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1 This document should help new developers get started. Like all of Wine, it
2 is a work in progress.
5 SOURCE TREE STRUCTURE
6 =====================
8 The Wine source tree is loosely based on the original Windows modules.
9 Most of the source is concerned with implementing the Wine API, although
10 there are also various tools, documentation, sample Winelib code, and
11 code specific to the binary loader. Note that several of the libraries
12 listed here are "stubbed out", meaning they still need to be implemented.
14 DLLs (under dlls/):
15 -------------------
17 advapi32/ - Crypto, systeminfo, security, eventlogging
18 avicap32/ - AVI capture window class
19 avifil32/ - COM object to play AVI files
20 cabinet/ - Cabinet file interface
21 capi2032/ - Wrapper library for CAPI4Linux access
22 cfgmgr32/ - Config manager
23 comcat/ - Component category manager
24 comctl32/ - Common controls
25 commdlg/ - Common dialog boxes (both 16 & 32 bit)
26 crtdll/ - Old C runtime library
27 crypt32/ - Cryptography
28 ctl3d/ - 3D Effects for Common GUI Components
29 d3d8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
30 d3d9/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
31 d3dim/ - Direct3D Immediate Mode
32 d3dx8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
33 dciman32/ - DCI Manager (graphics)
34 ddraw/ - DirectDraw (graphics)
35 devenum/ - Device enumeration (part of DirectShow)
36 dinput/ - DirectInput (device input)
37 dinput8/ - DirectInput (device input)
38 dmband/ - DirectMusic Band
39 dmcompos/ - DirectMusic Composer
40 dmime/ - DirectMusic Interactive Engine
41 dmloader/ - DirectMusic Loader
42 dmscript/ - DirectMusic Scripting
43 dmstyle/ - DirectMusic Style Engine
44 dmsynth/ - DirectMusic Software Synthesizer
45 dmusic/ - DirectMusic Core Services
46 dmusic32/ - DirectMusic Legacy Port
47 dplay/ - DirectPlay (networking)
48 dplayx/ - DirectPlay (networking)
49 dpnhpast/ - DirectPlay NAT Helper PAST
50 dsound/ - DirectSound (audio)
51 dswave/ - DirectMusic Wave
52 gdi/ - GDI (graphics)
53 glu32/ - OpenGL Utility library (graphics)
54 glut32/ - OpenGL Utility Toolkit
55 iccvid/ - Radius Cinepak Video Decoder
56 icmp/ - ICMP protocol (networking)
57 ifsmgr.vxd/ - IFSMGR VxD implementation
58 imagehlp/ - PE (Portable Executable) Image Helper lib
59 imm32/ - Input Method Manager
60 iphlpapi/ - IP Helper API
61 kernel/ - The Windows kernel
62 lzexpand/ - Lempel-Ziv compression/decompression
63 mapi32/ - Mail interface
64 mmdevldr.vxd/ - MMDEVLDR VxD implementation
65 monodebg.vxd/ - MONODEBG VxD implementation
66 mpr/ - Multi-Protocol Router (networking)
67 msacm/ - Audio Compression Manager (multimedia)
68 msacm/imaadp32/ - IMA ADPCM Audio Codec
69 msacm/msadp32/ - MS ADPCM Audio Codec
70 msacm/msg711/ - MS G711 Audio Codec (includes A-Law & MU-Law)
71 msacm/winemp3/ - Mpeg Layer 3 Audio Codec
72 msdmo/ - DirectX Media Objects
73 mshtml/ - MS HTML component
74 msimg32/ - Gradient and transparency (graphics)
75 msisys/ - System information
76 msi/ - Microsoft Installer
77 msnet32/ - Network interface
78 msvcrt/ - C runtime library
79 msvcrt20/ - C runtime library version 2.0
80 msvcrt40/ - C runtime library version 4.0
81 msvcrtd/ - C runtime library debugging
82 msvidc32/ - Microsoft Video-1 Decoder
83 msvideo/ - 16 bit video manager
84 msvideo/msrle32/ - Video codecs
85 mswsock/ - Misc networking
86 netapi32/ - Network interface
87 newdev/ - New Hardware Device Library
88 ntdll/ - NT implementation of kernel calls
89 odbc32/ - Open DataBase Connectivity driver manager
90 ole32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 libraries
91 oleacc/ - OLE accessibility support
92 oleaut32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
93 olecli/ - 16 bit OLE client
94 oledlg/ - OLE 2.0 user interface support
95 olepro32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
96 olesvr/ - 16 bit OLE server
97 opengl32/ - OpenGL implementation (graphics)
98 psapi/ - Process Status interface
99 qcap/ - DirectShow runtime
100 quartz/ - DirectShow runtime
101 rasapi32/ - Remote Access Server interface
102 richedit/ - Rich text editing control
103 rpcrt4/ - Remote Procedure Call runtime
104 rsabase/ - RSA encryption
105 serialui/ - Serial port property pages
106 setupapi/ - Setup interface
107 shdocvw/ - Shell document object and control
108 shfolder/ - Shell folder service
109 shell32/ - COM object implementing shell views
110 shlwapi/ - Shell Light-Weight interface
111 snmpapi/ - SNMP protocol interface (networking)
112 sti/ - Still Image service
113 tapi32/ - Telephone interface
114 ttydrv/ - TTY display driver (Wine specific)
115 twain/ - TWAIN Imaging device communications
116 unicows/ - Unicows replacement (Unicode layer for Win9x)
117 url/ - Internet shortcut shell extension
118 urlmon/ - URL Moniker allows binding to a URL (like KIO/gnome-vfs)
119 user/ - Window management, standard controls, etc.
120 uxtheme/ - Theme library
121 vdhcp.vxd/ - VDHCP VxD implementation
122 version/ - File installation library
123 vmm.vxd/ - VMM VxD implementation
124 vnb.vxd/ - VNB VxD implementation
125 vnetbios.vxd/ - VNETBIOS VxD implementation
126 vtdapi.vxd/ - VTDAPI VxD implementation
127 vwin32.vxd/ - VWIN32 VxD implementation
128 win32s/ - 32-bit function access for 16-bit systems
129 winaspi/ - 16 bit Advanced SCSI Peripheral Interface
130 wined3d/ - Wine internal Direct3D helper
131 winedos/ - DOS features and BIOS calls (interrupts) (wine specific)
132 wineps/ - Postscript driver (Wine specific)
133 wininet/ - Internet extensions
134 winmm/ - Multimedia (16 & 32 bit)
135 winmm/joystick/ - Joystick driver
136 winmm/mcianim/ - MCI animation driver
137 winmm/mciavi/ - MCI video driver
138 winmm/mcicda/ - MCI audio CD driver
139 winmm/mciseq/ - MCI MIDI driver
140 winmm/mciwave/ - MCI wave driver
141 winmm/midimap/ - MIDI mapper
142 winmm/wavemap/ - Audio mapper
143 winmm/winealsa/ - ALSA audio driver
144 winmm/winearts/ - aRts audio driver
145 winmm/wineaudioio/ - audioio audio driver
146 winmm/winejack/ - JACK audio server driver
147 winmm/winenas/ - NAS audio driver
148 winmm/wineoss/ - OSS audio driver
149 winnls/ - National Language Support
150 winsock/ - Sockets 2.0 (networking)
151 wsock32/ - Sockets 1.1 (networking)
152 wintab32/ - Tablet device interface
153 winspool/ - Printing & Print Spooler
154 wintrust/ - Trust verification interface
155 wow32/ - WOW subsystem
156 x11drv/ - X11 display driver (Wine specific)
158 Winelib programs (under programs/):
159 -----------------------------------
161 avitools/ - AVI information viewer and player
162 clock/ - Graphical clock
163 cmdlgtst/ - Common dialog tests
164 control/ - Control panel
165 expand/ - Decompress Lempel-Ziv compressed archive
166 notepad/ - Notepad with RichEdit functionality
167 progman/ - Program manager
168 regedit/ - Registry editor
169 regsvr32/ - Register COM server
170 rpcss/ - RPC services
171 rundll32/ - Execute DLL functions directly
172 start/ - Replacement for start.exe
173 uninstaller/ - Remove installed programs
174 view/ - Metafile viewer
175 wcmd/ - Command line interface
176 wineboot/ - Wine bootstrap process
177 winecfg/ - Wine configuration utility
178 wineconsole/ - Console
179 winedbg/ - Debugger
180 winefile/ - File manager
181 winemenubuilder/ - Helper program for building Unix menu entries
182 winemine/ - Mine game
183 winepath/ - Translate between Wine and Unix paths
184 winetest/ - Wine testing shell
185 winevdm/ - Wine virtual DOS machine
186 winhelp/ - Help viewer
187 winver/ - Windows Version Program
190 Support programs, libraries, etc:
191 ---------------------------------
193 dlls/dxguid/ - DirectX UUID import lib
194 dlls/uuid/ - Windows-compatible UUID import lib
195 documentation/ - some documentation
196 documentation/samples/ - sample configuration files
197 include/ - Windows standard includes
198 include/msvcrt/ - MSVC compatible libc headers
199 include/wine/ - Wine specific headers
200 libs/ - the Wine libraries
201 libs/port/ - portability library
202 libs/unicode/ - Unicode support shared
203 libs/wine/ - Wine bootstrap library
204 libs/wpp/ - C preprocessor
205 loader/ - the main Wine loader
206 server/ - the Wine server
207 tools/ - various tools used to build/check Wine
208 tools/widl/ - the IDL compiler
209 tools/winapi{,_check}/ - A Win32 API checker
210 tools/winebuild/ - Wine build tool
211 tools/winedump/ - a .DLL dump utility
212 tools/winegcc/ - a MinGW command line compatible gcc wrapper
213 tools/wmc/ - the message compiler
214 tools/wpp/ - the C pre-processor library
215 tools/wrc/ - the resource compiler
218 Miscellaneous:
219 --------------
221 Note: these directories will ultimately get moved into their
222 respective dlls.
224 files/ - KERNEL file I/O
225 misc/ - KERNEL registry
227 objects/ - GDI logical objects
229 controls/ - USER built-in widgets
230 windows/ - USER window management
234 IMPLEMENTING NEW API CALLS
235 ==========================
237 This is the simple version, and covers only Win32. Win16 is slightly
238 uglier, because of the Pascal heritage and the segmented memory model.
240 All of the Win32 APIs known to Wine are listed in the .spec file of
241 their corresponding dll. An unimplemented call will look like (from
242 gdi32.spec)
243 269 stub PolyBezierTo
244 To implement this call, you need to do the following four things.
246 1. Find the appropriate parameters for the call, and add a prototype to
247 the correct header file. In this case, that means [include/wingdi.h],
248 and it might look like
249 BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC, LPCVOID, DWORD);
250 If the function has both an ASCII and a Unicode version, you need to
251 define both and add a #define WINELIB_NAME_AW declaration. See below
252 for discussion of function naming conventions.
254 2. Modify the .spec file to tell Wine that the function has an
255 implementation, what the parameters look like and what Wine function
256 to use for the implementation. In Win32, things are simple--everything
257 is 32-bits. However, the relay code handles pointers and pointers to
258 strings slightly differently, so you should use 'str' and 'wstr' for
259 strings, 'ptr' for other pointer types, and 'long' for everything else.
260 269 stdcall PolyBezierTo(long ptr long) PolyBezierTo
261 The 'PolyBezierTo' at the end of the line is which Wine function to use
262 for the implementation.
264 3. Implement the function as a stub. Once you add the function to the .spec
265 file, you must add the function to the Wine source before it will link.
266 Add a function called 'PolyBezierTo' somewhere. Good things to put
267 into a stub:
268 o a correct prototype, including the WINAPI
269 o header comments, including full documentation for the function and
270 arguments (see documentation/README.documentation)
271 o A FIXME message and an appropriate return value are good things to
272 put in a stub.
274 /************************************************************
275 * PolyBezierTo (GDI32.269)
276 *
277 * Draw many Bezier curves.
278 *
279 * PARAMS
280 * hdc [I] Device context to draw to
281 * p [I] Array of POINT structs
282 * count [I] Number of points in p
283 *
284 * RETURNS
285 * Success: Non-zero.
286 * Failure: FALSE. Use GetLastError() to find the error cause.
287 *
288 * BUGS
289 * Unimplemented
290 */
291 BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC hdc, LPCVOID p, DWORD count)
292 {
293 /* tell the user they've got a substandard implementation */
294 FIXME(gdi, ":(%x,%p,%d): stub\n", hdc, p, count);
296 /* some programs may be able to compensate,
297 * if they know what happened
298 */
299 SetLastError(ERROR_CALL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
300 return FALSE; /* error value */
301 }
303 4. Implement and test the rest of the function.
306 IMPLEMENTING A NEW DLL
307 ======================
309 Generic directions
310 ------------------
312 Apart from writing the set of needed .c files, you also need to do the
313 following:
315 1. Create a directory <MyDll> where to store the implementation of
316 the DLL. This directory has to be put under the dlls/ directory.
317 If the DLL exists under Windows as both 16 and 32 bit DLL, you
318 should have a single directory with both implementations.
320 2. Create the Makefile.in in the ./dlls/<MyDll>/ directory. You can
321 copy an existing Makefile.in from another ./dlls/ subdirectory.
322 You need at least to change the MODULE and C_SRCS macros.
324 3. Add the directory in ./configure.ac (in AC_OUTPUT macro at the end
325 of the file to trigger the Makefile generation)
327 4. Run ./make_dlls in the dlls directory to update Makefile.in in
328 that directory.
330 5. You can now regenerate ./configure file (with 'make configure')
331 and the various Makefiles (with 'configure; make depend') (run
332 from the top of Wine's tree).
333 You should now have a Makefile file in ./dlls/<MyDll>/
335 6. Create the .spec file for the DLL exported functions in your
336 directory. Refer to 'Implementation of new API calls' earlier in
337 this document for more information on this part.
339 7. You can now start adding .c files. For the .h files, if they are
340 standard Windows one, put them in include/. If they are linked to
341 *your* implementation of the dll, put them in your newly created
342 directory.
344 Debug channels
345 --------------
347 If you need to create a new debug channel, just add the
348 WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL to your .c file(s), and use them.
349 All the housekeeping will happen automatically.
351 Resources
352 ---------
354 If you also need to add resources to your DLL, then create the .rc
355 file. Add to your ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in, in the RC_SRCS macro,
356 the list of .rc files to add to the DLL. See dlls/comctl32/ for an
357 example of this.
359 Thunking
360 --------
362 If you're building a 16 & 32 bit DLLs pair, then from the 32 bit code
363 you might need to call 16 bit routine. The way to do it to add in the
364 code, fragments like:
365 /* ### Start build ### */
366 extern WORD CALLBACK <PREFIX>_CallTo16_word_wwlll(FARPROC16,WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG);
367 /* ### stop build ### */
368 Where <PREFIX>_ is an internal prefix for your module. The first
369 parameter is always of type FARPROC16. Then, you can get the regular
370 list of parameters. The _word_wwlll indicates the type of return (long
371 or word) and the size of the parameters (here l=>long, w=>word; which
372 maps to WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG.
373 You can put several functions between the Start/Stop build pair.
375 You can also read the winebuild manpage for more details on this.
377 Then, add to ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in a line like:
379 EXTRA_OBJS = $(MODULE).glue.o
381 See dlls/winmm/ for an example of this.
383 MEMORY AND SEGMENTS
384 ===================
386 NE (Win16) executables consist of multiple segments. The Wine loader
387 loads each segment into a unique location in the Wine processes memory
388 and assigns a selector to that segment. Because of this, it's not
389 possible to exchange addresses freely between 16-bit and 32-bit code.
390 Addresses used by 16-bit code are segmented addresses (16:16), formed
391 by a 16-bit selector and a 16-bit offset. Those used by the Wine code
392 are regular 32-bit linear addresses.
394 There are four ways to obtain a segmented pointer:
395 - Using the MapLS function (recommended).
396 - Allocate a block of memory from the global heap and use
397 WIN16_GlobalLock to get its segmented address.
398 - Declare the argument as 'segptr' instead of 'ptr' in the spec file
399 for a given API function.
401 Once you have a segmented pointer, it must be converted to a linear
402 pointer before you can use it from 32-bit code. This can be done with
403 the MapSL function. The linear pointer can then be used freely with
404 standard Unix functions like memcpy() etc. without worrying about 64k
405 boundaries. Note: there's no easy way to convert back from a linear
406 to a segmented address.
408 In most cases, you don't need to worry about segmented address, as the
409 conversion is made automatically by the callback code and the API
410 functions only see linear addresses. However, in some cases it is
411 necessary to manipulate segmented addresses; the most frequent cases
412 are:
413 - API functions that return a pointer
414 - lParam of Windows messages that point to a structure
415 - Pointers contained inside structures accessed by 16-bit code.
417 It is usually a good practice to used the type 'SEGPTR' for segmented
418 pointers, instead of something like 'LPSTR' or 'char *'. As SEGPTR is
419 defined as a DWORD, you'll get a compilation warning if you mistakenly
420 use it as a regular 32-bit pointer.
423 STRUCTURE PACKING
424 =================
426 Under Windows, data structures are tightly packed, i.e. there is no
427 padding between structure members. On the other hand, by default gcc
428 aligns structure members (e.g. WORDs are on a WORD boundary, etc.).
429 This means that a structure like
431 struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
433 will take 3 bytes under Windows, but 4 with gcc, because gcc will add a
434 dummy byte between x and y. To have the correct layout for structures
435 used by Windows code, you need to embed the struct within two special
436 #include's which will take care of the packing for you:
438 #include "pshpack1.h"
439 struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
440 #include "poppack1.h"
442 For alignment on a 2-byte boundary, there is a "pshpack2.h", etc.
445 NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
446 ==============================================
448 In order to support both Win16 and Win32 APIs within the same source
449 code, the following convention must be used in naming all API
450 functions and types. If the Windows API uses the name 'xxx', the Wine
451 code must use:
453 - 'xxx16' for the Win16 version,
454 - 'xxx' for the Win32 version when no strings are involved,
455 - 'xxxA' for the Win32 version with ASCII strings,
456 - 'xxxW' for the Win32 version with Unicode strings.
458 If the function has both ASCII and Unicode version, you should then
459 use the macros WINELIB_NAME_AW(xxx) or DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(xxx)
460 (defined in include/windef.h) to define the correct 'xxx' function
461 or type for Winelib. When compiling Wine itself, 'xxx' is _not_
462 defined, meaning that code inside of Wine must always specify
463 explicitly the ASCII or Unicode version.
465 If 'xxx' is the same in Win16 and Win32, you can simply use the same
466 name as Windows, i.e. just 'xxx'. If 'xxx' is Win16 only, you could
467 use the name as is, but it's preferable to use 'xxx16' to make it
468 clear it is a Win16 function.
470 Examples:
472 typedef struct { /* Win32 ASCII data structure */ } WNDCLASSA;
473 typedef struct { /* Win32 Unicode data structure */ } WNDCLASSW;
474 typedef struct { /* Win16 data structure */ } WNDCLASS16;
475 DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(WNDCLASS);
477 ATOM RegisterClass16( WNDCLASS16 * );
478 ATOM RegisterClassA( WNDCLASSA * );
479 ATOM RegisterClassW( WNDCLASSW * );
480 #define RegisterClass WINELIB_NAME_AW(RegisterClass)
482 The Winelib user can then say:
484 WNDCLASS wc = { ... };
485 RegisterClass( &wc );
487 and this will use the correct declaration depending on the definition
488 of the UNICODE symbol.
491 DEBUG MESSAGES
492 ==============
494 To display a message only during debugging, you normally write something
495 like this:
497 TRACE("abc..."); or
498 FIXME("abc..."); or
499 WARN("abc..."); or
500 ERR("abc...");
502 depending on the seriousness of the problem. (documentation/debugging.sgml
503 explains when it is appropriate to use each of them). You need to declare
504 the debug channel name at the top of the file (after the includes) using
505 the WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL macro, like so:
507 WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL(win);
509 If your debugging code is more complex than just printf, you can use
510 the macros:
512 TRACE_ON(xxx), WARN_ON(xxx), ERR_ON(xxx) and FIXME_ON(xxx)
514 to test if the given channel is enabled. Thus, you can write:
516 if (TRACE_ON(win)) DumpSomeStructure(&str);
518 Don't worry about the inefficiency of the test. If it is permanently
519 disabled (that is TRACE_ON(win) is 0 at compile time), the compiler will
520 eliminate the dead code.
522 For more info about debugging messages, read:
524 http://www.winehq.org/site/docs/wine-devel/debugging
527 MORE INFO
528 =========
530 1. There is a FREE online version of the MSDN library (including
531 documentation for the Win32 API) on http://msdn.microsoft.com/
532 or http://www.msdn.com/
534 2. Windows apilist: http://www.mentalis.org/apilist/apilist.php
536 3. http://www.sonic.net/~undoc/bookstore.html
538 4. In 1993 Dr. Dobbs Journal published a column called "Undocumented Corner".
540 5. www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/4942/