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1 This document should help new developers get started. Like all of Wine, it
2 is a work in progress.
5 SOURCE TREE STRUCTURE
6 =====================
8 The Wine source tree is loosely based on the original Windows modules.
9 Most of the source is concerned with implementing the Wine API, although
10 there are also various tools, documentation, sample Winelib code, and
11 code specific to the binary loader. Note that several of the libraries
12 listed here are "stubbed out", meaning they still need to be implemented.
14 DLLs (under dlls/):
15 -------------------
17 activeds/ - Active Directory Service Interface
18 advapi32/ - Crypto, systeminfo, security, eventlogging
19 advpack/ - Reads and verifies .INF files
20 amstream/ - MultiMedia Streams
21 atl/ - Active Template Library
22 avicap32/ - AVI capture window class
23 avifil32/ - COM object to play AVI files
24 cabinet/ - Cabinet file interface
25 capi2032/ - Wrapper library for CAPI4Linux access
26 cards/ - Card graphics
27 cfgmgr32/ - Config manager
28 comcat/ - Component category manager
29 comctl32/ - Common controls
30 commdlg/ - Common dialog boxes (both 16 & 32 bit)
31 crtdll/ - Old C runtime library
32 crypt32/ - Cryptography
33 cryptdll/ - Cryptography Manager
34 ctl3d/ - 3D Effects for Common GUI Components
35 d3d8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
36 d3d9/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
37 d3dim/ - Direct3D Immediate Mode
38 d3drm/ - Direct3D Retained Mode
39 d3dx8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
40 d3dxof/ - DirectX Files Functions
41 dbghelp/ - Engine for symbol and module enumeration
42 dciman32/ - DCI Manager (graphics)
43 ddraw/ - DirectDraw (graphics)
44 devenum/ - Device enumeration (part of DirectShow)
45 dinput/ - DirectInput (device input)
46 dinput8/ - DirectInput (device input)
47 dmband/ - DirectMusic Band
48 dmcompos/ - DirectMusic Composer
49 dmime/ - DirectMusic Interactive Engine
50 dmloader/ - DirectMusic Loader
51 dmscript/ - DirectMusic Scripting
52 dmstyle/ - DirectMusic Style Engine
53 dmsynth/ - DirectMusic Software Synthesizer
54 dmusic/ - DirectMusic Core Services
55 dmusic32/ - DirectMusic Legacy Port
56 dplay/ - DirectPlay (networking)
57 dplayx/ - DirectPlay (networking)
58 dpnet/ - DirectPlay (networking)
59 dpnhpast/ - DirectPlay NAT Helper PAST
60 dsound/ - DirectSound (audio)
61 dswave/ - DirectMusic Wave
62 dxdiagn/ - DirectX Diagnostic Tool
63 gdi/ - GDI (graphics)
64 glu32/ - OpenGL Utility library (graphics)
65 glut32/ - OpenGL Utility Toolkit
66 hhctrl.ocx/ - HHCTRL OCX implementation
67 iccvid/ - Radius Cinepak Video Decoder
68 icmp/ - ICMP protocol (networking)
69 ifsmgr.vxd/ - IFSMGR VxD implementation
70 imagehlp/ - PE (Portable Executable) Image Helper lib
71 imm32/ - Input Method Manager
72 iphlpapi/ - IP Helper API
73 itss/ - Infotech Structured Storage (HTML Help)
74 kernel/ - The Windows kernel
75 lzexpand/ - Lempel-Ziv compression/decompression
76 mapi32/ - Mail interface
77 midimap/ - MIDI mapper
78 mlang/ - Multi Language Support
79 mmdevldr.vxd/ - MMDEVLDR VxD implementation
80 monodebg.vxd/ - MONODEBG VxD implementation
81 mpr/ - Multi-Protocol Router (networking)
82 msacm/ - Audio Compression Manager (multimedia)
83 msacm/imaadp32/ - IMA ADPCM Audio Codec
84 msacm/msadp32/ - MS ADPCM Audio Codec
85 msacm/msg711/ - MS G711 Audio Codec (includes A-Law & MU-Law)
86 msacm/winemp3/ - Mpeg Layer 3 Audio Codec
87 mscms/ - Color Management System
88 msdmo/ - DirectX Media Objects
89 mshtml/ - MS HTML component
90 msi/ - Microsoft Installer
91 msimg32/ - Gradient and transparency (graphics)
92 msisys/ - System information
93 msnet32/ - Network interface
94 msrle32/ - Video codecs
95 msvcrt/ - C runtime library
96 msvcrt20/ - C runtime library version 2.0
97 msvcrt40/ - C runtime library version 4.0
98 msvcrtd/ - C runtime library debugging
99 msvidc32/ - Microsoft Video-1 Decoder
100 msvideo/ - 16 bit video manager
101 mswsock/ - Misc networking
102 msxml3/ - MSXML Class Factory
103 netapi32/ - Network interface
104 newdev/ - New Hardware Device Library
105 ntdll/ - NT implementation of kernel calls
106 objsel/ - Object Picker Dialog
107 odbc32/ - Open DataBase Connectivity driver manager
108 odbccp32/ - Open DataBase Connectivity driver installer
109 ole32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 libraries
110 oleacc/ - OLE accessibility support
111 oleaut32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
112 olecli/ - 16 bit OLE client
113 oledlg/ - OLE 2.0 user interface support
114 olepro32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
115 olesvr/ - 16 bit OLE server
116 opengl32/ - OpenGL implementation (graphics)
117 powrprof/ - Power Management and Profiling
118 psapi/ - Process Status interface
119 qcap/ - DirectShow runtime
120 quartz/ - DirectShow runtime
121 rasapi32/ - Remote Access Server interface
122 riched20/ - Rich text editing control version 2.0
123 richedit/ - Rich text editing control
124 rpcrt4/ - Remote Procedure Call runtime
125 rsabase/ - RSA encryption
126 rsaenh/ - Crypto API (DES, 3DES, RSA, etc.)
127 secur32/ - Contains Windows Security functions
128 sensapi/ - System Event Notification Service
129 serialui/ - Serial port property pages
130 setupapi/ - Setup interface
131 shdocvw/ - Shell document object and control
132 shell32/ - COM object implementing shell views
133 shfolder/ - Shell folder service
134 shlwapi/ - Shell Light-Weight interface
135 snmpapi/ - SNMP protocol interface (networking)
136 stdole2.tlb/ - OLE Automation typelib
137 stdole32.tlb/ - Standard OLE typelib
138 sti/ - Still Image service
139 tapi32/ - Telephone interface
140 twain/ - TWAIN Imaging device communications
141 unicows/ - Unicows replacement (Unicode layer for Win9x)
142 url/ - Internet shortcut shell extension
143 urlmon/ - URL Moniker allows binding to a URL
144 user/ - Window management, standard controls, etc.
145 usp10/ - Uniscribe Script Processor
146 uxtheme/ - Theme library
147 vdhcp.vxd/ - VDHCP VxD implementation
148 vdmdbg/ - Virtual DOS machine debug library
149 version/ - File installation library
150 vmm.vxd/ - VMM VxD implementation
151 vnbt.vxd/ - VNBT VxD implementation
152 vnetbios.vxd/ - VNETBIOS VxD implementation
153 vtdapi.vxd/ - VTDAPI VxD implementation
154 vwin32.vxd/ - VWIN32 VxD implementation
155 win32s/ - 32-bit function access for 16-bit systems
156 winaspi/ - 16 bit Advanced SCSI Peripheral Interface
157 wined3d/ - Wine internal Direct3D helper
158 winedos/ - DOS features and BIOS calls (Wine specific)
159 wineps/ - Postscript driver (Wine specific)
160 wininet/ - Internet extensions
161 winmm/ - Multimedia (16 & 32 bit)
162 winmm/joystick/ - Joystick driver
163 winmm/mcianim/ - MCI animation driver
164 winmm/mciavi/ - MCI video driver
165 winmm/mcicda/ - MCI audio CD driver
166 winmm/mciseq/ - MCI MIDI driver
167 winmm/mciwave/ - MCI wave driver
168 winmm/wavemap/ - Audio mapper
169 winmm/winealsa/ - ALSA audio driver
170 winmm/winearts/ - aRts audio driver
171 winmm/wineaudioio/ - audioio audio driver
172 winmm/winejack/ - JACK audio server driver
173 winmm/winenas/ - NAS audio driver
174 winmm/wineoss/ - OSS audio driver
175 winnls/ - National Language Support
176 winsock/ - Sockets 2.0 (networking)
177 winspool/ - Printing & Print Spooler
178 wintab32/ - Tablet device interface
179 wintrust/ - Trust verification interface
180 wldap32/ - LDAP support
181 wow32/ - WOW subsystem
182 wsock32/ - Sockets 1.1 (networking)
183 wtsapi32/ - Terminal Services
184 x11drv/ - X11 display driver (Wine specific)
186 Winelib programs (under programs/):
187 -----------------------------------
189 avitools/ - AVI information viewer and player
190 clock/ - Graphical clock
191 cmdlgtst/ - Common dialog tests
192 control/ - Control panel
193 expand/ - Decompress Lempel-Ziv compressed archive
194 msiexec/ - Microsoft Installer frontend
195 notepad/ - Notepad replacement
196 progman/ - Program manager
197 regedit/ - Registry editor
198 regsvr32/ - Register COM server
199 rpcss/ - RPC services
200 rundll32/ - Execute DLL functions directly
201 start/ - Replacement for start.exe
202 taskmgr/ - Manage running Windows/Winelib applications
203 uninstaller/ - Remove installed programs
204 view/ - Metafile viewer
205 wcmd/ - Command line interface
206 wineboot/ - Wine bootstrap process
207 winecfg/ - Wine configuration utility
208 wineconsole/ - Console
209 winedbg/ - Debugger
210 winefile/ - File manager
211 winemenubuilder/ - Helper program for building Unix menu entries
212 winemine/ - Mine game
213 winepath/ - Translate between Wine and Unix paths
214 winetest/ - Wine testing shell
215 winevdm/ - Wine virtual DOS machine
216 winhelp/ - Help viewer
217 winver/ - Windows Version Program
220 Support programs, libraries, etc:
221 ---------------------------------
223 dlls/dxerr8/ - DirectX 8 error import lib
224 dlls/dxerr9/ - DirectX 9 error import lib
225 dlls/dxguid/ - DirectX UUID import lib
226 dlls/strmiids/ - Exports class CLSIDs and interface IIDs
227 dlls/uuid/ - Windows-compatible UUID import lib
228 documentation/ - some documentation
229 include/ - Windows standard includes
230 include/msvcrt/ - MSVC compatible libc headers
231 include/wine/ - Wine specific headers
232 libs/ - the Wine libraries
233 libs/port/ - portability library
234 libs/unicode/ - Unicode support shared
235 libs/wine/ - Wine bootstrap library
236 libs/wpp/ - C preprocessor
237 loader/ - the main Wine loader
238 server/ - the Wine server
239 tools/ - various tools used to build/check Wine
240 tools/widl/ - the IDL compiler
241 tools/winapi{,_check}/ - A Win32 API checker
242 tools/winebuild/ - Wine build tool
243 tools/winedump/ - a .DLL dump utility
244 tools/winegcc/ - a MinGW command line compatible gcc wrapper
245 tools/wmc/ - the message compiler
246 tools/wpp/ - the C pre-processor library
247 tools/wrc/ - the resource compiler
251 IMPLEMENTING NEW API CALLS
252 ==========================
254 This is the simple version, and covers only Win32. Win16 is slightly
255 uglier, because of the Pascal heritage and the segmented memory model.
257 All of the Win32 APIs known to Wine are listed in the .spec file of
258 their corresponding dll. An unimplemented call will look like (from
259 gdi32.spec)
260 269 stub PolyBezierTo
261 To implement this call, you need to do the following four things.
263 1. Find the appropriate parameters for the call, and add a prototype to
264 the correct header file. In this case, that means [include/wingdi.h],
265 and it might look like
266 BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC, LPCVOID, DWORD);
267 If the function has both an ASCII and a Unicode version, you need to
268 define both and add a #define WINELIB_NAME_AW declaration. See below
269 for discussion of function naming conventions.
271 2. Modify the .spec file to tell Wine that the function has an
272 implementation, what the parameters look like and what Wine function
273 to use for the implementation. In Win32, things are simple--everything
274 is 32-bits. However, the relay code handles pointers and pointers to
275 strings slightly differently, so you should use 'str' and 'wstr' for
276 strings, 'ptr' for other pointer types, and 'long' for everything else.
277 269 stdcall PolyBezierTo(long ptr long) PolyBezierTo
278 The 'PolyBezierTo' at the end of the line is which Wine function to use
279 for the implementation.
281 3. Implement the function as a stub. Once you add the function to the .spec
282 file, you must add the function to the Wine source before it will link.
283 Add a function called 'PolyBezierTo' somewhere. Good things to put
284 into a stub:
285 o a correct prototype, including the WINAPI
286 o header comments, including full documentation for the function and
287 arguments (see documentation/README.documentation)
288 o A FIXME message and an appropriate return value are good things to
289 put in a stub.
291 /************************************************************
292 * PolyBezierTo (GDI32.269)
293 *
294 * Draw many Bezier curves.
295 *
296 * PARAMS
297 * hdc [I] Device context to draw to
298 * p [I] Array of POINT structs
299 * count [I] Number of points in p
300 *
301 * RETURNS
302 * Success: Non-zero.
303 * Failure: FALSE. Use GetLastError() to find the error cause.
304 *
305 * BUGS
306 * Unimplemented
307 */
308 BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC hdc, LPCVOID p, DWORD count)
309 {
310 /* tell the user they've got a substandard implementation */
311 FIXME("(%x,%p,%d): stub\n", hdc, p, count);
313 /* some programs may be able to compensate,
314 * if they know what happened
315 */
316 SetLastError(ERROR_CALL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
317 return FALSE; /* error value */
318 }
320 4. Implement and test the rest of the function.
323 IMPLEMENTING A NEW DLL
324 ======================
326 Generic directions
327 ------------------
329 Apart from writing the set of needed .c files, you also need to do the
330 following:
332 1. Create a directory <MyDll> where to store the implementation of
333 the DLL. This directory has to be put under the dlls/ directory.
334 If the DLL exists under Windows as both 16 and 32 bit DLL, you
335 should have a single directory with both implementations.
337 2. Create the Makefile.in in the ./dlls/<MyDll>/ directory. You can
338 copy an existing Makefile.in from another ./dlls/ subdirectory.
339 You need at least to change the MODULE and C_SRCS macros.
341 3. Add the directory in ./configure.ac (in AC_OUTPUT macro at the end
342 of the file to trigger the Makefile generation)
344 4. Run ./make_dlls in the dlls directory to update Makefile.in in
345 that directory.
347 5. You can now regenerate ./configure file (with 'autoconf')
348 and the various Makefiles (with 'configure; make depend') (run
349 from the top of Wine's tree).
350 You should now have a Makefile file in ./dlls/<MyDll>/
352 6. Create the .spec file for the DLL exported functions in your
353 directory. Refer to 'Implementation of new API calls' earlier in
354 this document for more information on this part.
356 7. You can now start adding .c files. For the .h files, if they are
357 standard Windows one, put them in include/. If they are linked to
358 *your* implementation of the dll, put them in your newly created
359 directory.
361 Debug channels
362 --------------
364 If you need to create a new debug channel, just add the
365 WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL to your .c file(s), and use them.
366 All the housekeeping will happen automatically.
368 Resources
369 ---------
371 If you also need to add resources to your DLL, then create the .rc
372 file. Add to your ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in, in the RC_SRCS macro,
373 the list of .rc files to add to the DLL. See dlls/comctl32/ for an
374 example of this.
376 Thunking
377 --------
379 If you're building a 16 & 32 bit DLLs pair, then from the 32 bit code
380 you might need to call 16 bit routine. The way to do it to add in the
381 code, fragments like:
382 /* ### Start build ### */
383 extern WORD CALLBACK <PREFIX>_CallTo16_word_wwlll(FARPROC16,WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG);
384 /* ### stop build ### */
385 Where <PREFIX>_ is an internal prefix for your module. The first
386 parameter is always of type FARPROC16. Then, you can get the regular
387 list of parameters. The _word_wwlll indicates the type of return (long
388 or word) and the size of the parameters (here l=>long, w=>word; which
389 maps to WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG.
390 You can put several functions between the Start/Stop build pair.
392 You can also read the winebuild manpage for more details on this.
394 Then, add to ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in a line like:
396 EXTRA_OBJS = $(MODULE).glue.o
398 See dlls/winmm/ for an example of this.
400 MEMORY AND SEGMENTS
401 ===================
403 NE (Win16) executables consist of multiple segments. The Wine loader
404 loads each segment into a unique location in the Wine processes memory
405 and assigns a selector to that segment. Because of this, it's not
406 possible to exchange addresses freely between 16-bit and 32-bit code.
407 Addresses used by 16-bit code are segmented addresses (16:16), formed
408 by a 16-bit selector and a 16-bit offset. Those used by the Wine code
409 are regular 32-bit linear addresses.
411 There are four ways to obtain a segmented pointer:
412 - Using the MapLS function (recommended).
413 - Allocate a block of memory from the global heap and use
414 WIN16_GlobalLock to get its segmented address.
415 - Declare the argument as 'segptr' instead of 'ptr' in the spec file
416 for a given API function.
418 Once you have a segmented pointer, it must be converted to a linear
419 pointer before you can use it from 32-bit code. This can be done with
420 the MapSL function. The linear pointer can then be used freely with
421 standard Unix functions like memcpy() etc. without worrying about 64k
422 boundaries. Note: there's no easy way to convert back from a linear
423 to a segmented address.
425 In most cases, you don't need to worry about segmented address, as the
426 conversion is made automatically by the callback code and the API
427 functions only see linear addresses. However, in some cases it is
428 necessary to manipulate segmented addresses; the most frequent cases
429 are:
430 - API functions that return a pointer
431 - lParam of Windows messages that point to a structure
432 - Pointers contained inside structures accessed by 16-bit code.
434 It is usually a good practice to used the type 'SEGPTR' for segmented
435 pointers, instead of something like 'LPSTR' or 'char *'. As SEGPTR is
436 defined as a DWORD, you'll get a compilation warning if you mistakenly
437 use it as a regular 32-bit pointer.
440 STRUCTURE PACKING
441 =================
443 Under Windows, data structures are tightly packed, i.e. there is no
444 padding between structure members. On the other hand, by default gcc
445 aligns structure members (e.g. WORDs are on a WORD boundary, etc.).
446 This means that a structure like
448 struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
450 will take 3 bytes under Windows, but 4 with gcc, because gcc will add a
451 dummy byte between x and y. To have the correct layout for structures
452 used by Windows code, you need to embed the struct within two special
453 #include's which will take care of the packing for you:
455 #include "pshpack1.h"
456 struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
457 #include "poppack1.h"
459 For alignment on a 2-byte boundary, there is a "pshpack2.h", etc.
462 NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
463 ==============================================
465 In order to support both Win16 and Win32 APIs within the same source
466 code, the following convention must be used in naming all API
467 functions and types. If the Windows API uses the name 'xxx', the Wine
468 code must use:
470 - 'xxx16' for the Win16 version,
471 - 'xxx' for the Win32 version when no strings are involved,
472 - 'xxxA' for the Win32 version with ASCII strings,
473 - 'xxxW' for the Win32 version with Unicode strings.
475 If the function has both ASCII and Unicode version, you should then
476 use the macros WINELIB_NAME_AW(xxx) or DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(xxx)
477 (defined in include/windef.h) to define the correct 'xxx' function
478 or type for Winelib. When compiling Wine itself, 'xxx' is _not_
479 defined, meaning that code inside of Wine must always specify
480 explicitly the ASCII or Unicode version.
482 If 'xxx' is the same in Win16 and Win32, you can simply use the same
483 name as Windows, i.e. just 'xxx'. If 'xxx' is Win16 only, you could
484 use the name as is, but it's preferable to use 'xxx16' to make it
485 clear it is a Win16 function.
487 Examples:
489 typedef struct { /* Win32 ASCII data structure */ } WNDCLASSA;
490 typedef struct { /* Win32 Unicode data structure */ } WNDCLASSW;
491 typedef struct { /* Win16 data structure */ } WNDCLASS16;
492 DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(WNDCLASS);
494 ATOM RegisterClass16( WNDCLASS16 * );
495 ATOM RegisterClassA( WNDCLASSA * );
496 ATOM RegisterClassW( WNDCLASSW * );
497 #define RegisterClass WINELIB_NAME_AW(RegisterClass)
499 The Winelib user can then say:
501 WNDCLASS wc = { ... };
502 RegisterClass( &wc );
504 and this will use the correct declaration depending on the definition
505 of the UNICODE symbol.
508 DEBUG MESSAGES
509 ==============
511 To display a message only during debugging, you normally write something
512 like this:
514 TRACE("abc..."); or
515 FIXME("abc..."); or
516 WARN("abc..."); or
517 ERR("abc...");
519 depending on the seriousness of the problem. (documentation/debugging.sgml
520 explains when it is appropriate to use each of them). You need to declare
521 the debug channel name at the top of the file (after the includes) using
522 the WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL macro, like so:
524 WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL(win);
526 If your debugging code is more complex than just printf, you can use
527 the macros:
529 TRACE_ON(xxx), WARN_ON(xxx), ERR_ON(xxx) and FIXME_ON(xxx)
531 to test if the given channel is enabled. Thus, you can write:
533 if (TRACE_ON(win)) DumpSomeStructure(&str);
535 Don't worry about the inefficiency of the test. If it is permanently
536 disabled (that is TRACE_ON(win) is 0 at compile time), the compiler will
537 eliminate the dead code.
539 For more info about debugging messages, read:
541 http://www.winehq.org/site/docs/wine-devel/debugging
544 MORE INFO
545 =========
547 1. There is a FREE online version of the MSDN library (including
548 documentation for the Win32 API) on http://msdn.microsoft.com/
549 or http://www.msdn.com/
551 2. Windows apilist: http://www.mentalis.org/apilist/apilist.php
553 3. http://www.sonic.net/~undoc/bookstore.html
555 4. In 1993 Dr. Dobbs Journal published a column called "Undocumented Corner".
557 5. www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/4942/