Understand the -exec ... {} \+ construction (for multiple

[findutils.git] / find / find.1

.TH FIND 1 \" -*- nroff -*-
.SH NAME
find \- search for files in a directory hierarchy
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B find 
[\-H] [\-L] [\-P] [path...] [expression]
.SH DESCRIPTION
This manual page
documents the GNU version of
.BR find .
GNU
.B find
searches the directory tree rooted at each given file name by
evaluating the given expression from left to right, according to the
rules of precedence (see section OPERATORS), until the outcome is
known (the left hand side is false for \fIand\fR operations, true for
\fIor\fR), at which point
.B find
moves on to the next file name.
.PP
The `\-H', `\-L' and `\-P' options control the treatment of symbolic
links.  Command-line arguments following these are taken to be names
of files or directories to be examined, up to the first argument that
begins with `\-', `(', `)', `,', or `!'.  That argument and any
following arguments are taken to be the expression describing what is
to be searched for.  If no paths are given, the current directory is
used.  If no expression is given, the expression `\-print' is used
(but you should probably consider using `\-print0' instead, anyway).
.PP
This manual page talks about `options' within the expression list.
These options control the behaviour of 
.B find
but are specified immediately after the last path name.  The two
`real' options `\-H', `\-L' and `\-P' must appear before the first
path name, if at all.
.SH OPTIONS
.IP \-P
Never follow symbolic links.  This is the default behaviour.  When 
.B find
examines or prints information a file, and the file is a symbolic
link, the information used shall be taken from the properties of the
symbolic link itself.  

.IP \-L
Follow symbolic links.  When 
.B find
examines or prints information about files, the information used shall
be taken from the properties of the file to which the link points, not
from the link itself (unless it is a broken symbolic link or 
.B find
is unable to examine the file to which the link points).  Use of this
option implies \-noleaf.  If you later use the \-P option, \-noleaf
will still be in effect.

.IP \-H
Do not follow symbolic links, except those appearing on the command
line.  When
.B find
examines or prints information about files, the information used 
shall be taken from the properties of the symbolic link itself.   The
only exception to this behaviour is when a file specified on the
command line is a symbolic link, and the link can be resolved.  For
that situation, the information used is taken from whatever the link
points to (that is, the link is followed).  The information about the
link itself is used as a fallback if the file pointed to by the
symbolic link cannot be examined.

When the \-H option is in effect, the \-type predicate will always
match against the type of the file that a symbolic link points to
rather than the link itself (unless the symbolic link is broken).
Using \-H causes the \-lname and \-ilname predicates always to return
false.
.P
If more than one of \-H, \-L and \-P are both specified, each
overrides the others; the last one appearing on the command line takes
effect.  Since it is the default, the \-P option should be considered
to be in effect unless either \-H or \-L is specified.

GNU 
.B find
frequently stats files during the processing of the command line
itself, before any searching has begun.  These options also affect how
those arguments are processed.  Specifically, there are a number of
tests that compare files listed on the command line against a file we
are currently considering.  In each case, the file specified on the
command line will have been examined and some of its properties will
have been saved.  If the named file is in fact a symbolic link, and
the \-P option is in effect (or if neither \-H nor \-L were
specified), the information used for the comparison will be taken from
the properties of the symbolic link.  Otherwise, it will be taken from
the properties of the file the link points to.  If
.B find 
cannot follow the link (for example because it has insufficient
privileges or the link points to a nonexistent file) the properties of
the link itself will be used.
.P
When the \-H or \-L options are in effect, any symbolic links listed
as the argument of \-newer will be dereferenced, and the timestamp
will be taken from the file to which the symbolic link points.  The
same consideration applies to \-anewer and \-cnewer.

Similarly, when \-H or \-L is in effect, the \-type predicate will
always match against the type of the file that a symbolic link points
to rather than the link itself (unless the link is broken or cannot be
dereferenced).  Using \-H or \-L causes the \-lname and \-ilname
predicates always to return false (again, except in the case of broken
links).

The \-follow option has a similar effect to \-L, though it takes
effect at the point where it appears (that is, if \-L is not used but
\-follow is, any symbolic links appearing after it on the command line
will be dereferenced).

.P
.SH EXPRESSIONS
The expression is made up of options (which affect overall operation
rather than the processing of a specific file, and always return true),
tests (which return a true or false value), and actions (which have side
effects and return a true or false value), all separated by operators.
\-and is assumed where the operator is omitted.  If the expression contains
no actions other than \-prune, \-print is performed on all files
for which the expression is true.
.SS OPTIONS
.P
All options always return true.  Except for \-follow and \-daystart,
they always take effect, rather than being processed only when their
place in the expression is reached.  Therefore, for clarity, it is
best to place them at the beginning of the expression.  A warning is
issued if you don't do this.
.IP \-daystart
Measure times (for \-amin, \-atime, \-cmin, \-ctime, \-mmin, and \-mtime)
from the beginning of today rather than from 24 hours ago.  This
option only affects tests which appear later on the command line.
.IP \-depth
Process each directory's contents before the directory itself.
.IP \-d
A synonym for \-depth, for compatibility with FreeBSD, NetBSD, MacOS X and OpenBSD.
.IP \-follow
Deprecated; use the \-L option instead.  Dereference symbolic links.
Implies \-noleaf.  Unless the \-H or \-L option has been specified,
the position of the \-follow option changes the behaviour of the
\-newer predicate; any files listed as the argument of \-newer will be
dereferenced if they are symbolic links.  The same consideration
applies to \-anewer and \-cnewer.  Similarly, the \-type predicate
will always match against the type of the file that a symbolic link
points to rather than the link itself.  Using \-follow causes the
\-lname and \-ilname predicates always to return false.
.IP "\-help, \-\-help"
Print a summary of the command-line usage of
.B find
and exit.
.IP \-ignore_readdir_race
Normally, \fBfind\fR will emit an error message when it fails to stat a file.
If you give this option and a file is deleted between the time \fBfind\fR 
reads the name of the file from the directory and the time it tries to stat 
the file, nno error message will be issued.    This also applies to files
or directories whose names are given on the command line.  This option takes
effect at the time the command line is read, which means that you cannot search
one part of the filesystem with this option on and part of it with this option
off (if you need to do that, you will need to issue two \fBfind\fR commands
instead, one with the option and one without it).
.IP "\-maxdepth \fIlevels\fR"
Descend at most \fIlevels\fR (a non-negative integer) levels of
directories below the command line arguments.  `\-maxdepth 0' means
only apply the tests and actions to the command line arguments.
.IP "\-mindepth \fIlevels\fR"
Do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than \fIlevels\fR (a
non-negative integer).  `\-mindepth 1' means process all files except
the command line arguments.
.IP \-mount
Don't descend directories on other filesystems.  An alternate name for
\-xdev, for compatibility with some other versions of
.BR find .
.IP \-noignore_readdir_race
Turns off the effect of \-ignore_readdir_race. 
.IP "\-noleaf"
Do not optimize by assuming that directories contain 2 fewer
subdirectories than their hard link count.  This option is needed when
searching filesystems that do not follow the Unix directory-link
convention, such as CD-ROM or MS-DOS filesystems or AFS volume mount
points.  Each directory on a normal Unix filesystem has at least 2
hard links: its name and its `.'  entry.  Additionally, its
subdirectories (if any) each have a `..'  entry linked to that
directory.  When
.B find
is examining a directory, after it has statted 2 fewer subdirectories
than the directory's link count, it knows that the rest of the entries
in the directory are non-directories (`leaf' files in the directory
tree).  If only the files' names need to be examined, there is no need
to stat them; this gives a significant increase in search speed.
.IP "\-version, \-\-version"
Print the \fBfind\fR version number and exit.
.IP "\-warn, \-nowarn"
Turn warning messages on or off.  These warnings apply only to the
command line usage, not to any conditions that 
.B find 
might encounter when it searches directories.  The default behaviour
corresponds to \-warn if standard input is a tty, and to \-nowarn
otherwise.
.IP \-xdev
Don't descend directories on other filesystems.

.SS TESTS
.P
Numeric arguments can be specified as
.IP \fI+n\fP
for greater than
.IR n ,
.IP \fI\-n\fP
for less than
.IR n ,
.IP \fIn\fP
for exactly
.IR n .
.IP "\-amin \fIn\fR"
File was last accessed \fIn\fR minutes ago.
.IP "\-anewer \fIfile\fR"
File was last accessed more recently than \fIfile\fR was modified.  If
\fIfile\fR is a symbolic link and the \-H option or the \-L option is
in effect, the access time of the file it points to is always
used.
.IP "\-atime \fIn\fR"
File was last accessed \fIn\fR*24 hours ago.  
When find figures out how many 24-hour preiods ago the file 
was last accessed, any fractional part is ignored, so to match 
.B \-atime 
.BR +1 ,
a file has to have been modified at least 
.I two
days ago.
.IP "\-cmin \fIn\fR"
File's status was last changed \fIn\fR minutes ago.
.IP "\-cnewer \fIfile\fR"
File's status was last changed more recently than \fIfile\fR was
modified.  If \fIfile\fR is a symbolic link and the \-H option or the
\-L option is in effect, the status-change time of the file it points
to is always used.

.IP "\-ctime \fIn\fR"
File's status was last changed \fIn\fR*24 hours ago.
See the comments for 
.B \-atime 
to understand how rounding affects the interpretation of file status
change times.
.IP \-empty
File is empty and is either a regular file or a directory.
.IP \-false
Always false.
.IP "\-fstype \fItype\fR"
File is on a filesystem of type \fItype\fR.  The valid filesystem
types vary among different versions of Unix; an incomplete list of
filesystem types that are accepted on some version of Unix or another
is: ufs, 4.2, 4.3, nfs, tmp, mfs, S51K, S52K.  You can use \-printf
with the %F directive to see the types of your filesystems.
.IP "\-gid \fIn\fR"
File's numeric group ID is \fIn\fR.
.IP "\-group \fIgname\fR"
File belongs to group \fIgname\fR (numeric group ID allowed).
.IP "\-ilname \fIpattern\fR"
Like \-lname, but the match is case insensitive.
If the \-L option or the \-follow option is in effect, this test 
returns false unless the symbolic link is broken.
.IP "\-iname \fIpattern\fR"
Like \-name, but the match is case insensitive.  For example, the
patterns `fo*' and `F??' match the file names `Foo', `FOO', `foo',
`fOo', etc.   In these patterns, unlike filename expansion by the
shell, an initial '.' can be matched by '*'.  That is, 
.B find \-name *bar 
will match the file `.foobar'.

.IP "\-inum \fIn\fR"
File has inode number \fIn\fR.  It is normally easier to use the 
.B \-samefile
test instead.
.IP "\-ipath \fIpattern\fR"
Behaves in the same way as \-iwholename.  This option is deprecated,
so please do not use it.
.IP "\-iregex \fIpattern\fR"
Like \-regex, but the match is case insensitive.
.IP "\-iwholename \fIpattern\fR"
Like \-wholename, but the match is case insensitive.
.IP "\-links \fIn\fR"
File has \fIn\fR links.
.IP "\-lname \fIpattern\fR"
File is a symbolic link whose contents match shell pattern
\fIpattern\fR.  The metacharacters do not treat `/' or `.' specially.
If the \-L option or the \-follow option is in effect, this test 
returns false unless the symbolic link is broken.
.IP "\-mmin \fIn\fR"
File's data was last modified \fIn\fR minutes ago.
.IP "\-mtime \fIn\fR"
File's data was last modified \fIn\fR*24 hours ago.
See the comments for 
.B \-atime 
to understand how rounding affects the interpretation of file
modification times.
.IP "\-name \fIpattern\fR"
Base of file name (the path with the leading directories removed)
matches shell pattern \fIpattern\fR.  The metacharacters (`*', `?',
and `[]') match a `.' at the start of the base name (this is a change
in findutils-4.2.2; see section STANDARDS CONFORMANCE below).  To ignore a
directory and the files under it, use \-prune; see an example in the
description of \-wholename.  Braces are not recognised as being
special, despite the fact that some shells including Bash ibmue braces
with a special meaning in shell patterns.  The filename matching is
performed with the use of the
.BR fnmatch (3) 
library function.
.IP "\-newer \fIfile\fR"
File was modified more recently than \fIfile\fR.  If \fIfile\fR is a
symbolic link and the \-H option or the \-L option is in effect, the
modification time of the file it points to is always used.
.IP \-nouser
No user corresponds to file's numeric user ID.
.IP \-nogroup
No group corresponds to file's numeric group ID.
.IP "\-path \fIpattern\fR"
See \-wholename.   The predicate \-path is also supported by HP-UX 
.BR find .
.IP "\-perm \fImode\fR"
File's permission bits are exactly \fImode\fR (octal or symbolic).
Since an exact match is required, if you want to use this form for
symbolic modes, you may have to specify a rather complex mode string.
For example '\-perm g=w' will only match files which have mode 0020
(that is, ones for which group write permission is the only permission
set).  It is more likely that you will want to use the '+' or '-'
forms, for example '\-perm -g=w', which matches any file with group
write permission.  See the
.B EXAMPLES 
section for some illustrative examples.
.IP "\-perm \-\fImode\fR"
All of the permission bits \fImode\fR are set for the file.
Symbolic modes are accepted in this form, and this is usually the way
in which would want to use them.  You must specify 'u', 'g' or 'o' if
you use a symbolic mode.   See the 
.B EXAMPLES 
section for some illustrative examples.
.IP "\-perm +\fImode\fR"
Any of the permission bits \fImode\fR are set for the file.  Symbolic
modes are accepted in this form.  You must specify 'u', 'g' or 'o' if
you use a symbolic mode.  See the
.B EXAMPLES 
section for some illustrative examples.
.IP "\-regex \fIpattern\fR"
File name matches regular expression \fIpattern\fR.  This is a match
on the whole path, not a search.  For example, to match a file named
`./fubar3', you can use the regular expression `.*bar.' or `.*b.*3',
but not `f.*r3'.  The regular expressions understood by 
.B find 
follow the conventions for the 
.B re_match 
system library function where this is present (i.e. on systems using
the GNU C Library).  On other systems, the implementation within
Gnulib is used; by default, Gnulib provides ``basic'' regular
expressions.
.IP "\-samefile \fIname\fR"
File refers to the same inode as \fIname\fR.   When -L is in effect,
this can include symbolic links.
.IP "\-size \fIn\fR[cwbkMG]"
File uses \fIn\fP units of space.  The following suffixes 
can be used:
.RS
.IP `b' 
for 512-byte blocks (this is the default if no suffix is used)
.IP `c' 
for bytes
.IP `w' 
for two-byte words
.IP `k' 
for Kilobytes (units of 1024 bytes)
.IP `M' 
for Megabytes (units of 1048576 bytes)
.IP `G' 
for Gigabytes (units of 1073741824 bytes)
.RE
.IP
The size does not count indirect blocks, but it does count blocks in
sparse files that are not actually allocated.  Bear in mind that the
`%k' and `%b' format specifiers of \-printf handle sparse files
differently.  The `b' suffix always denotes 512-byte blocks and never
1 Kilobyte blocks, which is different to the behaviour of \-ls.

.IP \-true
Always true.
.IP "\-type \fIc\fR"
File is of type \fIc\fR:
.RS
.IP b
block (buffered) special
.IP c
character (unbuffered) special
.IP d
directory
.IP p
named pipe (FIFO)
.IP f
regular file
.IP l
symbolic link (never true if the \-L option or the \-follow option is
in effect, unless the symbolic link is broken).
.IP s
socket
.IP D
door (Solaris)
.RE
.IP "\-uid \fIn\fR"
File's numeric user ID is \fIn\fR.
.IP "\-used \fIn\fR"
File was last accessed \fIn\fR days after its status was last changed.
.IP "\-user \fIuname\fR"
File is owned by user \fIuname\fR (numeric user ID allowed).
.IP "\-wholename \fIpattern\fR"
File name matches shell pattern \fIpattern\fR.  The metacharacters do
not treat `/' or `.' specially; so, for example,
.br
.in +1i
find . \-wholename './sr*sc'
.br
.in -1i
will print an entry for a directory called './src/misc' (if one
exists).  To ignore a whole directory tree, use \-prune rather than
checking every file in the tree.  For example, to skip the
directory `src/emacs' and all files and directories under it, and
print the names of the other files found, do something like this:
.br
.in +1i
find . \-wholename './src/emacs' \-prune \-o \-print
.br
.in -1i
.IP "\-xtype \fIc\fR"
The same as \-type unless the file is a symbolic link.  For symbolic
links: if the \-H or \-P option was specified, true if the file is a
link to a file of type \fIc\fR; if the \-L option has been given, true
if \fIc\fR is `l'.  In other words, for symbolic links, \-xtype checks
the type of the file that \-type does not check.

.SS ACTIONS
.IP "\-delete\fR"
Delete files; true if removal succeeded.  If the removal failed, an
error message is issued.

.IP "\-exec \fIcommand\fR ;"
Execute \fIcommand\fR; true if 0 status is returned.  All following
arguments to
.B find
are taken to be arguments to the command until an argument consisting
of `;' is encountered.  The string `{}' is replaced by the current
file name being processed everywhere it occurs in the arguments to the
command, not just in arguments where it is alone, as in some versions
of
.BR find .
Both of these constructions might need to be escaped (with a `\e') or
quoted to protect them from expansion by the shell.  See the
.B EXAMPLES
section for examples of the use of the `\-exec' option.
The command is executed in the starting directory.

.IP "\-exec \fIcommand\fR +"
This variant of \-exec is not yet supported, but is required by POSIX.

.IP "\-fls \fIfile\fR"
True; like \-ls but write to \fIfile\fR like \-fprint.
The output file is always created, even if the predicate is never matched.
.IP "\-fprint \fIfile\fR"
True; print the full file name into file \fIfile\fR.  If \fIfile\fR
does not exist when \fBfind\fR is run, it is created; if it does
exist, it is truncated.  The file names ``/dev/stdout'' and
``/dev/stderr'' are handled specially; they refer to the standard
output and standard error output, respectively.
The output file is always created, even if the predicate is never matched.
.IP "\-fprint0 \fIfile\fR"
True; like \-print0 but write to \fIfile\fR like \-fprint.
The output file is always created, even if the predicate is never matched.
.IP "\-fprintf \fIfile\fR \fIformat\fR"
True; like \-printf but write to \fIfile\fR like \-fprint.
The output file is always created, even if the predicate is never matched.
.IP "\-ok \fIcommand\fR ;"
Like \-exec but ask the user first (on the standard input); if the
response does not start with `y' or `Y', do not run the command, and
return false.
.IP \-print
True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a
newline.   If you are piping the output of 
.B find 
into another program and there is the faintest possibility that the files 
which you are searching for might contain a newline, then you should 
seriously consider using the `\-print0' option instead of `\-print'.

.IP \-print0
True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a
null character (instead of the newline character that `\-print' uses).
This allows file names that contain newlines or other types of white
space to be correctly interpreted by programs that process the
\fBfind\fR output.  This option corresponds to the `\-0' option of
.BR xargs .
.IP "\-printf \fIformat\fR"
True; print \fIformat\fR on the standard output, interpreting `\e'
escapes and `%' directives.  Field widths and precisions can be
specified as with the `printf' C function.  Please note that many of
the fields are printed as %s rather than %d, and this may mean that
flags don't work as you might expect.  This also means that the `\-'
flag does work (it forces fields to be left-aligned).  Unlike \-print,
\-printf does not add a newline at the end of the string.  The escapes
and directives are:
.RS
.IP \ea
Alarm bell.
.IP \eb
Backspace.
.IP \ec
Stop printing from this format immediately and flush the output.
.IP \ef
Form feed.
.IP \en
Newline.
.IP \er
Carriage return.
.IP \et
Horizontal tab.
.IP \ev
Vertical tab.
.IP \e\0
ASCII NUL.
.IP \e\e
A literal backslash (`\e').
.IP \eNNN
The character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal).
.PP
A `\e' character followed by any other character is treated as an
ordinary character, so they both are printed.
.IP %%
A literal percent sign.
.IP %a
File's last access time in the format returned by the C `ctime' function.
.IP %A\fIk\fP
File's last access time in the format specified by \fIk\fR, which is
either `@' or a directive for the C `strftime' function.  The possible
values for \fIk\fR are listed below; some of them might not be
available on all systems, due to differences in `strftime' between
systems.  
.RS
.IP @
seconds since Jan. 1, 1970, 00:00 GMT.
.PP
Time fields:
.IP H
hour (00..23)
.IP I
hour (01..12)
.IP k
hour ( 0..23)
.IP l
hour ( 1..12)
.IP M
minute (00..59)
.IP p
locale's AM or PM
.IP r
time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
.IP S
second (00..61)
.IP T
time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)
.IP +
Date and time, separated by '+', for example `2004\-04\-28+22:22:05'.
The time is given in the current timezone (which may be affected by
setting the TZ environment variable).  This is a GNU extension.
.IP X
locale's time representation (H:M:S)
.IP Z
time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time zone is determinable
.PP
Date fields:
.IP a
locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat)
.IP A
locale's full weekday name, variable length (Sunday..Saturday)
.IP b
locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec)
.IP B
locale's full month name, variable length (January..December)
.IP c
locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989)
.IP d
day of month (01..31)
.IP D
date (mm/dd/yy)
.IP h
same as b
.IP j
day of year (001..366)
.IP m
month (01..12)
.IP U
week number of year with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
.IP w
day of week (0..6)
.IP W
week number of year with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
.IP x
locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy)
.IP y
last two digits of year (00..99)
.IP Y
year (1970...)
.RE
.IP %b
File's size in 512-byte blocks (rounded up).
.IP %c
File's last status change time in the format returned by the C `ctime'
function.
.IP %C\fIk\fP
File's last status change time in the format specified by \fIk\fR,
which is the same as for %A.
.IP %d
File's depth in the directory tree; 0 means the file is a command line
argument.
.IP %D
The device number on which the file exists (the st_dev field of struct
stat), in decimal.
.IP %f
File's name with any leading directories removed (only the last element).
.IP %F
Type of the filesystem the file is on; this value can be used for
\-fstype.
.IP %g
File's group name, or numeric group ID if the group has no name.
.IP %G
File's numeric group ID.
.IP %h
Leading directories of file's name (all but the last element).
.IP %H
Command line argument under which file was found.
.IP %i
File's inode number (in decimal).
.IP %k
The amount of disk space used for this file in 1K blocks (rounded
up).  This is different from %s/1024 if the file is a sparse file.
.IP %l
Object of symbolic link (empty string if file is not a symbolic link).
.IP %m
File's permission bits (in octal).  This option uses the 'traditional'
numbers which most Unix implementations use, but if your particular 
implementation uses an unusual ordering of octal permissions bits, you
will see a difference between the actual value of the file's mode and
the output of %m.   Normally you will want to have a leading
zero on this number, and to do this, you should use the 
.B #
flag (as in, for example, '%#m').
.IP %n
Number of hard links to file.
.IP %p
File's name.
.IP %P
File's name with the name of the command line argument under which
it was found removed.
.IP %s
File's size in bytes.
.IP %t
File's last modification time in the format returned by the C `ctime'
function.
.IP %T\fIk\fP
File's last modification time in the format specified by \fIk\fR, 
which is the same as for %A.
.IP %u
File's user name, or numeric user ID if the user has no name.
.IP %U
File's numeric user ID.
.IP %y
File's type (like in ls \-l), U=unknown type (shouldn't happen)
.IP %Y
File's type (like %y), plus follow symlinks: L=loop, N=nonexistent
.PP
A `%' character followed by any other character is discarded (but the
other character is printed).

The %m and %d directives support the 
.B #
, 
.B 0 
and 
.B + 
flags, but the other directives do not, even if they
print numbers.  Numeric directives that do not support these flags
include 
.BR G , 
.BR U , 
.BR b , 
.BR D , 
.B  k 
and 
.BR n .
The `\-' format flag is supported and changes the alignment of a field
from right-justified (which is the default) to left-justified.


.RE
.IP \-prune
If \-depth is not given, true; if the file is a directory, do not descend
into it.
.br
If \-depth is given, false; no effect.

.IP "\-quit"
Exit immediately with return value zero.  No child proceses will be
left running, but no more paths specified on the command line will be 
processed.   For example,
.B find /tmp/foo /tmp/bar \-print \-quit
will print only
.BR /tmp/foo .


.IP \-ls
True; list current file in `ls \-dils' format on standard output.
The block counts are of 1K blocks, unless the environment variable
POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte blocks are used.

.SS OPERATORS
.P
Listed in order of decreasing precedence:
.IP "( \fIexpr\fR )"
Force precedence.
.IP "! \fIexpr\fR"
True if \fIexpr\fR is false.
.IP "\-not \fIexpr\fR"
Same as ! \fIexpr\fR.
.IP "\fIexpr1 expr2\fR"
And (implied); \fIexpr2\fR is not evaluated if \fIexpr1\fR is false.
.IP "\fIexpr1\fR \-a \fIexpr2\fR"
Same as \fIexpr1 expr2\fR.
.IP "\fIexpr1\fR \-and \fIexpr2\fR"
Same as \fIexpr1 expr2\fR.
.IP "\fIexpr1\fR \-o \fIexpr2\fR"
Or; \fIexpr2\fR is not evaluated if \fIexpr1\fR is true.
.IP "\fIexpr1\fR \-or \fIexpr2\fR"
Same as \fIexpr1\fR \-o \fIexpr2\fR.
.IP "\fIexpr1\fR , \fIexpr2\fR"
List; both \fIexpr1\fR and \fIexpr2\fR are always evaluated.
The value of \fIexpr1\fR is discarded; the value of the list is the
value of \fIexpr2\fR.   
The comma operator can be useful for searching for several
different types of thing, but traversing the filesystem hierarchy only
once.   The 
.B \-fprintf  
action can be used to list the various matched items into several
different output files.


.SH "STANDARDS CONFORMANCE"
The following options are specified in the POSIX standard 
(IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition):
.IP "\-H"
This option is supported.
.IP "\-L"
This option is supported.
.IP "\-name"
This option is supported, but POSIX conformance depends on the 
POSIX conformance of the system's 
.BR fnmatch (3) 
library function.  As of findutils-4.2.2, shell metacharacters
('*'. '?' or '[]' for example) will match a leading '.', because 
IEEE PASC interpretation 126 requires this.   This is a change from
previous versions of findutils.
.IP "\-type"
Supported.   POSIX specifies `b', `c', `d', `l', `p', `f' and `s'.
GNU find also supports `D', representing a Door, where the OS provides these.

.IP "\-ok"
Supported.   Interpretation of the response is not locale-dependent
(see ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES).

.IP "\-exec"
Supported for the `{} ;' case, but the '{} +' variant is not supported yet.

.IP "\-newer"
Supported.  If the file specified is a symbolic link, it is always
dereferenced.  This is a change from previous behaviour, which used to 
take the relevant time from the symbolic link; see the HISTORY section
below.

.IP "Other predicates"
The predicates
`\-atime',
`\-ctime',
`\-depth',
`\-group',
`\-links',
`\-mtime',
`\-nogroup',
`\-nouser',
`\-perm',
`\-print',
`\-prune',
`\-size',
`\-user' and 
`\-xdev',
are all supported.

.P
The POSIX standard specifies parentheses `(', `)', negation `!' and the
`and' and `or' operators (`\-a', `\-o').   
.P
All other options, predicates, expressions and so forth are extensions 
beyond the POSIX standard.  Many of these extensions are not unique to 
GNU find, however.
.P
The POSIX standard requires that 
.IP
The 
.B find
utility shall detect infinite loops; that is, entering a
previously visited directory that is an ancestor of the last file
encountered. When it detects an infinite loop, find shall write a
diagnostic message to standard error and shall either recover its
position in the hierarchy or terminate.
.P
The link count of directories which contain entries which are hard
links to an ancestor will often be lower than they otherwise should
be.  This can mean that GNU find will sometimes optimise away the
visiting of a subdirectory which is actually a link to an ancestor.
Since 
.B find
does not actually enter such a subdirectory, it is allowed to avoid
emitting a diagnostic message.  Although this behaviour may be
somewhat confusing, it is unlikely that anybody actually depends on
this behaviour.  If the leaf optimisation has been turned off with
.BR -noleaf ,
the directory entry will always be examined and the diagnostic message
will be issued where it is appropriate.  Symbolic links cannot be used
to create filesystem cycles as such, but if the \-L option or the
\-follow option is in use, a diagnostic message is issued when 
.B find 
encounters a loop of symbolic links.  As with loops containing hard
links, the leaf optimisation will often mean that 
.B find
knows that it doesn't need to call 
.I stat()
or
.I chdir() 
on the symbolic link, so this diagnostic is frequently not necessary.
.P
The \-d option is supported for comatibility with various BSD systems,
but you should use the POSIX-compliant predicate \-depth instead.
.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
.IP POSIXLY_CORRECT
Determines the block size used by `-ls'.
.IP LANG
Provides a default value for the internationalization variables that
are unset or null.
.IP LC_ALL
If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the
other internationalization variables.
.IP LC_COLLATE
The POSIX standard specifies that this variable affects the pattern
matching to be used for the `\-name' option.   GNU find uses the 
.BR fnmatch (3) 
library function, and so support for `LC_COLLATE' depends on the
system library.    
.IP
POSIX also specifies that the `LC_COLLATE' environment 
variable affects the interpretation of the user's response to the 
query issued by `\-ok', but this is not the case for GNU find.
.IP LC_CTYPE 
This variable affects the treatment of character classes used with 
the `\-name' option, if the system's 
.BR fnmatch (3) 
library function supports this.   It has no effect on the behaviour 
of the `\-ok' expression.
.IP LC_MESSAGES
Determines the locale to be used for internationalised messages.
.IP NLSPATH
Determines the location of the internationalisation message catalogues.
.IP PATH
Affects the directores which are searched to find the executables 
invoked by `\-exec' and `\-ok'.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.nf
.B find /tmp \-name core \-type f \-print | xargs /bin/rm -f

.fi
Find files named 
.B core
in or below the directory 
.B /tmp 
and delete them.  Note that this will work incorrectly if there are 
any filenames containing newlines, single or double quotes, or spaces.
.P
.B find /tmp \-name core \-type f \-print0 | xargs \-0 /bin/rm -f

.fi
Find files named 
.B core
in or below the directory 
.B /tmp 
and delete them, processing filenames in such a way that file or
directory names containing single or double quotes, spaces or newlines
are correctly handled.  The
.B \-name 
test comes before the 
.B \-type
test in order to avoid having to call 
.B stat(2) 
on every file.

.P
.nf
.B find . \-type f \-exec file '{}' \e\;

.fi
Runs `file' on every file in or below the current directory.  Notice
that the braces are enclosed in single quote marks to protect them
from interpretation as shell script punctuation.   The semicolon is
similarly protected by the use of a backslash, though ';' could have
been used in that case also.

.P
.nf
.B find /  \t( \-perm +4000 \-fprintf /root/suid.txt '%#m %u %p\en' ) , \e
.B         \t\t( \-size +100M \-fprintf /root/big.txt  '%\-10s %p\en'  )

.fi
Traverse the filesystem just once, listing setuid files and
directories into
.B /root/suid.txt
and large files into 
.BR /root/big/txt .

.P
.nf
.B find $HOME  -mtime 0

.fi
Search for files in your home directory which have been modified in
the last twenty-four hours.  This command works this way because the
time since each file was last accessed is divided by 24 hours and any 
remainder is discarded.  That means that to match 
.B -atime 
.BR 0 ,
a file will have to have a modification in the past which is less than
24 hours ago.


.P
.nf
.B find . -perm 664

.fi
Search for files which have read and write permission for their owner,
and group, but which the rest of the world can read but not write to.  
Files which meet these criteria but have other permissions bits set
(for example if someone can execute the file) will not be matched.

.P
.nf
.B find . -perm -664

.fi
Search for files which have read and write permission for their owner,
and group, but which the rest of the world can read but not write to,
without regard to the presence of any extra permission bits (for
example the executable bit).  This will match a file which has mode
0777, for example.

.P
.nf
.B find . -perm +222

.fi
Search for files which are writeable by somebody (their owner, or
their group, or anybody else).

.P
.nf
.B find . -perm +022
.B find . -perm +g+w,o+w
.B find . -perm +g=w,o=w

.fi
All three of these commands do the same thing, but the first one uses
the octal representation of the file mode, and the other two use the
symbolic form.  These commands all search for files which are
writeable by either their owner or their group.  The files don't have
to be writeable by both the owner and group to be matched; either will
do.

.P
.nf
.B find . -perm -022
.B find . -perm -g+w,o+w

.fi
Both these commands do the same thing; search for files which are
writeable by both their owner and their group.



.SH EXIT STATUS
.PP
.B find
exits with status 0 if all files are processed successfully, greater
than 0 if errors occur.   This is deliberately a very broad
description, but if the return value is non-zero, you should not rely
on the correctness of the results of 
.BR find .

.SH "SEE ALSO"
\fBlocate\fP(1), \fBlocatedb\fP(5), \fBupdatedb\fP(1), \fBxargs\fP(1)
\fBFinding Files\fP (on-line in Info, or printed)
.SH "HISTORY"
As of findutils-4.2.2, shell metacharacters ('*'. '?' or '[]' for
example) used in filename patterns will match a leading '.', because
IEEE POSIX interpretation 126 requires this.

.SH "BUGS"
.P 
The best way to report a bug is to use the form at
http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=findutils.  
The reason for this is that you will then be able to track progress in
fixing the problem.   Other comments about \fBfind\fP(1) and about
the findutils package in general can be sent to the 
.I bug\-findutils
mailing list.  To join the list, send email to 
.IR bug\-findutils\-request@gnu.org .