server/mapping.c

   1 /*
   2  * Server-side file mapping management
   3  *
   4  * Copyright (C) 1999 Alexandre Julliard
   5  *
   6  * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   7  * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
   8  * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
   9  * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
  10  *
  11  * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  12  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  13  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
  14  * Lesser General Public License for more details.
  15  *
  16  * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
  17  * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
  18  * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
  19  */
  20
  21 #include "config.h"
  22 #include "wine/port.h"
  23
  24 #include <assert.h>
  25 #include <stdarg.h>
  26 #include <stdio.h>
  27 #include <stdlib.h>
  28 #include <sys/stat.h>
  29 #include <unistd.h>
  30
  31 #include "ntstatus.h"
  32 #define WIN32_NO_STATUS
  33 #include "windef.h"
  34 #include "winternl.h"
  35
  36 #include "file.h"
  37 #include "handle.h"
  38 #include "thread.h"
  39 #include "request.h"
  40 #include "security.h"
  41
  42 /* list of memory ranges, used to store committed info */
  43 struct ranges
  44 {
  45     unsigned int count;
  46     unsigned int max;
  47     struct range
  48     {
  49         file_pos_t  start;
  50         file_pos_t  end;
  51     } ranges[1];
  52 };
  53
  54 struct mapping
  55 {
  56     struct object   obj;             /* object header */
  57     mem_size_t      size;            /* mapping size */
  58     int             protect;         /* protection flags */
  59     struct file    *file;            /* file mapped */
  60     int             header_size;     /* size of headers (for PE image mapping) */
  61     client_ptr_t    base;            /* default base addr (for PE image mapping) */
  62     struct ranges  *committed;       /* list of committed ranges in this mapping */
  63     struct file    *shared_file;     /* temp file for shared PE mapping */
  64     struct list     shared_entry;    /* entry in global shared PE mappings list */
  65 };
  66
  67 static void mapping_dump( struct object *obj, int verbose );
  68 static struct object_type *mapping_get_type( struct object *obj );
  69 static struct fd *mapping_get_fd( struct object *obj );
  70 static unsigned int mapping_map_access( struct object *obj, unsigned int access );
  71 static void mapping_destroy( struct object *obj );
  72
  73 static const struct object_ops mapping_ops =
  74 {
  75     sizeof(struct mapping),      /* size */
  76     mapping_dump,                /* dump */
  77     mapping_get_type,            /* get_type */
  78     no_add_queue,                /* add_queue */
  79     NULL,                        /* remove_queue */
  80     NULL,                        /* signaled */
  81     NULL,                        /* satisfied */
  82     no_signal,                   /* signal */
  83     mapping_get_fd,              /* get_fd */
  84     mapping_map_access,          /* map_access */
  85     default_get_sd,              /* get_sd */
  86     default_set_sd,              /* set_sd */
  87     no_lookup_name,              /* lookup_name */
  88     no_open_file,                /* open_file */
  89     fd_close_handle,             /* close_handle */
  90     mapping_destroy              /* destroy */
  91 };
  92
  93 static struct list shared_list = LIST_INIT(shared_list);
  94
  95 #ifdef __i386__
  96
  97 /* These are always the same on an i386, and it will be faster this way */
  98 # define page_mask  0xfff
  99 # define page_shift 12
 100 # define init_page_size() do { /* nothing */ } while(0)
 101
 102 #else  /* __i386__ */
 103
 104 static int page_shift, page_mask;
 105
 106 static void init_page_size(void)
 107 {
 108     int page_size;
 109 # ifdef HAVE_GETPAGESIZE
 110     page_size = getpagesize();
 111 # else
 112 #  ifdef __svr4__
 113     page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
 114 #  else
 115 #   error Cannot get the page size on this platform
 116 #  endif
 117 # endif
 118     page_mask = page_size - 1;
 119     /* Make sure we have a power of 2 */
 120     assert( !(page_size & page_mask) );
 121     page_shift = 0;
 122     while ((1 << page_shift) != page_size) page_shift++;
 123 }
 124 #endif  /* __i386__ */
 125
 126 #define ROUND_SIZE(size)  (((size) + page_mask) & ~page_mask)
 127
 128
 129 /* find the shared PE mapping for a given mapping */
 130 static struct file *get_shared_file( struct mapping *mapping )
 131 {
 132     struct mapping *ptr;
 133
 134     LIST_FOR_EACH_ENTRY( ptr, &shared_list, struct mapping, shared_entry )
 135         if (is_same_file( ptr->file, mapping->file ))
 136             return (struct file *)grab_object( ptr->shared_file );
 137     return NULL;
 138 }
 139
 140 /* return the size of the memory mapping and file range of a given section */
 141 static inline void get_section_sizes( const IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *sec, size_t *map_size,
 142                                       off_t *file_start, size_t *file_size )
 143 {
 144     static const unsigned int sector_align = 0x1ff;
 145
 146     if (!sec->Misc.VirtualSize) *map_size = ROUND_SIZE( sec->SizeOfRawData );
 147     else *map_size = ROUND_SIZE( sec->Misc.VirtualSize );
 148
 149     *file_start = sec->PointerToRawData & ~sector_align;
 150     *file_size = (sec->SizeOfRawData + (sec->PointerToRawData & sector_align) + sector_align) & ~sector_align;
 151     if (*file_size > *map_size) *file_size = *map_size;
 152 }
 153
 154 /* add a range to the committed list */
 155 static void add_committed_range( struct mapping *mapping, file_pos_t start, file_pos_t end )
 156 {
 157     unsigned int i, j;
 158     struct range *ranges;
 159
 160     if (!mapping->committed) return;  /* everything committed already */
 161
 162     for (i = 0, ranges = mapping->committed->ranges; i < mapping->committed->count; i++)
 163     {
 164         if (ranges[i].start > end) break;
 165         if (ranges[i].end < start) continue;
 166         if (ranges[i].start > start) ranges[i].start = start;   /* extend downwards */
 167         if (ranges[i].end < end)  /* extend upwards and maybe merge with next */
 168         {
 169             for (j = i + 1; j < mapping->committed->count; j++)
 170             {
 171                 if (ranges[j].start > end) break;
 172                 if (ranges[j].end > end) end = ranges[j].end;
 173             }
 174             if (j > i + 1)
 175             {
 176                 memmove( &ranges[i + 1], &ranges[j], (mapping->committed->count - j) * sizeof(*ranges) );
 177                 mapping->committed->count -= j - (i + 1);
 178             }
 179             ranges[i].end = end;
 180         }
 181         return;
 182     }
 183
 184     /* now add a new range */
 185
 186     if (mapping->committed->count == mapping->committed->max)
 187     {
 188         unsigned int new_size = mapping->committed->max * 2;
 189         struct ranges *new_ptr = realloc( mapping->committed, offsetof( struct ranges, ranges[new_size] ));
 190         if (!new_ptr) return;
 191         new_ptr->max = new_size;
 192         ranges = new_ptr->ranges;
 193         mapping->committed = new_ptr;
 194     }
 195     memmove( &ranges[i + 1], &ranges[i], (mapping->committed->count - i) * sizeof(*ranges) );
 196     ranges[i].start = start;
 197     ranges[i].end = end;
 198     mapping->committed->count++;
 199 }
 200
 201 /* find the range containing start and return whether it's committed */
 202 static int find_committed_range( struct mapping *mapping, file_pos_t start, mem_size_t *size )
 203 {
 204     unsigned int i;
 205     struct range *ranges;
 206
 207     if (!mapping->committed)  /* everything is committed */
 208     {
 209         *size = mapping->size - start;
 210         return 1;
 211     }
 212     for (i = 0, ranges = mapping->committed->ranges; i < mapping->committed->count; i++)
 213     {
 214         if (ranges[i].start > start)
 215         {
 216             *size = ranges[i].start - start;
 217             return 0;
 218         }
 219         if (ranges[i].end > start)
 220         {
 221             *size = ranges[i].end - start;
 222             return 1;
 223         }
 224     }
 225     *size = mapping->size - start;
 226     return 0;
 227 }
 228
 229 /* allocate and fill the temp file for a shared PE image mapping */
 230 static int build_shared_mapping( struct mapping *mapping, int fd,
 231                                  IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *sec, unsigned int nb_sec )
 232 {
 233     unsigned int i;
 234     mem_size_t total_size;
 235     size_t file_size, map_size, max_size;
 236     off_t shared_pos, read_pos, write_pos;
 237     char *buffer = NULL;
 238     int shared_fd;
 239     long toread;
 240
 241     /* compute the total size of the shared mapping */
 242
 243     total_size = max_size = 0;
 244     for (i = 0; i < nb_sec; i++)
 245     {
 246         if ((sec[i].Characteristics & IMAGE_SCN_MEM_SHARED) &&
 247             (sec[i].Characteristics & IMAGE_SCN_MEM_WRITE))
 248         {
 249             get_section_sizes( &sec[i], &map_size, &read_pos, &file_size );
 250             if (file_size > max_size) max_size = file_size;
 251             total_size += map_size;
 252         }
 253     }
 254     if (!total_size) return 1;  /* nothing to do */
 255
 256     if ((mapping->shared_file = get_shared_file( mapping ))) return 1;
 257
 258     /* create a temp file for the mapping */
 259
 260     if (!(mapping->shared_file = create_temp_file( FILE_GENERIC_READ|FILE_GENERIC_WRITE ))) return 0;
 261     if (!grow_file( mapping->shared_file, total_size )) goto error;
 262     if ((shared_fd = get_file_unix_fd( mapping->shared_file )) == -1) goto error;
 263
 264     if (!(buffer = malloc( max_size ))) goto error;
 265
 266     /* copy the shared sections data into the temp file */
 267
 268     shared_pos = 0;
 269     for (i = 0; i < nb_sec; i++)
 270     {
 271         if (!(sec[i].Characteristics & IMAGE_SCN_MEM_SHARED)) continue;
 272         if (!(sec[i].Characteristics & IMAGE_SCN_MEM_WRITE)) continue;
 273         get_section_sizes( &sec[i], &map_size, &read_pos, &file_size );
 274         write_pos = shared_pos;
 275         shared_pos += map_size;
 276         if (!sec[i].PointerToRawData || !file_size) continue;
 277         toread = file_size;
 278         while (toread)
 279         {
 280             long res = pread( fd, buffer + file_size - toread, toread, read_pos );
 281             if (!res && toread < 0x200)  /* partial sector at EOF is not an error */
 282             {
 283                 file_size -= toread;
 284                 break;
 285             }
 286             if (res <= 0) goto error;
 287             toread -= res;
 288             read_pos += res;
 289         }
 290         if (pwrite( shared_fd, buffer, file_size, write_pos ) != file_size) goto error;
 291     }
 292     free( buffer );
 293     return 1;
 294
 295  error:
 296     release_object( mapping->shared_file );
 297     mapping->shared_file = NULL;
 298     free( buffer );
 299     return 0;
 300 }
 301
 302 /* retrieve the mapping parameters for an executable (PE) image */
 303 static int get_image_params( struct mapping *mapping )
 304 {
 305     IMAGE_DOS_HEADER dos;
 306     IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *sec = NULL;
 307     struct
 308     {
 309         DWORD Signature;
 310         IMAGE_FILE_HEADER FileHeader;
 311         union
 312         {
 313             IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER32 hdr32;
 314             IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER64 hdr64;
 315         } opt;
 316     } nt;
 317     struct fd *fd;
 318     off_t pos;
 319     int unix_fd, size;
 320
 321     /* load the headers */
 322
 323     if (!(fd = mapping_get_fd( &mapping->obj ))) return 0;
 324     if ((unix_fd = get_unix_fd( fd )) == -1) goto error;
 325     if (pread( unix_fd, &dos, sizeof(dos), 0 ) != sizeof(dos)) goto error;
 326     if (dos.e_magic != IMAGE_DOS_SIGNATURE) goto error;
 327     pos = dos.e_lfanew;
 328
 329     size = pread( unix_fd, &nt, sizeof(nt), pos );
 330     if (size < sizeof(nt.Signature) + sizeof(nt.FileHeader)) goto error;
 331     /* zero out Optional header in the case it's not present or partial */
 332     if (size < sizeof(nt)) memset( (char *)&nt + size, 0, sizeof(nt) - size );
 333     if (nt.Signature != IMAGE_NT_SIGNATURE) goto error;
 334
 335     switch (nt.opt.hdr32.Magic)
 336     {
 337     case IMAGE_NT_OPTIONAL_HDR32_MAGIC:
 338         mapping->size        = ROUND_SIZE( nt.opt.hdr32.SizeOfImage );
 339         mapping->base        = nt.opt.hdr32.ImageBase;
 340         mapping->header_size = nt.opt.hdr32.SizeOfHeaders;
 341         break;
 342     case IMAGE_NT_OPTIONAL_HDR64_MAGIC:
 343         mapping->size        = ROUND_SIZE( nt.opt.hdr64.SizeOfImage );
 344         mapping->base        = nt.opt.hdr64.ImageBase;
 345         mapping->header_size = nt.opt.hdr64.SizeOfHeaders;
 346         break;
 347     default:
 348         goto error;
 349     }
 350
 351     /* load the section headers */
 352
 353     pos += sizeof(nt.Signature) + sizeof(nt.FileHeader) + nt.FileHeader.SizeOfOptionalHeader;
 354     size = sizeof(*sec) * nt.FileHeader.NumberOfSections;
 355     if (pos + size > mapping->size) goto error;
 356     if (pos + size > mapping->header_size) mapping->header_size = pos + size;
 357     if (!(sec = malloc( size ))) goto error;
 358     if (pread( unix_fd, sec, size, pos ) != size) goto error;
 359
 360     if (!build_shared_mapping( mapping, unix_fd, sec, nt.FileHeader.NumberOfSections )) goto error;
 361
 362     if (mapping->shared_file) list_add_head( &shared_list, &mapping->shared_entry );
 363
 364     mapping->protect = VPROT_IMAGE;
 365     free( sec );
 366     release_object( fd );
 367     return 1;
 368
 369  error:
 370     free( sec );
 371     release_object( fd );
 372     set_error( STATUS_INVALID_FILE_FOR_SECTION );
 373     return 0;
 374 }
 375
 376 /* get the size of the unix file associated with the mapping */
 377 static inline int get_file_size( struct file *file, mem_size_t *size )
 378 {
 379     struct stat st;
 380     int unix_fd = get_file_unix_fd( file );
 381
 382     if (unix_fd == -1 || fstat( unix_fd, &st ) == -1) return 0;
 383     *size = st.st_size;
 384     return 1;
 385 }
 386
 387 static struct object *create_mapping( struct directory *root, const struct unicode_str *name,
 388                                       unsigned int attr, mem_size_t size, int protect,
 389                                       obj_handle_t handle, const struct security_descriptor *sd )
 390 {
 391     struct mapping *mapping;
 392     int access = 0;
 393
 394     if (!page_mask) init_page_size();
 395
 396     if (!(mapping = create_named_object_dir( root, name, attr, &mapping_ops )))
 397         return NULL;
 398     if (get_error() == STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_EXISTS)
 399         return &mapping->obj;  /* Nothing else to do */
 400
 401     if (sd) default_set_sd( &mapping->obj, sd, OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION|
 402                                                GROUP_SECURITY_INFORMATION|
 403                                                DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION|
 404                                                SACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION );
 405     mapping->header_size = 0;
 406     mapping->base        = 0;
 407     mapping->file        = NULL;
 408     mapping->shared_file = NULL;
 409     mapping->committed   = NULL;
 410
 411     if (protect & VPROT_READ) access |= FILE_READ_DATA;
 412     if (protect & VPROT_WRITE) access |= FILE_WRITE_DATA;
 413
 414     if (handle)
 415     {
 416         if (!(protect & VPROT_COMMITTED))
 417         {
 418             set_error( STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER );
 419             goto error;
 420         }
 421         if (!(mapping->file = get_file_obj( current->process, handle, access ))) goto error;
 422         if (protect & VPROT_IMAGE)
 423         {
 424             if (!get_image_params( mapping )) goto error;
 425             return &mapping->obj;
 426         }
 427         if (!size)
 428         {
 429             if (!get_file_size( mapping->file, &size )) goto error;
 430             if (!size)
 431             {
 432                 set_error( STATUS_MAPPED_FILE_SIZE_ZERO );
 433                 goto error;
 434             }
 435         }
 436         else
 437         {
 438             if (!grow_file( mapping->file, size )) goto error;
 439         }
 440     }
 441     else  /* Anonymous mapping (no associated file) */
 442     {
 443         if (!size || (protect & VPROT_IMAGE))
 444         {
 445             set_error( STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER );
 446             goto error;
 447         }
 448         if (!(protect & VPROT_COMMITTED))
 449         {
 450             if (!(mapping->committed = mem_alloc( offsetof(struct ranges, ranges[8]) ))) goto error;
 451             mapping->committed->count = 0;
 452             mapping->committed->max   = 8;
 453         }
 454         if (!(mapping->file = create_temp_file( access ))) goto error;
 455         if (!grow_file( mapping->file, size )) goto error;
 456     }
 457     mapping->size    = (size + page_mask) & ~((mem_size_t)page_mask);
 458     mapping->protect = protect;
 459     return &mapping->obj;
 460
 461  error:
 462     release_object( mapping );
 463     return NULL;
 464 }
 465
 466 static void mapping_dump( struct object *obj, int verbose )
 467 {
 468     struct mapping *mapping = (struct mapping *)obj;
 469     assert( obj->ops == &mapping_ops );
 470     fprintf( stderr, "Mapping size=%08x%08x prot=%08x file=%p header_size=%08x base=%08lx "
 471              "shared_file=%p ",
 472              (unsigned int)(mapping->size >> 32), (unsigned int)mapping->size,
 473              mapping->protect, mapping->file, mapping->header_size,
 474              (unsigned long)mapping->base, mapping->shared_file );
 475     dump_object_name( &mapping->obj );
 476     fputc( '\n', stderr );
 477 }
 478
 479 static struct object_type *mapping_get_type( struct object *obj )
 480 {
 481     static const WCHAR name[] = {'S','e','c','t','i','o','n'};
 482     static const struct unicode_str str = { name, sizeof(name) };
 483     return get_object_type( &str );
 484 }
 485
 486 static struct fd *mapping_get_fd( struct object *obj )
 487 {
 488     struct mapping *mapping = (struct mapping *)obj;
 489     return get_obj_fd( (struct object *)mapping->file );
 490 }
 491
 492 static unsigned int mapping_map_access( struct object *obj, unsigned int access )
 493 {
 494     if (access & GENERIC_READ)    access |= STANDARD_RIGHTS_READ | SECTION_QUERY | SECTION_MAP_READ;
 495     if (access & GENERIC_WRITE)   access |= STANDARD_RIGHTS_WRITE | SECTION_MAP_WRITE;
 496     if (access & GENERIC_EXECUTE) access |= STANDARD_RIGHTS_EXECUTE | SECTION_MAP_EXECUTE;
 497     if (access & GENERIC_ALL)     access |= SECTION_ALL_ACCESS;
 498     return access & ~(GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE | GENERIC_EXECUTE | GENERIC_ALL);
 499 }
 500
 501 static void mapping_destroy( struct object *obj )
 502 {
 503     struct mapping *mapping = (struct mapping *)obj;
 504     assert( obj->ops == &mapping_ops );
 505     if (mapping->file) release_object( mapping->file );
 506     if (mapping->shared_file)
 507     {
 508         release_object( mapping->shared_file );
 509         list_remove( &mapping->shared_entry );
 510     }
 511     free( mapping->committed );
 512 }
 513
 514 int get_page_size(void)
 515 {
 516     if (!page_mask) init_page_size();
 517     return page_mask + 1;
 518 }
 519
 520 /* create a file mapping */
 521 DECL_HANDLER(create_mapping)
 522 {
 523     struct object *obj;
 524     struct unicode_str name;
 525     struct directory *root = NULL;
 526     const struct object_attributes *objattr = get_req_data();
 527     const struct security_descriptor *sd;
 528
 529     reply->handle = 0;
 530
 531     if (!objattr_is_valid( objattr, get_req_data_size() ))
 532         return;
 533
 534     sd = objattr->sd_len ? (const struct security_descriptor *)(objattr + 1) : NULL;
 535     objattr_get_name( objattr, &name );
 536
 537     if (objattr->rootdir && !(root = get_directory_obj( current->process, objattr->rootdir, 0 )))
 538         return;
 539
 540     if ((obj = create_mapping( root, &name, req->attributes, req->size, req->protect, req->file_handle, sd )))
 541     {
 542         if (get_error() == STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_EXISTS)
 543             reply->handle = alloc_handle( current->process, obj, req->access, req->attributes );
 544         else
 545             reply->handle = alloc_handle_no_access_check( current->process, obj, req->access, req->attributes );
 546         release_object( obj );
 547     }
 548
 549     if (root) release_object( root );
 550 }
 551
 552 /* open a handle to a mapping */
 553 DECL_HANDLER(open_mapping)
 554 {
 555     struct unicode_str name;
 556     struct directory *root = NULL;
 557     struct mapping *mapping;
 558
 559     get_req_unicode_str( &name );
 560     if (req->rootdir && !(root = get_directory_obj( current->process, req->rootdir, 0 )))
 561         return;
 562
 563     if ((mapping = open_object_dir( root, &name, req->attributes, &mapping_ops )))
 564     {
 565         reply->handle = alloc_handle( current->process, &mapping->obj, req->access, req->attributes );
 566         release_object( mapping );
 567     }
 568
 569     if (root) release_object( root );
 570 }
 571
 572 /* get a mapping information */
 573 DECL_HANDLER(get_mapping_info)
 574 {
 575     struct mapping *mapping;
 576     struct fd *fd;
 577
 578     if ((mapping = (struct mapping *)get_handle_obj( current->process, req->handle,
 579                                                      req->access, &mapping_ops )))
 580     {
 581         reply->size        = mapping->size;
 582         reply->protect     = mapping->protect;
 583         reply->header_size = mapping->header_size;
 584         reply->base        = mapping->base;
 585         reply->shared_file = 0;
 586         if ((fd = get_obj_fd( &mapping->obj )))
 587         {
 588             if (!is_fd_removable(fd))
 589                 reply->mapping = alloc_handle( current->process, mapping, 0, 0 );
 590             release_object( fd );
 591         }
 592         if (mapping->shared_file)
 593         {
 594             if (!(reply->shared_file = alloc_handle( current->process, mapping->shared_file,
 595                                                      GENERIC_READ|GENERIC_WRITE, 0 )))
 596             {
 597                 if (reply->mapping) close_handle( current->process, reply->mapping );
 598             }
 599         }
 600         release_object( mapping );
 601     }
 602 }
 603
 604 /* get a range of committed pages in a file mapping */
 605 DECL_HANDLER(get_mapping_committed_range)
 606 {
 607     struct mapping *mapping;
 608
 609     if ((mapping = (struct mapping *)get_handle_obj( current->process, req->handle, 0, &mapping_ops )))
 610     {
 611         if (!(req->offset & page_mask) && req->offset < mapping->size)
 612             reply->committed = find_committed_range( mapping, req->offset, &reply->size );
 613         else
 614             set_error( STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER );
 615
 616         release_object( mapping );
 617     }
 618 }
 619
 620 /* add a range to the committed pages in a file mapping */
 621 DECL_HANDLER(add_mapping_committed_range)
 622 {
 623     struct mapping *mapping;
 624
 625     if ((mapping = (struct mapping *)get_handle_obj( current->process, req->handle, 0, &mapping_ops )))
 626     {
 627         if (!(req->size & page_mask) &&
 628             !(req->offset & page_mask) &&
 629             req->offset < mapping->size &&
 630             req->size > 0 &&
 631             req->size <= mapping->size - req->offset)
 632             add_committed_range( mapping, req->offset, req->offset + req->size );
 633         else
 634             set_error( STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER );
 635
 636         release_object( mapping );
 637     }
 638 }