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1 This document should help new developers get started. Like all of Wine, it
2 is a work in progress.
5 SOURCE TREE STRUCTURE
6 =====================
8 The Wine source tree is loosely based on the original Windows modules.
9 Most of the source is concerned with implementing the Wine API, although
10 there are also various tools, documentation, sample Winelib code, and
11 code specific to the binary loader. Note that several of the libraries
12 listed here are "stubbed out", meaning they still need to be implemented.
14 DLLs (under dlls/):
15 -------------------
17 advapi32/ - Crypto, systeminfo, security, eventlogging
18 advpack/ - Reads and verifies .INF files
19 amstream/ - MultiMedia Streams
20 atl/ - Active Template Library
21 avicap32/ - AVI capture window class
22 avifil32/ - COM object to play AVI files
23 cabinet/ - Cabinet file interface
24 capi2032/ - Wrapper library for CAPI4Linux access
25 cards/ - Card graphics
26 cfgmgr32/ - Config manager
27 comcat/ - Component category manager
28 comctl32/ - Common controls
29 commdlg/ - Common dialog boxes (both 16 & 32 bit)
30 crtdll/ - Old C runtime library
31 crypt32/ - Cryptography
32 cryptdll/ - Cryptography Manager
33 ctl3d/ - 3D Effects for Common GUI Components
34 d3d8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
35 d3d9/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
36 d3dim/ - Direct3D Immediate Mode
37 d3drm/ - Direct3D Retained Mode
38 d3dx8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
39 d3dxof/ - DirectX Files Functions
40 dbghelp/ - Engine for symbol and module enumeration
41 dciman32/ - DCI Manager (graphics)
42 ddraw/ - DirectDraw (graphics)
43 devenum/ - Device enumeration (part of DirectShow)
44 dinput/ - DirectInput (device input)
45 dinput8/ - DirectInput (device input)
46 dmband/ - DirectMusic Band
47 dmcompos/ - DirectMusic Composer
48 dmime/ - DirectMusic Interactive Engine
49 dmloader/ - DirectMusic Loader
50 dmscript/ - DirectMusic Scripting
51 dmstyle/ - DirectMusic Style Engine
52 dmsynth/ - DirectMusic Software Synthesizer
53 dmusic/ - DirectMusic Core Services
54 dmusic32/ - DirectMusic Legacy Port
55 dplay/ - DirectPlay (networking)
56 dplayx/ - DirectPlay (networking)
57 dpnet/ - DirectPlay (networking)
58 dpnhpast/ - DirectPlay NAT Helper PAST
59 dsound/ - DirectSound (audio)
60 dswave/ - DirectMusic Wave
61 dxdiagn/ - DirectX Diagnostic Tool
62 gdi/ - GDI (graphics)
63 glu32/ - OpenGL Utility library (graphics)
64 glut32/ - OpenGL Utility Toolkit
65 hhctrl.ocx/ - HHCTRL OCX implementation
66 iccvid/ - Radius Cinepak Video Decoder
67 icmp/ - ICMP protocol (networking)
68 ifsmgr.vxd/ - IFSMGR VxD implementation
69 imagehlp/ - PE (Portable Executable) Image Helper lib
70 imm32/ - Input Method Manager
71 iphlpapi/ - IP Helper API
72 itss/ - Infotech Structured Storage (HTML Help)
73 kernel/ - The Windows kernel
74 lzexpand/ - Lempel-Ziv compression/decompression
75 mapi32/ - Mail interface
76 mlang/ - Multi Language Support
77 mmdevldr.vxd/ - MMDEVLDR VxD implementation
78 monodebg.vxd/ - MONODEBG VxD implementation
79 mpr/ - Multi-Protocol Router (networking)
80 msacm/ - Audio Compression Manager (multimedia)
81 msacm/imaadp32/ - IMA ADPCM Audio Codec
82 msacm/msadp32/ - MS ADPCM Audio Codec
83 msacm/msg711/ - MS G711 Audio Codec (includes A-Law & MU-Law)
84 msacm/winemp3/ - Mpeg Layer 3 Audio Codec
85 mscms/ - Color Management System
86 msdmo/ - DirectX Media Objects
87 mshtml/ - MS HTML component
88 msi/ - Microsoft Installer
89 msimg32/ - Gradient and transparency (graphics)
90 msisys/ - System information
91 msnet32/ - Network interface
92 msrle32/ - Video codecs
93 msvcrt/ - C runtime library
94 msvcrt20/ - C runtime library version 2.0
95 msvcrt40/ - C runtime library version 4.0
96 msvcrtd/ - C runtime library debugging
97 msvidc32/ - Microsoft Video-1 Decoder
98 msvideo/ - 16 bit video manager
99 mswsock/ - Misc networking
100 netapi32/ - Network interface
101 newdev/ - New Hardware Device Library
102 ntdll/ - NT implementation of kernel calls
103 odbc32/ - Open DataBase Connectivity driver manager
104 ole32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 libraries
105 oleacc/ - OLE accessibility support
106 oleaut32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
107 olecli/ - 16 bit OLE client
108 oledlg/ - OLE 2.0 user interface support
109 olepro32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
110 olesvr/ - 16 bit OLE server
111 opengl32/ - OpenGL implementation (graphics)
112 powrprof/ - Power Management and Profiling
113 psapi/ - Process Status interface
114 qcap/ - DirectShow runtime
115 quartz/ - DirectShow runtime
116 rasapi32/ - Remote Access Server interface
117 riched20/ - Rich text editing control version 2.0
118 richedit/ - Rich text editing control
119 rpcrt4/ - Remote Procedure Call runtime
120 rsabase/ - RSA encryption
121 rsaenh/ - Crypto API that provides algorithms for DES, 3DES, and RSA among others
122 secur32/ - Contains Windows Security functions
123 sensapi/ - System Event Notification Service
124 serialui/ - Serial port property pages
125 setupapi/ - Setup interface
126 shdocvw/ - Shell document object and control
127 shell32/ - COM object implementing shell views
128 shfolder/ - Shell folder service
129 shlwapi/ - Shell Light-Weight interface
130 snmpapi/ - SNMP protocol interface (networking)
131 stdole32.tlb/ - Standard OLE typelib
132 sti/ - Still Image service
133 tapi32/ - Telephone interface
134 ttydrv/ - TTY display driver (Wine specific)
135 twain/ - TWAIN Imaging device communications
136 unicows/ - Unicows replacement (Unicode layer for Win9x)
137 url/ - Internet shortcut shell extension
138 urlmon/ - URL Moniker allows binding to a URL (like KIO/gnome-vfs)
139 user/ - Window management, standard controls, etc.
140 uxtheme/ - Theme library
141 vdhcp.vxd/ - VDHCP VxD implementation
142 vdmdbg/ - Virtual DOS machine debug library
143 version/ - File installation library
144 vmm.vxd/ - VMM VxD implementation
145 vnbt.vxd/ - VNBT VxD implementation
146 vnetbios.vxd/ - VNETBIOS VxD implementation
147 vtdapi.vxd/ - VTDAPI VxD implementation
148 vwin32.vxd/ - VWIN32 VxD implementation
149 win32s/ - 32-bit function access for 16-bit systems
150 winaspi/ - 16 bit Advanced SCSI Peripheral Interface
151 wined3d/ - Wine internal Direct3D helper
152 winedos/ - DOS features and BIOS calls (interrupts) (wine specific)
153 wineps/ - Postscript driver (Wine specific)
154 wininet/ - Internet extensions
155 winmm/ - Multimedia (16 & 32 bit)
156 winmm/joystick/ - Joystick driver
157 winmm/mcianim/ - MCI animation driver
158 winmm/mciavi/ - MCI video driver
159 winmm/mcicda/ - MCI audio CD driver
160 winmm/mciseq/ - MCI MIDI driver
161 winmm/mciwave/ - MCI wave driver
162 winmm/midimap/ - MIDI mapper
163 winmm/wavemap/ - Audio mapper
164 winmm/winealsa/ - ALSA audio driver
165 winmm/winearts/ - aRts audio driver
166 winmm/wineaudioio/ - audioio audio driver
167 winmm/winejack/ - JACK audio server driver
168 winmm/winenas/ - NAS audio driver
169 winmm/wineoss/ - OSS audio driver
170 winnls/ - National Language Support
171 winsock/ - Sockets 2.0 (networking)
172 winspool/ - Printing & Print Spooler
173 wintab32/ - Tablet device interface
174 wintrust/ - Trust verification interface
175 wow32/ - WOW subsystem
176 wsock32/ - Sockets 1.1 (networking)
177 wtsapi32/ - Terminal Services
178 x11drv/ - X11 display driver (Wine specific)
180 Winelib programs (under programs/):
181 -----------------------------------
183 avitools/ - AVI information viewer and player
184 clock/ - Graphical clock
185 cmdlgtst/ - Common dialog tests
186 control/ - Control panel
187 expand/ - Decompress Lempel-Ziv compressed archive
188 msiexec/ - Microsoft Installer frontend
189 notepad/ - Notepad replacement
190 progman/ - Program manager
191 regedit/ - Registry editor
192 regsvr32/ - Register COM server
193 rpcss/ - RPC services
194 rundll32/ - Execute DLL functions directly
195 start/ - Replacement for start.exe
196 taskmgr/ - Manage running Windows/Winelib applications
197 uninstaller/ - Remove installed programs
198 view/ - Metafile viewer
199 wcmd/ - Command line interface
200 wineboot/ - Wine bootstrap process
201 winecfg/ - Wine configuration utility
202 wineconsole/ - Console
203 winedbg/ - Debugger
204 winefile/ - File manager
205 winemenubuilder/ - Helper program for building Unix menu entries
206 winemine/ - Mine game
207 winepath/ - Translate between Wine and Unix paths
208 winetest/ - Wine testing shell
209 winevdm/ - Wine virtual DOS machine
210 winhelp/ - Help viewer
211 winver/ - Windows Version Program
214 Support programs, libraries, etc:
215 ---------------------------------
217 dlls/dxerr8/ - DirectX 8 error import lib
218 dlls/dxerr9/ - DirectX 9 error import lib
219 dlls/dxguid/ - DirectX UUID import lib
220 dlls/strmiids/ - Exports class (CLSIDs) and interface (IIDs) identifiers
221 dlls/uuid/ - Windows-compatible UUID import lib
222 documentation/ - some documentation
223 documentation/samples/ - sample configuration files
224 include/ - Windows standard includes
225 include/msvcrt/ - MSVC compatible libc headers
226 include/wine/ - Wine specific headers
227 libs/ - the Wine libraries
228 libs/port/ - portability library
229 libs/unicode/ - Unicode support shared
230 libs/wine/ - Wine bootstrap library
231 libs/wpp/ - C preprocessor
232 loader/ - the main Wine loader
233 server/ - the Wine server
234 tools/ - various tools used to build/check Wine
235 tools/widl/ - the IDL compiler
236 tools/winapi{,_check}/ - A Win32 API checker
237 tools/winebuild/ - Wine build tool
238 tools/winedump/ - a .DLL dump utility
239 tools/winegcc/ - a MinGW command line compatible gcc wrapper
240 tools/wmc/ - the message compiler
241 tools/wpp/ - the C pre-processor library
242 tools/wrc/ - the resource compiler
245 Miscellaneous:
246 --------------
248 Note: these directories will ultimately get moved into their
249 respective dlls.
251 windows/ - USER window management
255 IMPLEMENTING NEW API CALLS
256 ==========================
258 This is the simple version, and covers only Win32. Win16 is slightly
259 uglier, because of the Pascal heritage and the segmented memory model.
261 All of the Win32 APIs known to Wine are listed in the .spec file of
262 their corresponding dll. An unimplemented call will look like (from
263 gdi32.spec)
264 269 stub PolyBezierTo
265 To implement this call, you need to do the following four things.
267 1. Find the appropriate parameters for the call, and add a prototype to
268 the correct header file. In this case, that means [include/wingdi.h],
269 and it might look like
270 BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC, LPCVOID, DWORD);
271 If the function has both an ASCII and a Unicode version, you need to
272 define both and add a #define WINELIB_NAME_AW declaration. See below
273 for discussion of function naming conventions.
275 2. Modify the .spec file to tell Wine that the function has an
276 implementation, what the parameters look like and what Wine function
277 to use for the implementation. In Win32, things are simple--everything
278 is 32-bits. However, the relay code handles pointers and pointers to
279 strings slightly differently, so you should use 'str' and 'wstr' for
280 strings, 'ptr' for other pointer types, and 'long' for everything else.
281 269 stdcall PolyBezierTo(long ptr long) PolyBezierTo
282 The 'PolyBezierTo' at the end of the line is which Wine function to use
283 for the implementation.
285 3. Implement the function as a stub. Once you add the function to the .spec
286 file, you must add the function to the Wine source before it will link.
287 Add a function called 'PolyBezierTo' somewhere. Good things to put
288 into a stub:
289 o a correct prototype, including the WINAPI
290 o header comments, including full documentation for the function and
291 arguments (see documentation/README.documentation)
292 o A FIXME message and an appropriate return value are good things to
293 put in a stub.
295 /************************************************************
296 * PolyBezierTo (GDI32.269)
297 *
298 * Draw many Bezier curves.
299 *
300 * PARAMS
301 * hdc [I] Device context to draw to
302 * p [I] Array of POINT structs
303 * count [I] Number of points in p
304 *
305 * RETURNS
306 * Success: Non-zero.
307 * Failure: FALSE. Use GetLastError() to find the error cause.
308 *
309 * BUGS
310 * Unimplemented
311 */
312 BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC hdc, LPCVOID p, DWORD count)
313 {
314 /* tell the user they've got a substandard implementation */
315 FIXME("(%x,%p,%d): stub\n", hdc, p, count);
317 /* some programs may be able to compensate,
318 * if they know what happened
319 */
320 SetLastError(ERROR_CALL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
321 return FALSE; /* error value */
322 }
324 4. Implement and test the rest of the function.
327 IMPLEMENTING A NEW DLL
328 ======================
330 Generic directions
331 ------------------
333 Apart from writing the set of needed .c files, you also need to do the
334 following:
336 1. Create a directory <MyDll> where to store the implementation of
337 the DLL. This directory has to be put under the dlls/ directory.
338 If the DLL exists under Windows as both 16 and 32 bit DLL, you
339 should have a single directory with both implementations.
341 2. Create the Makefile.in in the ./dlls/<MyDll>/ directory. You can
342 copy an existing Makefile.in from another ./dlls/ subdirectory.
343 You need at least to change the MODULE and C_SRCS macros.
345 3. Add the directory in ./configure.ac (in AC_OUTPUT macro at the end
346 of the file to trigger the Makefile generation)
348 4. Run ./make_dlls in the dlls directory to update Makefile.in in
349 that directory.
351 5. You can now regenerate ./configure file (with 'make configure')
352 and the various Makefiles (with 'configure; make depend') (run
353 from the top of Wine's tree).
354 You should now have a Makefile file in ./dlls/<MyDll>/
356 6. Create the .spec file for the DLL exported functions in your
357 directory. Refer to 'Implementation of new API calls' earlier in
358 this document for more information on this part.
360 7. You can now start adding .c files. For the .h files, if they are
361 standard Windows one, put them in include/. If they are linked to
362 *your* implementation of the dll, put them in your newly created
363 directory.
365 Debug channels
366 --------------
368 If you need to create a new debug channel, just add the
369 WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL to your .c file(s), and use them.
370 All the housekeeping will happen automatically.
372 Resources
373 ---------
375 If you also need to add resources to your DLL, then create the .rc
376 file. Add to your ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in, in the RC_SRCS macro,
377 the list of .rc files to add to the DLL. See dlls/comctl32/ for an
378 example of this.
380 Thunking
381 --------
383 If you're building a 16 & 32 bit DLLs pair, then from the 32 bit code
384 you might need to call 16 bit routine. The way to do it to add in the
385 code, fragments like:
386 /* ### Start build ### */
387 extern WORD CALLBACK <PREFIX>_CallTo16_word_wwlll(FARPROC16,WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG);
388 /* ### stop build ### */
389 Where <PREFIX>_ is an internal prefix for your module. The first
390 parameter is always of type FARPROC16. Then, you can get the regular
391 list of parameters. The _word_wwlll indicates the type of return (long
392 or word) and the size of the parameters (here l=>long, w=>word; which
393 maps to WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG.
394 You can put several functions between the Start/Stop build pair.
396 You can also read the winebuild manpage for more details on this.
398 Then, add to ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in a line like:
400 EXTRA_OBJS = $(MODULE).glue.o
402 See dlls/winmm/ for an example of this.
404 MEMORY AND SEGMENTS
405 ===================
407 NE (Win16) executables consist of multiple segments. The Wine loader
408 loads each segment into a unique location in the Wine processes memory
409 and assigns a selector to that segment. Because of this, it's not
410 possible to exchange addresses freely between 16-bit and 32-bit code.
411 Addresses used by 16-bit code are segmented addresses (16:16), formed
412 by a 16-bit selector and a 16-bit offset. Those used by the Wine code
413 are regular 32-bit linear addresses.
415 There are four ways to obtain a segmented pointer:
416 - Using the MapLS function (recommended).
417 - Allocate a block of memory from the global heap and use
418 WIN16_GlobalLock to get its segmented address.
419 - Declare the argument as 'segptr' instead of 'ptr' in the spec file
420 for a given API function.
422 Once you have a segmented pointer, it must be converted to a linear
423 pointer before you can use it from 32-bit code. This can be done with
424 the MapSL function. The linear pointer can then be used freely with
425 standard Unix functions like memcpy() etc. without worrying about 64k
426 boundaries. Note: there's no easy way to convert back from a linear
427 to a segmented address.
429 In most cases, you don't need to worry about segmented address, as the
430 conversion is made automatically by the callback code and the API
431 functions only see linear addresses. However, in some cases it is
432 necessary to manipulate segmented addresses; the most frequent cases
433 are:
434 - API functions that return a pointer
435 - lParam of Windows messages that point to a structure
436 - Pointers contained inside structures accessed by 16-bit code.
438 It is usually a good practice to used the type 'SEGPTR' for segmented
439 pointers, instead of something like 'LPSTR' or 'char *'. As SEGPTR is
440 defined as a DWORD, you'll get a compilation warning if you mistakenly
441 use it as a regular 32-bit pointer.
444 STRUCTURE PACKING
445 =================
447 Under Windows, data structures are tightly packed, i.e. there is no
448 padding between structure members. On the other hand, by default gcc
449 aligns structure members (e.g. WORDs are on a WORD boundary, etc.).
450 This means that a structure like
452 struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
454 will take 3 bytes under Windows, but 4 with gcc, because gcc will add a
455 dummy byte between x and y. To have the correct layout for structures
456 used by Windows code, you need to embed the struct within two special
457 #include's which will take care of the packing for you:
459 #include "pshpack1.h"
460 struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
461 #include "poppack1.h"
463 For alignment on a 2-byte boundary, there is a "pshpack2.h", etc.
466 NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
467 ==============================================
469 In order to support both Win16 and Win32 APIs within the same source
470 code, the following convention must be used in naming all API
471 functions and types. If the Windows API uses the name 'xxx', the Wine
472 code must use:
474 - 'xxx16' for the Win16 version,
475 - 'xxx' for the Win32 version when no strings are involved,
476 - 'xxxA' for the Win32 version with ASCII strings,
477 - 'xxxW' for the Win32 version with Unicode strings.
479 If the function has both ASCII and Unicode version, you should then
480 use the macros WINELIB_NAME_AW(xxx) or DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(xxx)
481 (defined in include/windef.h) to define the correct 'xxx' function
482 or type for Winelib. When compiling Wine itself, 'xxx' is _not_
483 defined, meaning that code inside of Wine must always specify
484 explicitly the ASCII or Unicode version.
486 If 'xxx' is the same in Win16 and Win32, you can simply use the same
487 name as Windows, i.e. just 'xxx'. If 'xxx' is Win16 only, you could
488 use the name as is, but it's preferable to use 'xxx16' to make it
489 clear it is a Win16 function.
491 Examples:
493 typedef struct { /* Win32 ASCII data structure */ } WNDCLASSA;
494 typedef struct { /* Win32 Unicode data structure */ } WNDCLASSW;
495 typedef struct { /* Win16 data structure */ } WNDCLASS16;
496 DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(WNDCLASS);
498 ATOM RegisterClass16( WNDCLASS16 * );
499 ATOM RegisterClassA( WNDCLASSA * );
500 ATOM RegisterClassW( WNDCLASSW * );
501 #define RegisterClass WINELIB_NAME_AW(RegisterClass)
503 The Winelib user can then say:
505 WNDCLASS wc = { ... };
506 RegisterClass( &wc );
508 and this will use the correct declaration depending on the definition
509 of the UNICODE symbol.
512 DEBUG MESSAGES
513 ==============
515 To display a message only during debugging, you normally write something
516 like this:
518 TRACE("abc..."); or
519 FIXME("abc..."); or
520 WARN("abc..."); or
521 ERR("abc...");
523 depending on the seriousness of the problem. (documentation/debugging.sgml
524 explains when it is appropriate to use each of them). You need to declare
525 the debug channel name at the top of the file (after the includes) using
526 the WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL macro, like so:
528 WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL(win);
530 If your debugging code is more complex than just printf, you can use
531 the macros:
533 TRACE_ON(xxx), WARN_ON(xxx), ERR_ON(xxx) and FIXME_ON(xxx)
535 to test if the given channel is enabled. Thus, you can write:
537 if (TRACE_ON(win)) DumpSomeStructure(&str);
539 Don't worry about the inefficiency of the test. If it is permanently
540 disabled (that is TRACE_ON(win) is 0 at compile time), the compiler will
541 eliminate the dead code.
543 For more info about debugging messages, read:
545 http://www.winehq.org/site/docs/wine-devel/debugging
548 MORE INFO
549 =========
551 1. There is a FREE online version of the MSDN library (including
552 documentation for the Win32 API) on http://msdn.microsoft.com/
553 or http://www.msdn.com/
555 2. Windows apilist: http://www.mentalis.org/apilist/apilist.php
557 3. http://www.sonic.net/~undoc/bookstore.html
559 4. In 1993 Dr. Dobbs Journal published a column called "Undocumented Corner".
561 5. www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/4942/