-mktag[1]::
82         Creates a tag object
84 gitlink:git-pack-objects[1]::
85         Creates a packed archive of objects.
87 gitlink:git-prune-packed[1]::
88         Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
90 gitlink:git-read-tree[1]::
91         Reads tree information into the directory cache
93 gitlink:git-unpack-objects[1]::
94         Unpacks objects out of a packed archive.
96 gitlink:git-update-index[1]::
97         Modifies the index or directory cache
98         Previously this command was known as git-update-cache.
100 gitlink:git-write-tree[1]::
101         Creates a tree from the current cache
104 Interrogation commands
105 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
107 gitlink:git-cat-file[1]::
108         Provide content or type information for repository objects
110 gitlink:git-diff-index[1]::
111         Compares content and mode of blobs between the cache and repository
112         Previously this command was known as git-diff-cache.
114 gitlink:git-diff-files[1]::
115         Compares files in the working tree and the cache
117 gitlink:git-diff-stages[1]::
118         Compares two "merge stages" in the index file.
120 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]::
121         Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects
123 gitlink:git-fsck-objects[1]::
124         Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database
125         Previously this command was known as git-fsck-cache.
127 gitlink:git-ls-files[1]::
128         Information about files in the cache/working directory
130 gitlink:git-ls-tree[1]::
131         Displays a tree object in human readable form
133 gitlink:git-merge-base[1]::
134         Finds as good a common ancestor as possible for a merge
136 gitlink:git-rev-list[1]::
137         Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order
139 gitlink:git-show-index[1]::
140         Displays contents of a pack idx file.
142 gitlink:git-tar-tree[1]::
143         Creates a tar archive of the files in the named tree
145 gitlink:git-unpack-file[1]::
146         Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents
148 gitlink:git-var[1]::
149         Displays a git logical variable
151 gitlink:git-verify-pack[1]::
152         Validates packed git archive files
154 The interrogate commands may create files - and you can force them to
155 touch the working file set - but in general they don't
158 Synching repositories
159 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
161 gitlink:git-clone-pack[1]::
162         Clones a repository into the current repository (engine
163         for ssh and local transport)
165 gitlink:git-fetch-pack[1]::
166         Updates from a remote repository.
168 gitlink:git-http-fetch[1]::
169         Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP
170         Previously this command was known as git-http-pull.
172 gitlink:git-local-fetch[1]::
173         Duplicates another git repository on a local system
174         Previously this command was known as git-local-pull.
176 gitlink:git-peek-remote[1]::
177         Lists references on a remote repository using upload-pack protocol.
179 gitlink:git-receive-pack[1]::
180         Invoked by 'git-send-pack' to receive what is pushed to it.
182 gitlink:git-send-pack[1]::
183         Pushes to a remote repository, intelligently.
185 gitlink:git-ssh-fetch[1]::
186         Pulls from a remote repository over ssh connection
187         Previously this command was known as git-ssh-pull.
189 gitlink:git-ssh-upload[1]::
190         Helper "server-side" program used by git-ssh-fetch
191         Previously this command was known as git-ssh-push.
193 gitlink:git-update-server-info[1]::
194         Updates auxiliary information on a dumb server to help
195         clients discover references and packs on it.
197 gitlink:git-upload-pack[1]::
198         Invoked by 'git-clone-pack' and 'git-fetch-pack' to push
199         what are asked for.
202 Porcelain-ish Commands
203 ----------------------
205 gitlink:git-add[1]::
206         Add paths to the index file.
207         Previously this command was known as git-add-script.
209 gitlink:git-applymbox[1]::
210         Apply patches from a mailbox.
212 gitlink:git-bisect[1]::
213         Find the change that introduced a bug.
214         Previously this command was known as git-bisect-script.
216 gitlink:git-branch[1]::
217         Create and Show branches.
218         Previously this command was known as git-branch-script.
220 gitlink:git-checkout[1]::
221         Checkout and switch to a branch.
222         Previously this command was known as git-checkout-script.
224 gitlink:git-cherry-pick[1]::
225         Cherry-pick the effect of an existing commit.
226         Previously this command was known as git-cherry-pick-script.
228 gitlink:git-clone[1]::
229         Clones a repository into a new directory.
230         Previously this command was known as git-clone-script.
232 gitlink:git-commit[1]::
233         Record changes to the repository.
234         Previously this command was known as git-commit-script.
236 gitlink:git-diff[1]::
237         Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
238         Previously this command was known as git-diff-script.
240 gitlink:git-fetch[1]::
241         Download from a remote repository via various protocols.
242         Previously this command was known as git-fetch-script.
244 gitlink:git-format-patch[1]::
245         Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
246         Previously this command was known as git-format-patch-script.
248 gitlink:git-grep[1]::
249         Print lines matching a pattern
251 gitlink:git-log[1]::
252         Shows commit logs.
253         Previously this command was known as git-log-script.
255 gitlink:git-ls-remote[1]::
256         Shows references in a remote or local repository.
257         Previously this command was known as git-ls-remote-script.
259 gitlink:git-merge[1]::
260         Grand unified merge driver.
262 gitlink:git-octopus[1]::
263         Merge more than two commits.
264         Previously this command was known as git-octopus-script.
266 gitlink:git-pull[1]::
267         Fetch from and merge with a remote repository.
268         Previously this command was known as git-pull-script.
270 gitlink:git-push[1]::
271         Update remote refs along with associated objects.
272         Previously this command was known as git-push-script.
274 gitlink:git-rebase[1]::
275         Rebase local commits to new upstream head.
276         Previously this command was known as git-rebase-script.
278 gitlink:git-rename[1]::
279         Rename files and directories.
280         Previously this command was known as git-rename-script.
282 gitlink:git-repack[1]::
283         Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
284         Previously this command was known as git-repack-script.
286 gitlink:git-reset[1]::
287         Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
288         Previously this command was known as git-reset-script.
290 gitlink:git-resolve[1]::
291         Merge two commits.
292         Previously this command was known as git-resolve-script.
294 gitlink:git-revert[1]::
295         Revert an existing commit.
296         Previously this command was known as git-revert-script.
298 gitlink:git-shortlog[1]::
299         Summarizes 'git log' output.
301 gitlink:git-show-branch[1]::
302         Show branches and their commits.
304 gitlink:git-status[1]::
305         Shows the working tree status.
306         Previously this command was known as git-status-script.
308 gitlink:git-verify-tag[1]::
309         Check the GPG signature of tag.
310         Previously this command was known as git-verify-tag-script.
312 gitlink:git-whatchanged[1]::
313         Shows commit logs and differences they introduce.
316 Ancillary Commands
317 ------------------
318 Manipulators:
320 gitlink:git-applypatch[1]::
321         Apply one patch extracted from an e-mail.
323 gitlink:git-archimport[1]::
324         Import an arch repository into git.
325         Previously this command was known as git-archimport-script.
327 gitlink:git-convert-objects[1]::
328         Converts old-style git repository
329         Previously this command was known as git-convert-cache.
331 gitlink:git-cvsimport[1]::
332         Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
333         Previously this command was known as git-cvsimport-script.
335 gitlink:git-merge-one-file[1]::
336         The standard helper program to use with "git-merge-index"
337         Previously this command was known as git-merge-one-file-script.
339 gitlink:git-prune[1]::
340         Prunes all unreachable objects from the object database
341         Previously this command was known as git-prune-script.
343 gitlink:git-relink[1]::
344         Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
345         Previously this command was known as git-relink-script.
347 gitlink:git-sh-setup[1]::
348         Common git shell script setup code.
349         Previously this command was known as git-sh-setup-script.
351 gitlink:git-tag[1]::
352         An example script to create a tag object signed with GPG
353         Previously this command was known as git-tag-script.
356 Interrogators:
358 gitlink:git-cherry[1]::
359         Find commits not merged upstream.
361 gitlink:git-count-objects[1]::
362         Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
363         Previously this command was known as git-count-objects-script.
365 gitlink:git-daemon[1]::
366         A really simple server for git repositories.
368 gitlink:git-get-tar-commit-id[1]::
369         Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-tar-tree.
371 gitlink:git-mailinfo[1]::
372         Extracts patch from a single e-mail message.
374 gitlink:git-mailsplit[1]::
375         git-mailsplit.
377 gitlink:git-patch-id[1]::
378         Compute unique ID for a patch.
380 gitlink:git-parse-remote[1]::
381         Routines to help parsing $GIT_DIR/remotes/
382         Previously this command was known as git-parse-remote-script.
384 gitlink:git-request-pull[1]::
385         git-request-pull.
386         Previously this command was known as git-request-pull-script.
388 gitlink:git-rev-parse[1]::
389         Pick out and massage parameters.
391 gitlink:git-send-email[1]::
392         Send patch e-mails out of "format-patch --mbox" output.
393         Previously this command was known as git-send-email-script.
395 gitlink:git-stripspace[1]::
396         Filter out empty lines.
399 Commands not yet documented
400 ---------------------------
402 gitlink:gitk[1]::
403         gitk.
406 Identifier Terminology
407 ----------------------
408 <object>::
409         Indicates the sha1 identifier for any type of object
411 <blob>::
412         Indicates a blob object sha1 identifier
414 <tree>::
415         Indicates a tree object sha1 identifier
417 <commit>::
418         Indicates a commit object sha1 identifier
420 <tree-ish>::
421         Indicates a tree, commit or tag object sha1 identifier.  A
422         command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
423         operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
424         <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
426 <type>::
427         Indicates that an object type is required.
428         Currently one of: blob/tree/commit/tag
430 <file>::
431         Indicates a filename - always relative to the root of
432         the tree structure GIT_INDEX_FILE describes.
434 Symbolic Identifiers
435 --------------------
436 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
437 symbolic notation:
439 HEAD::
440         indicates the head of the repository (ie the contents of
441         `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`)
442 <tag>::
443         a valid tag 'name'+
444         (ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`)
445 <head>::
446         a valid head 'name'+
447         (ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`)
448 <snap>::
449         a valid snapshot 'name'+
450         (ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/snap/<snap>`)
453 File/Directory Structure
454 ------------------------
456 Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
458 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
459 GIT_DIR.
462 Terminology
463 -----------
464 Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
467 Environment Variables
468 ---------------------
469 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
471 The git Repository
472 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
473 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
474 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
475 git so take care if using Cogito etc
477 'GIT_INDEX_FILE'::
478         This environment allows the specification of an alternate
479         cache/index file. If not specified, the default of
480         `$GIT_DIR/index` is used.
482 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
483         If the object storage directory is specified via this
484         environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
485         underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
486         directory is used.
488 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
489         Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
490         archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
491         specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which
492         can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be
493         written to these directories.
495 'GIT_DIR'::
496         If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it specifies
497         a path to use instead of `./.git` for the base of the
498         repository.
500 git Commits
501 ~~~~~~~~~~~
502 'GIT_AUTHOR_NAME'::
503 'GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL'::
504 'GIT_AUTHOR_DATE'::
505 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
506 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
507         see gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]
509 git Diffs
510 ~~~~~~~~~
511 'GIT_DIFF_OPTS'::
512 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
513         see the "generating patches" section in :
514         gitlink:git-diff-index[1];
515         gitlink:git-diff-files[1];
516         gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]
518 Discussion[[Discussion]]
519 ------------------------
520 include::../README[]
522 Author
523 ------
524 Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
526 Documentation
527 --------------
528 Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
532 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite