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1 This document should help new developers get started. Like all of Wine, it
2 is a work in progress.
5 SOURCE TREE STRUCTURE
6 =====================
8 The Wine source tree is loosely based on the original Windows modules.
9 Most of the source is concerned with implementing the Wine API, although
10 there are also various tools, documentation, sample Winelib code, and
11 code specific to the binary loader. Note that several of the libraries
12 listed here are "stubbed out", meaning they still need to be implemented.
14 DLLs (under dlls/):
15 -------------------
17 advapi32/ - Crypto, systeminfo, security, eventlogging
18 avicap32/ - AVI capture window class
19 avifil32/ - COM object to play AVI files
20 cabinet/ - Cabinet file interface
21 capi2032/ - Wrapper library for CAPI4Linux access
22 cfgmgr32/ - Config manager
23 comcat/ - Component category manager
24 comctl32/ - Common controls
25 commdlg/ - Common dialog boxes (both 16 & 32 bit)
26 crtdll/ - Old C runtime library
27 crypt32/ - Cryptography
28 ctl3d/ - 3D Effects for Common GUI Components
29 d3d8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
30 d3d9/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
31 d3dim/ - Direct3D Immediate Mode
32 d3dx8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
33 dciman32/ - DCI Manager (graphics)
34 ddraw/ - DirectDraw (graphics)
35 devenum/ - Device enumeration (part of DirectShow)
36 dinput/ - DirectInput (device input)
37 dinput8/ - DirectInput (device input)
38 dmband/ - DirectMusic
39 dmcompos/ - DirectMusic
40 dmime/ - DirectMusic
41 dmloader/ - DirectMusic
42 dmscript/ - DirectMusic
43 dmstyle/ - DirectMusic
44 dmsynth/ - DirectMusic
45 dmusic/ - DirectMusic
46 dmusic32/ - DirectMusic
47 dplay/ - DirectPlay (networking)
48 dplayx/ - DirectPlay (networking)
49 dpnhpast/ - DirectPlay NAT Helper
50 dsound/ - DirectSound (audio)
51 gdi/ - GDI (graphics)
52 gdi/enhmfdrv/ - Enhanced metafile driver
53 gdi/mfdrv/ - Metafile driver
54 glu32/ - OpenGL Utility library (graphics)
55 icmp/ - ICMP protocol (networking)
56 imagehlp/ - PE (Portable Executable) Image Helper lib
57 imm32/ - Input Method Manager
58 iphlpapi/ - IP Helper API
59 kernel/ - The Windows kernel
60 lzexpand/ - Lempel-Ziv compression/decompression
61 mapi32/ - Mail interface
62 mpr/ - Multi-Protocol Router (networking)
63 msacm/ - Audio Compression Manager (multimedia)
64 msdmo/ - DirectX Media Objects
65 msimg32/ - Gradient and transparency (graphics)
66 msisys/ - System information
67 msi/ - Microsoft Installer
68 msnet32/ - Network interface
69 msvcrt/ - C runtime library
70 msvcrt20/ - C runtime library version 2.0
71 msvcrtd/ - C runtime library debugging
72 msvideo/ - 16 bit video manager
73 msvideo/msrle32/ - Video codecs
74 mswsock/ - Misc networking
75 netapi32/ - Network interface
76 ntdll/ - NT implementation of kernel calls
77 odbc32/ - Open DataBase Connectivity driver manager
78 ole32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 libraries
79 oleaut32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
80 olecli/ - 16 bit OLE client
81 oledlg/ - OLE 2.0 user interface support
82 olepro32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
83 olesvr/ - 16 bit OLE server
84 opengl32/ - OpenGL implementation (graphics)
85 psapi/ - Process Status interface
86 qcap/ - DirectShow runtime
87 quartz/ - DirectShow runtime
88 rasapi32/ - Remote Access Server interface
89 richedit/ - Rich text editing control
90 rpcrt4/ - Remote Procedure Call runtime
91 serialui/ - Serial port property pages
92 setupapi/ - Setup interface
93 shdocvw/ - Shell document object and control
94 shfolder/ - Shell folder service
95 shell32/ - COM object implementing shell views
96 shlwapi/ - Shell Light-Weight interface
97 snmpapi/ - SNMP protocol interface (networking)
98 sti/ - Still Image service
99 tapi32/ - Telephone interface
100 ttydrv/ - TTY display driver (Wine specific)
101 twain/ - TWAIN Imaging device communications
102 url/ - Internet shortcut shell extension
103 urlmon/ - URL Moniker allows binding to a URL (like KIO/gnome-vfs)
104 user/ - Window management, standard controls, etc.
105 uxtheme/ - Theme library
106 version/ - File installation library
107 win32s/ - 32-bit function access for 16-bit systems
108 winaspi/ - 16 bit Advanced SCSI Peripheral Interface
109 winedos/ - DOS features and BIOS calls (interrupts) (wine specific)
110 wineps/ - Postscript driver (Wine specific)
111 wininet/ - Internet extensions
112 winmm/ - Multimedia (16 & 32 bit)
113 winmm/joystick/ - Joystick driver
114 winmm/mcianim/ - MCI animation driver
115 winmm/mciavi/ - MCI video driver
116 winmm/mcicda/ - MCI audio CD driver
117 winmm/mciseq/ - MCI MIDI driver
118 winmm/mciwave/ - MCI wave driver
119 winmm/midimap/ - MIDI mapper
120 winmm/wavemap/ - Audio mapper
121 winmm/winealsa/ - ALSA audio driver
122 winmm/winearts/ - aRts audio driver
123 winmm/wineaudioio/ - audioio audio driver
124 winmm/winejack/ - JACK audio server driver
125 winmm/winenas/ - NAS audio driver
126 winmm/wineoss/ - OSS audio driver
127 winnls/ - National Language Support
128 winsock/ - Sockets 2.0 (networking)
129 wsock32/ - Sockets 1.1 (networking)
130 wintab32/ - Tablet device interface
131 winspool/ - Printing & Print Spooler
132 wintrust/ - Trust verification interface
133 wow32/ - WOW subsystem
134 x11drv/ - X11 display driver (Wine specific)
136 Winelib programs (under programs/):
137 -----------------------------------
139 avitools/ - AVI information viewer and player
140 clock/ - Graphical clock
141 cmdlgtst/ - Common dialog tests
142 control/ - Control panel
143 expand/ - Decompress Lempel-Ziv compressed archive
144 notepad/ - Notepad with RichEdit functionality
145 progman/ - Program manager
146 regedit/ - Registry editor
147 regsvr32/ - Register COM server
148 rpcss/ - RPC services
149 rundll32/ - Execute DLL functions directly
150 start/ - Replacement for start.exe
151 uninstaller/ - Remove installed programs
152 view/ - Metafile viewer
153 wcmd/ - Command line interface
154 wineboot/ - Wine bootstrap process
155 winecfg/ - Wine configuration utility
156 wineconsole/ - Console
157 winedbg/ - Debugger
158 winefile/ - File manager
159 winemenubuilder/ - Helper program for building Unix menu entries
160 winemine/ - Mine game
161 winepath/ - Translate between Wine and Unix paths
162 winetest/ - Wine testing shell
163 winevdm/ - Wine virtual DOS machine
164 winhelp/ - Help viewer
165 winver/ - Windows Version Program
168 Support programs, libraries, etc:
169 ---------------------------------
171 documentation/ - some documentation
172 include/ - Windows standard includes
173 include/msvcrt - MSVC compatible libc headers
174 include/wine - Wine specific headers
175 libs/ - the Wine libraries
176 libs/port/ - portability library
177 libs/unicode/ - Unicode support shared
178 libs/uuid/ - Windows-compatible UUID numbers
179 libs/wine/ - Wine bootstrap library
180 libs/wpp/ - C preprocessor
181 loader/ - the main Wine loader
182 server/ - the Wine server
183 tools/ - various tools used to build/check Wine
184 tools/widl - the IDL compiler
185 tools/winapi{,_check} - A Win32 API checker
186 tools/winebuild - Wine build tool
187 tools/winedump - a .DLL dump utility
188 tools/winegcc - a MinGW command line compatible gcc wrapper
189 tools/wmc - the message compiler
190 tools/wpp - the C pre-processor library
191 tools/wrc - the resource compiler
194 Miscellaneous:
195 --------------
197 Note: these directories will ultimately get moved into their
198 respective dlls.
200 files/ - KERNEL file I/O
201 misc/ - KERNEL registry
203 graphics/ - GDI graphics drivers
204 objects/ - GDI logical objects
206 controls/ - USER built-in widgets
207 windows/ - USER window management
211 IMPLEMENTING NEW API CALLS
212 ==========================
214 This is the simple version, and covers only Win32. Win16 is slightly
215 uglier, because of the Pascal heritage and the segmented memory model.
217 All of the Win32 APIs known to Wine are listed in the .spec file of
218 their corresponding dll. An unimplemented call will look like (from
219 gdi32.spec)
220 269 stub PolyBezierTo
221 To implement this call, you need to do the following four things.
223 1. Find the appropriate parameters for the call, and add a prototype to
224 the correct header file. In this case, that means [include/wingdi.h],
225 and it might look like
226 BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC, LPCVOID, DWORD);
227 If the function has both an ASCII and a Unicode version, you need to
228 define both and add a #define WINELIB_NAME_AW declaration. See below
229 for discussion of function naming conventions.
231 2. Modify the .spec file to tell Wine that the function has an
232 implementation, what the parameters look like and what Wine function
233 to use for the implementation. In Win32, things are simple--everything
234 is 32-bits. However, the relay code handles pointers and pointers to
235 strings slightly differently, so you should use 'str' and 'wstr' for
236 strings, 'ptr' for other pointer types, and 'long' for everything else.
237 269 stdcall PolyBezierTo(long ptr long) PolyBezierTo
238 The 'PolyBezierTo' at the end of the line is which Wine function to use
239 for the implementation.
241 3. Implement the function as a stub. Once you add the function to the .spec
242 file, you must add the function to the Wine source before it will link.
243 Add a function called 'PolyBezierTo' somewhere. Good things to put
244 into a stub:
245 o a correct prototype, including the WINAPI
246 o header comments, including full documentation for the function and
247 arguments (see documentation/README.documentation)
248 o A FIXME message and an appropriate return value are good things to
249 put in a stub.
251 /************************************************************
252 * PolyBezierTo (GDI32.269)
253 *
254 * Draw many Bezier curves.
255 *
256 * RETURNS
257 * Success: Non-zero.
258 * Failure: FALSE. Use GetLastError() to find the error cause.
259 *
260 * BUGS
261 * Unimplemented
262 */
263 BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC hdc, /* [In] Device context to draw to */
264 LPCVOID p, /* [In] Array of POINT structs */
265 DWORD count /* [In] Number of points in p */
266 )
267 {
268 /* tell the user they've got a substandard implementation */
269 FIXME(gdi, ":(%x,%p,%d): stub\n", hdc, p, count);
271 /* some programs may be able to compensate,
272 * if they know what happened
273 */
274 SetLastError(ERROR_CALL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
275 return FALSE; /* error value */
276 }
278 4. Implement and test the rest of the function.
281 IMPLEMENTING A NEW DLL
282 ======================
284 Generic directions
285 ------------------
287 Apart from writing the set of needed .c files, you also need to do the
288 following:
290 1. Create a directory <MyDll> where to store the implementation of
291 the DLL. This directory has to be put under the dlls/ directory.
292 If the DLL exists under Windows as both 16 and 32 bit DLL, you
293 should have a single directory with both implementations.
295 2. Create the Makefile.in in the ./dlls/<MyDll>/ directory. You can
296 copy an existing Makefile.in from another ./dlls/ subdirectory.
297 You need at least to change the MODULE and C_SRCS macros.
299 3. Add the directory in ./configure.ac (in AC_OUTPUT macro at the end
300 of the file to trigger the Makefile generation)
302 4. Run ./make_dlls in the dlls directory to update Makefile.in in
303 that directory.
305 5. You can now regenerate ./configure file (with 'make configure')
306 and the various Makefiles (with 'configure; make depend') (run
307 from the top of Wine's tree).
308 You should now have a Makefile file in ./dlls/<MyDll>/
310 6. Create the .spec file for the DLL exported functions in your
311 directory. Refer to 'Implementation of new API calls' earlier in
312 this document for more information on this part.
314 7. You can now start adding .c files. For the .h files, if they are
315 standard Windows one, put them in include/. If they are linked to
316 *your* implementation of the dll, put them in your newly created
317 directory.
319 Debug channels
320 --------------
322 If you need to create a new debug channel, just add the
323 WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL to your .c file(s), and use them.
324 All the housekeeping will happen automatically.
326 Resources
327 ---------
329 If you also need to add resources to your DLL, then create the .rc
330 file. Add to your ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in, in the RC_SRCS macro,
331 the list of .rc files to add to the DLL. See dlls/comctl32/ for an
332 example of this.
334 Thunking
335 --------
337 If you're building a 16 & 32 bit DLLs pair, then from the 32 bit code
338 you might need to call 16 bit routine. The way to do it to add in the
339 code, fragments like:
340 /* ### Start build ### */
341 extern WORD CALLBACK <PREFIX>_CallTo16_word_wwlll(FARPROC16,WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG);
342 /* ### stop build ### */
343 Where <PREFIX>_ is an internal prefix for your module. The first
344 parameter is always of type FARPROC16. Then, you can get the regular
345 list of parameters. The _word_wwlll indicates the type of return (long
346 or word) and the size of the parameters (here l=>long, w=>word; which
347 maps to WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG.
348 You can put several functions between the Start/Stop build pair.
350 You can also read the winebuild manpage for more details on this.
352 Then, add to ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in a line like:
354 EXTRA_OBJS = $(MODULE).glue.o
356 See dlls/winmm/ for an example of this.
358 MEMORY AND SEGMENTS
359 ===================
361 NE (Win16) executables consist of multiple segments. The Wine loader
362 loads each segment into a unique location in the Wine processes memory
363 and assigns a selector to that segment. Because of this, it's not
364 possible to exchange addresses freely between 16-bit and 32-bit code.
365 Addresses used by 16-bit code are segmented addresses (16:16), formed
366 by a 16-bit selector and a 16-bit offset. Those used by the Wine code
367 are regular 32-bit linear addresses.
369 There are four ways to obtain a segmented pointer:
370 - Using the MapLS function (recommended).
371 - Allocate a block of memory from the global heap and use
372 WIN16_GlobalLock to get its segmented address.
373 - Declare the argument as 'segptr' instead of 'ptr' in the spec file
374 for a given API function.
376 Once you have a segmented pointer, it must be converted to a linear
377 pointer before you can use it from 32-bit code. This can be done with
378 the MapSL function. The linear pointer can then be used freely with
379 standard Unix functions like memcpy() etc. without worrying about 64k
380 boundaries. Note: there's no easy way to convert back from a linear
381 to a segmented address.
383 In most cases, you don't need to worry about segmented address, as the
384 conversion is made automatically by the callback code and the API
385 functions only see linear addresses. However, in some cases it is
386 necessary to manipulate segmented addresses; the most frequent cases
387 are:
388 - API functions that return a pointer
389 - lParam of Windows messages that point to a structure
390 - Pointers contained inside structures accessed by 16-bit code.
392 It is usually a good practice to used the type 'SEGPTR' for segmented
393 pointers, instead of something like 'LPSTR' or 'char *'. As SEGPTR is
394 defined as a DWORD, you'll get a compilation warning if you mistakenly
395 use it as a regular 32-bit pointer.
398 STRUCTURE PACKING
399 =================
401 Under Windows, data structures are tightly packed, i.e. there is no
402 padding between structure members. On the other hand, by default gcc
403 aligns structure members (e.g. WORDs are on a WORD boundary, etc.).
404 This means that a structure like
406 struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
408 will take 3 bytes under Windows, but 4 with gcc, because gcc will add a
409 dummy byte between x and y. To have the correct layout for structures
410 used by Windows code, you need to embed the struct within two special
411 #include's which will take care of the packing for you:
413 #include "pshpack1.h"
414 struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
415 #include "poppack1.h"
417 For alignment on a 2-byte boundary, there is a "pshpack2.h", etc.
419 The use of the WINE_PACKED attribute is obsolete. Please remove these
420 in favour of the above solution.
421 Using WINE_PACKED, you would declare the above structure like this:
423 struct { BYTE x; WORD y WINE_PACKED; };
425 You had to do this every time a structure member is not aligned
426 correctly under Windows (i.e. a WORD not on an even address, or a
427 DWORD on a address that was not a multiple of 4).
430 NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
431 ==============================================
433 In order to support both Win16 and Win32 APIs within the same source
434 code, the following convention must be used in naming all API
435 functions and types. If the Windows API uses the name 'xxx', the Wine
436 code must use:
438 - 'xxx16' for the Win16 version,
439 - 'xxx' for the Win32 version when no ASCII/Unicode strings are
440 involved,
441 - 'xxxA' for the Win32 version with ASCII strings,
442 - 'xxxW' for the Win32 version with Unicode strings.
444 If the function has both ASCII and Unicode version, you should then
445 use the macros WINELIB_NAME_AW(xxx) or DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(xxx)
446 (defined in include/windef.h) to define the correct 'xxx' function
447 or type for Winelib. When compiling Wine itself, 'xxx' is _not_
448 defined, meaning that code inside of Wine must always specify
449 explicitly the ASCII or Unicode version.
451 If 'xxx' is the same in Win16 and Win32, you can simply use the same
452 name as Windows, i.e. just 'xxx'. If 'xxx' is Win16 only, you could
453 use the name as is, but it's preferable to use 'xxx16' to make it
454 clear it is a Win16 function.
456 Examples:
458 typedef struct { /* Win32 ASCII data structure */ } WNDCLASSA;
459 typedef struct { /* Win32 Unicode data structure */ } WNDCLASSW;
460 typedef struct { /* Win16 data structure */ } WNDCLASS16;
461 DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(WNDCLASS);
463 ATOM RegisterClass16( WNDCLASS16 * );
464 ATOM RegisterClassA( WNDCLASSA * );
465 ATOM RegisterClassW( WNDCLASSW * );
466 #define RegisterClass WINELIB_NAME_AW(RegisterClass)
468 The Winelib user can then say:
470 WNDCLASS wc = { ... };
471 RegisterClass( &wc );
473 and this will use the correct declaration depending on the definition
474 of the UNICODE symbol.
477 NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR NON-API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
478 ==================================================
480 Functions and data which are internal to your code (or at least shouldn't be
481 visible to any Winelib or Windows program) should be preceded by
482 an identifier to the module:
484 Examples:
486 ENUMPRINTERS_GetDWORDFromRegistryA() (in dlls/winspool/info.c)
487 IAVIFile_fnRelease() (in dlls/avifil32/avifile.c)
488 X11DRV_CreateDC() (in graphics/x11drv/init.c)
490 if you need prototypes for these, there are a few possibilities:
491 - within same source file only:
492 put the prototypes at the top of your file and mark them as prototypes.
493 - within the same module:
494 create a header file within the subdirectory where that module resides,
495 e.g. graphics/ddraw_private.h
496 - from a totally different module, or for use in winelib:
497 you should never do that. Only exported APIs can be called across
498 module boundaries.
501 DEBUG MESSAGES
502 ==============
504 To display a message only during debugging, you normally write something
505 like this:
507 TRACE("abc..."); or
508 FIXME("abc..."); or
509 WARN("abc..."); or
510 ERR("abc...");
512 depending on the seriousness of the problem. (documentation/debugging.sgml
513 explains when it is appropriate to use each of them). You need to declare
514 the debug channel name at the top of the file (after the includes) using
515 the WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL macro, like so:
517 WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL(win);
519 If your debugging code is more complex than just printf, you can use
520 the macros:
522 TRACE_ON(xxx), WARN_ON(xxx), ERR_ON(xxx) and FIXME_ON(xxx)
524 to test if the given channel is enabled. Thus, you can write:
526 if (TRACE_ON(win)) DumpSomeStructure(&str);
528 Don't worry about the inefficiency of the test. If it is permanently
529 disabled (that is TRACE_ON(win) is 0 at compile time), the compiler will
530 eliminate the dead code.
532 For more info about debugging messages, read:
534 http://www.winehq.org/site/docs/wine-devel/debugging
537 MORE INFO
538 =========
540 1. There is a FREE online version of the MSDN library (including
541 documentation for the Win32 API) on http://msdn.microsoft.com/
542 or http://www.msdn.com/
544 2. Windows apilist: http://www.mentalis.org/apilist/apilist.php
546 3. http://www.sonic.net/~undoc/bookstore.html
548 4. In 1993 Dr. Dobbs Journal published a column called "Undocumented Corner".
550 5. www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/4942/