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1 This document should help new developers get started. Like all of Wine, it
2 is a work in progress.
5 SOURCE TREE STRUCTURE
6 =====================
8 The Wine source tree is loosely based on the original Windows modules.
9 Most of the source is concerned with implementing the Wine API, although
10 there are also various tools, documentation, sample Winelib code, and
11 code specific to the binary loader. Note that several of the libraries
12 listed here are "stubbed out", meaning they still need to be implemented.
14 DLLs (under dlls/):
15 -------------------
17 advapi32/ - Crypto, systeminfo, security, eventlogging
18 advpack/ - Reads and verifies .INF files
19 amstream/ - MultiMedia Streams
20 atl/ - Active Template Library
21 avicap32/ - AVI capture window class
22 avifil32/ - COM object to play AVI files
23 cabinet/ - Cabinet file interface
24 capi2032/ - Wrapper library for CAPI4Linux access
25 cards/ - Card graphics
26 cfgmgr32/ - Config manager
27 comcat/ - Component category manager
28 comctl32/ - Common controls
29 commdlg/ - Common dialog boxes (both 16 & 32 bit)
30 crtdll/ - Old C runtime library
31 crypt32/ - Cryptography
32 ctl3d/ - 3D Effects for Common GUI Components
33 d3d8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
34 d3d9/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
35 d3dim/ - Direct3D Immediate Mode
36 d3drm/ - Direct3D Retained Mode
37 d3dx8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
38 d3dxof/ - DirectX Files Functions
39 dbghelp/ - Engine for symbol and module enumeration
40 dciman32/ - DCI Manager (graphics)
41 ddraw/ - DirectDraw (graphics)
42 devenum/ - Device enumeration (part of DirectShow)
43 dinput/ - DirectInput (device input)
44 dinput8/ - DirectInput (device input)
45 dmband/ - DirectMusic Band
46 dmcompos/ - DirectMusic Composer
47 dmime/ - DirectMusic Interactive Engine
48 dmloader/ - DirectMusic Loader
49 dmscript/ - DirectMusic Scripting
50 dmstyle/ - DirectMusic Style Engine
51 dmsynth/ - DirectMusic Software Synthesizer
52 dmusic/ - DirectMusic Core Services
53 dmusic32/ - DirectMusic Legacy Port
54 dplay/ - DirectPlay (networking)
55 dplayx/ - DirectPlay (networking)
56 dpnet/ - DirectPlay (networking)
57 dpnhpast/ - DirectPlay NAT Helper PAST
58 dsound/ - DirectSound (audio)
59 dswave/ - DirectMusic Wave
60 dxdiagn/ - DirectX Diagnostic Tool
61 gdi/ - GDI (graphics)
62 glu32/ - OpenGL Utility library (graphics)
63 glut32/ - OpenGL Utility Toolkit
64 hhctrl.ocx/ - HHCTRL OCX implementation
65 iccvid/ - Radius Cinepak Video Decoder
66 icmp/ - ICMP protocol (networking)
67 ifsmgr.vxd/ - IFSMGR VxD implementation
68 imagehlp/ - PE (Portable Executable) Image Helper lib
69 imm32/ - Input Method Manager
70 iphlpapi/ - IP Helper API
71 itss/ - Infotech Structured Storage (HTML Help)
72 kernel/ - The Windows kernel
73 lzexpand/ - Lempel-Ziv compression/decompression
74 mapi32/ - Mail interface
75 mlang/ - Multi Language Support
76 mmdevldr.vxd/ - MMDEVLDR VxD implementation
77 monodebg.vxd/ - MONODEBG VxD implementation
78 mpr/ - Multi-Protocol Router (networking)
79 msacm/ - Audio Compression Manager (multimedia)
80 msacm/imaadp32/ - IMA ADPCM Audio Codec
81 msacm/msadp32/ - MS ADPCM Audio Codec
82 msacm/msg711/ - MS G711 Audio Codec (includes A-Law & MU-Law)
83 msacm/winemp3/ - Mpeg Layer 3 Audio Codec
84 mscms/ - Color Management System
85 msdmo/ - DirectX Media Objects
86 mshtml/ - MS HTML component
87 msi/ - Microsoft Installer
88 msimg32/ - Gradient and transparency (graphics)
89 msisys/ - System information
90 msnet32/ - Network interface
91 msrle32/ - Video codecs
92 msvcrt/ - C runtime library
93 msvcrt20/ - C runtime library version 2.0
94 msvcrt40/ - C runtime library version 4.0
95 msvcrtd/ - C runtime library debugging
96 msvidc32/ - Microsoft Video-1 Decoder
97 msvideo/ - 16 bit video manager
98 mswsock/ - Misc networking
99 netapi32/ - Network interface
100 newdev/ - New Hardware Device Library
101 ntdll/ - NT implementation of kernel calls
102 odbc32/ - Open DataBase Connectivity driver manager
103 ole32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 libraries
104 oleacc/ - OLE accessibility support
105 oleaut32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
106 olecli/ - 16 bit OLE client
107 oledlg/ - OLE 2.0 user interface support
108 olepro32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
109 olesvr/ - 16 bit OLE server
110 opengl32/ - OpenGL implementation (graphics)
111 psapi/ - Process Status interface
112 qcap/ - DirectShow runtime
113 quartz/ - DirectShow runtime
114 rasapi32/ - Remote Access Server interface
115 richedit/ - Rich text editing control
116 rpcrt4/ - Remote Procedure Call runtime
117 rsabase/ - RSA encryption
118 rsaenh/ - Crypto API that provides algorithms for DES, 3DES, and RSA among others
119 secur32/ - Contains Windows Security functions
120 serialui/ - Serial port property pages
121 setupapi/ - Setup interface
122 shdocvw/ - Shell document object and control
123 shell32/ - COM object implementing shell views
124 shfolder/ - Shell folder service
125 shlwapi/ - Shell Light-Weight interface
126 snmpapi/ - SNMP protocol interface (networking)
127 sti/ - Still Image service
128 tapi32/ - Telephone interface
129 ttydrv/ - TTY display driver (Wine specific)
130 twain/ - TWAIN Imaging device communications
131 unicows/ - Unicows replacement (Unicode layer for Win9x)
132 url/ - Internet shortcut shell extension
133 urlmon/ - URL Moniker allows binding to a URL (like KIO/gnome-vfs)
134 user/ - Window management, standard controls, etc.
135 uxtheme/ - Theme library
136 vdhcp.vxd/ - VDHCP VxD implementation
137 vdmdbg/ - Virtual DOS machine debug library
138 version/ - File installation library
139 vmm.vxd/ - VMM VxD implementation
140 vnbt.vxd/ - VNBT VxD implementation
141 vnetbios.vxd/ - VNETBIOS VxD implementation
142 vtdapi.vxd/ - VTDAPI VxD implementation
143 vwin32.vxd/ - VWIN32 VxD implementation
144 win32s/ - 32-bit function access for 16-bit systems
145 winaspi/ - 16 bit Advanced SCSI Peripheral Interface
146 wined3d/ - Wine internal Direct3D helper
147 winedos/ - DOS features and BIOS calls (interrupts) (wine specific)
148 wineps/ - Postscript driver (Wine specific)
149 wininet/ - Internet extensions
150 winmm/ - Multimedia (16 & 32 bit)
151 winmm/joystick/ - Joystick driver
152 winmm/mcianim/ - MCI animation driver
153 winmm/mciavi/ - MCI video driver
154 winmm/mcicda/ - MCI audio CD driver
155 winmm/mciseq/ - MCI MIDI driver
156 winmm/mciwave/ - MCI wave driver
157 winmm/midimap/ - MIDI mapper
158 winmm/wavemap/ - Audio mapper
159 winmm/winealsa/ - ALSA audio driver
160 winmm/winearts/ - aRts audio driver
161 winmm/wineaudioio/ - audioio audio driver
162 winmm/winejack/ - JACK audio server driver
163 winmm/winenas/ - NAS audio driver
164 winmm/wineoss/ - OSS audio driver
165 winnls/ - National Language Support
166 winsock/ - Sockets 2.0 (networking)
167 winspool/ - Printing & Print Spooler
168 wintab32/ - Tablet device interface
169 wintrust/ - Trust verification interface
170 wow32/ - WOW subsystem
171 wsock32/ - Sockets 1.1 (networking)
172 x11drv/ - X11 display driver (Wine specific)
174 Winelib programs (under programs/):
175 -----------------------------------
177 avitools/ - AVI information viewer and player
178 clock/ - Graphical clock
179 cmdlgtst/ - Common dialog tests
180 control/ - Control panel
181 expand/ - Decompress Lempel-Ziv compressed archive
182 msiexec/ - Microsoft Installer frontend
183 notepad/ - Notepad replacement
184 progman/ - Program manager
185 regedit/ - Registry editor
186 regsvr32/ - Register COM server
187 rpcss/ - RPC services
188 rundll32/ - Execute DLL functions directly
189 start/ - Replacement for start.exe
190 taskmgr/ - Manage running Windows/Winelib applications
191 uninstaller/ - Remove installed programs
192 view/ - Metafile viewer
193 wcmd/ - Command line interface
194 wineboot/ - Wine bootstrap process
195 winecfg/ - Wine configuration utility
196 wineconsole/ - Console
197 winedbg/ - Debugger
198 winefile/ - File manager
199 winemenubuilder/ - Helper program for building Unix menu entries
200 winemine/ - Mine game
201 winepath/ - Translate between Wine and Unix paths
202 winetest/ - Wine testing shell
203 winevdm/ - Wine virtual DOS machine
204 winhelp/ - Help viewer
205 winver/ - Windows Version Program
208 Support programs, libraries, etc:
209 ---------------------------------
211 dlls/dxerr8/ - DirectX 8 error import lib
212 dlls/dxerr9/ - DirectX 9 error import lib
213 dlls/dxguid/ - DirectX UUID import lib
214 dlls/strmiids/ - Exports class (CLSIDs) and interface (IIDs) identifiers
215 dlls/uuid/ - Windows-compatible UUID import lib
216 documentation/ - some documentation
217 documentation/samples/ - sample configuration files
218 include/ - Windows standard includes
219 include/msvcrt/ - MSVC compatible libc headers
220 include/wine/ - Wine specific headers
221 libs/ - the Wine libraries
222 libs/port/ - portability library
223 libs/unicode/ - Unicode support shared
224 libs/wine/ - Wine bootstrap library
225 libs/wpp/ - C preprocessor
226 loader/ - the main Wine loader
227 server/ - the Wine server
228 tools/ - various tools used to build/check Wine
229 tools/widl/ - the IDL compiler
230 tools/winapi{,_check}/ - A Win32 API checker
231 tools/winebuild/ - Wine build tool
232 tools/winedump/ - a .DLL dump utility
233 tools/winegcc/ - a MinGW command line compatible gcc wrapper
234 tools/wmc/ - the message compiler
235 tools/wpp/ - the C pre-processor library
236 tools/wrc/ - the resource compiler
239 Miscellaneous:
240 --------------
242 Note: these directories will ultimately get moved into their
243 respective dlls.
245 misc/ - KERNEL registry
246 windows/ - USER window management
250 IMPLEMENTING NEW API CALLS
251 ==========================
253 This is the simple version, and covers only Win32. Win16 is slightly
254 uglier, because of the Pascal heritage and the segmented memory model.
256 All of the Win32 APIs known to Wine are listed in the .spec file of
257 their corresponding dll. An unimplemented call will look like (from
258 gdi32.spec)
259 269 stub PolyBezierTo
260 To implement this call, you need to do the following four things.
262 1. Find the appropriate parameters for the call, and add a prototype to
263 the correct header file. In this case, that means [include/wingdi.h],
264 and it might look like
265 BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC, LPCVOID, DWORD);
266 If the function has both an ASCII and a Unicode version, you need to
267 define both and add a #define WINELIB_NAME_AW declaration. See below
268 for discussion of function naming conventions.
270 2. Modify the .spec file to tell Wine that the function has an
271 implementation, what the parameters look like and what Wine function
272 to use for the implementation. In Win32, things are simple--everything
273 is 32-bits. However, the relay code handles pointers and pointers to
274 strings slightly differently, so you should use 'str' and 'wstr' for
275 strings, 'ptr' for other pointer types, and 'long' for everything else.
276 269 stdcall PolyBezierTo(long ptr long) PolyBezierTo
277 The 'PolyBezierTo' at the end of the line is which Wine function to use
278 for the implementation.
280 3. Implement the function as a stub. Once you add the function to the .spec
281 file, you must add the function to the Wine source before it will link.
282 Add a function called 'PolyBezierTo' somewhere. Good things to put
283 into a stub:
284 o a correct prototype, including the WINAPI
285 o header comments, including full documentation for the function and
286 arguments (see documentation/README.documentation)
287 o A FIXME message and an appropriate return value are good things to
288 put in a stub.
290 /************************************************************
291 * PolyBezierTo (GDI32.269)
292 *
293 * Draw many Bezier curves.
294 *
295 * PARAMS
296 * hdc [I] Device context to draw to
297 * p [I] Array of POINT structs
298 * count [I] Number of points in p
299 *
300 * RETURNS
301 * Success: Non-zero.
302 * Failure: FALSE. Use GetLastError() to find the error cause.
303 *
304 * BUGS
305 * Unimplemented
306 */
307 BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC hdc, LPCVOID p, DWORD count)
308 {
309 /* tell the user they've got a substandard implementation */
310 FIXME("(%x,%p,%d): stub\n", hdc, p, count);
312 /* some programs may be able to compensate,
313 * if they know what happened
314 */
315 SetLastError(ERROR_CALL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
316 return FALSE; /* error value */
317 }
319 4. Implement and test the rest of the function.
322 IMPLEMENTING A NEW DLL
323 ======================
325 Generic directions
326 ------------------
328 Apart from writing the set of needed .c files, you also need to do the
329 following:
331 1. Create a directory <MyDll> where to store the implementation of
332 the DLL. This directory has to be put under the dlls/ directory.
333 If the DLL exists under Windows as both 16 and 32 bit DLL, you
334 should have a single directory with both implementations.
336 2. Create the Makefile.in in the ./dlls/<MyDll>/ directory. You can
337 copy an existing Makefile.in from another ./dlls/ subdirectory.
338 You need at least to change the MODULE and C_SRCS macros.
340 3. Add the directory in ./configure.ac (in AC_OUTPUT macro at the end
341 of the file to trigger the Makefile generation)
343 4. Run ./make_dlls in the dlls directory to update Makefile.in in
344 that directory.
346 5. You can now regenerate ./configure file (with 'make configure')
347 and the various Makefiles (with 'configure; make depend') (run
348 from the top of Wine's tree).
349 You should now have a Makefile file in ./dlls/<MyDll>/
351 6. Create the .spec file for the DLL exported functions in your
352 directory. Refer to 'Implementation of new API calls' earlier in
353 this document for more information on this part.
355 7. You can now start adding .c files. For the .h files, if they are
356 standard Windows one, put them in include/. If they are linked to
357 *your* implementation of the dll, put them in your newly created
358 directory.
360 Debug channels
361 --------------
363 If you need to create a new debug channel, just add the
364 WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL to your .c file(s), and use them.
365 All the housekeeping will happen automatically.
367 Resources
368 ---------
370 If you also need to add resources to your DLL, then create the .rc
371 file. Add to your ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in, in the RC_SRCS macro,
372 the list of .rc files to add to the DLL. See dlls/comctl32/ for an
373 example of this.
375 Thunking
376 --------
378 If you're building a 16 & 32 bit DLLs pair, then from the 32 bit code
379 you might need to call 16 bit routine. The way to do it to add in the
380 code, fragments like:
381 /* ### Start build ### */
382 extern WORD CALLBACK <PREFIX>_CallTo16_word_wwlll(FARPROC16,WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG);
383 /* ### stop build ### */
384 Where <PREFIX>_ is an internal prefix for your module. The first
385 parameter is always of type FARPROC16. Then, you can get the regular
386 list of parameters. The _word_wwlll indicates the type of return (long
387 or word) and the size of the parameters (here l=>long, w=>word; which
388 maps to WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG.
389 You can put several functions between the Start/Stop build pair.
391 You can also read the winebuild manpage for more details on this.
393 Then, add to ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in a line like:
395 EXTRA_OBJS = $(MODULE).glue.o
397 See dlls/winmm/ for an example of this.
399 MEMORY AND SEGMENTS
400 ===================
402 NE (Win16) executables consist of multiple segments. The Wine loader
403 loads each segment into a unique location in the Wine processes memory
404 and assigns a selector to that segment. Because of this, it's not
405 possible to exchange addresses freely between 16-bit and 32-bit code.
406 Addresses used by 16-bit code are segmented addresses (16:16), formed
407 by a 16-bit selector and a 16-bit offset. Those used by the Wine code
408 are regular 32-bit linear addresses.
410 There are four ways to obtain a segmented pointer:
411 - Using the MapLS function (recommended).
412 - Allocate a block of memory from the global heap and use
413 WIN16_GlobalLock to get its segmented address.
414 - Declare the argument as 'segptr' instead of 'ptr' in the spec file
415 for a given API function.
417 Once you have a segmented pointer, it must be converted to a linear
418 pointer before you can use it from 32-bit code. This can be done with
419 the MapSL function. The linear pointer can then be used freely with
420 standard Unix functions like memcpy() etc. without worrying about 64k
421 boundaries. Note: there's no easy way to convert back from a linear
422 to a segmented address.
424 In most cases, you don't need to worry about segmented address, as the
425 conversion is made automatically by the callback code and the API
426 functions only see linear addresses. However, in some cases it is
427 necessary to manipulate segmented addresses; the most frequent cases
428 are:
429 - API functions that return a pointer
430 - lParam of Windows messages that point to a structure
431 - Pointers contained inside structures accessed by 16-bit code.
433 It is usually a good practice to used the type 'SEGPTR' for segmented
434 pointers, instead of something like 'LPSTR' or 'char *'. As SEGPTR is
435 defined as a DWORD, you'll get a compilation warning if you mistakenly
436 use it as a regular 32-bit pointer.
439 STRUCTURE PACKING
440 =================
442 Under Windows, data structures are tightly packed, i.e. there is no
443 padding between structure members. On the other hand, by default gcc
444 aligns structure members (e.g. WORDs are on a WORD boundary, etc.).
445 This means that a structure like
447 struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
449 will take 3 bytes under Windows, but 4 with gcc, because gcc will add a
450 dummy byte between x and y. To have the correct layout for structures
451 used by Windows code, you need to embed the struct within two special
452 #include's which will take care of the packing for you:
454 #include "pshpack1.h"
455 struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
456 #include "poppack1.h"
458 For alignment on a 2-byte boundary, there is a "pshpack2.h", etc.
461 NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
462 ==============================================
464 In order to support both Win16 and Win32 APIs within the same source
465 code, the following convention must be used in naming all API
466 functions and types. If the Windows API uses the name 'xxx', the Wine
467 code must use:
469 - 'xxx16' for the Win16 version,
470 - 'xxx' for the Win32 version when no strings are involved,
471 - 'xxxA' for the Win32 version with ASCII strings,
472 - 'xxxW' for the Win32 version with Unicode strings.
474 If the function has both ASCII and Unicode version, you should then
475 use the macros WINELIB_NAME_AW(xxx) or DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(xxx)
476 (defined in include/windef.h) to define the correct 'xxx' function
477 or type for Winelib. When compiling Wine itself, 'xxx' is _not_
478 defined, meaning that code inside of Wine must always specify
479 explicitly the ASCII or Unicode version.
481 If 'xxx' is the same in Win16 and Win32, you can simply use the same
482 name as Windows, i.e. just 'xxx'. If 'xxx' is Win16 only, you could
483 use the name as is, but it's preferable to use 'xxx16' to make it
484 clear it is a Win16 function.
486 Examples:
488 typedef struct { /* Win32 ASCII data structure */ } WNDCLASSA;
489 typedef struct { /* Win32 Unicode data structure */ } WNDCLASSW;
490 typedef struct { /* Win16 data structure */ } WNDCLASS16;
491 DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(WNDCLASS);
493 ATOM RegisterClass16( WNDCLASS16 * );
494 ATOM RegisterClassA( WNDCLASSA * );
495 ATOM RegisterClassW( WNDCLASSW * );
496 #define RegisterClass WINELIB_NAME_AW(RegisterClass)
498 The Winelib user can then say:
500 WNDCLASS wc = { ... };
501 RegisterClass( &wc );
503 and this will use the correct declaration depending on the definition
504 of the UNICODE symbol.
507 DEBUG MESSAGES
508 ==============
510 To display a message only during debugging, you normally write something
511 like this:
513 TRACE("abc..."); or
514 FIXME("abc..."); or
515 WARN("abc..."); or
516 ERR("abc...");
518 depending on the seriousness of the problem. (documentation/debugging.sgml
519 explains when it is appropriate to use each of them). You need to declare
520 the debug channel name at the top of the file (after the includes) using
521 the WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL macro, like so:
523 WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL(win);
525 If your debugging code is more complex than just printf, you can use
526 the macros:
528 TRACE_ON(xxx), WARN_ON(xxx), ERR_ON(xxx) and FIXME_ON(xxx)
530 to test if the given channel is enabled. Thus, you can write:
532 if (TRACE_ON(win)) DumpSomeStructure(&str);
534 Don't worry about the inefficiency of the test. If it is permanently
535 disabled (that is TRACE_ON(win) is 0 at compile time), the compiler will
536 eliminate the dead code.
538 For more info about debugging messages, read:
540 http://www.winehq.org/site/docs/wine-devel/debugging
543 MORE INFO
544 =========
546 1. There is a FREE online version of the MSDN library (including
547 documentation for the Win32 API) on http://msdn.microsoft.com/
548 or http://www.msdn.com/
550 2. Windows apilist: http://www.mentalis.org/apilist/apilist.php
552 3. http://www.sonic.net/~undoc/bookstore.html
554 4. In 1993 Dr. Dobbs Journal published a column called "Undocumented Corner".
556 5. www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/4942/