2 <title>GNU Free Documentation License</title>
3 <!-- - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF) -->
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8 <title>GNU Free Documentation License</title -->
10 <para>Version 1.1, March 2000</para>
13 <para>Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
14 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
15 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
16 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.</para>
20 <title>PREAMBLE</title>
22 <para>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook,
23 or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
24 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
25 with or without modifying it, either commercially or
26 noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
27 author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
28 being considered responsible for modifications made by
31 <para>This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that
32 derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the
33 same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which
34 is a copyleft license designed for free software.</para>
36 <para>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals
37 for free software, because free software needs free documentation:
38 a free program should come with manuals providing the same
39 freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited
40 to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work,
41 regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a
42 printed book. We recommend this License principally for works
43 whose purpose is instruction or reference.</para>
47 <title>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</title>
49 <para>This License applies to any manual or other work that
50 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
51 distributed under the terms of this License. The "Document",
52 below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the
53 public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".</para>
55 <para>A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work
56 containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied
57 verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another
60 <para>A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
61 section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
62 relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
63 Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains
64 nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
65 (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of
66 mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
67 The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with
68 the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
69 philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
72 <para>The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections
73 whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections,
74 in the notice that says that the Document is released under this
77 <para>The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that
78 are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the
79 notice that says that the Document is released under this
82 <para>A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a
83 machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification
84 is available to the general public, whose contents can be viewed
85 and edited directly and straightforwardly with generic text
86 editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs
87 or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that
88 is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic
89 translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text
90 formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
91 whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent
92 modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not
93 "Transparent" is called "Opaque".</para>
95 <para>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include
96 plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
97 format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
98 standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification.
99 Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that
100 can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML
101 or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
102 available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word
103 processors for output purposes only.</para>
105 <para>The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page
106 itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly,
107 the material this License requires to appear in the title page.
108 For works in formats which do not have any title page as such,
109 "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of
110 the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the
115 <title>VERBATIM COPYING</title>
117 <para>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium,
118 either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this
119 License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this
120 License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and
121 that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this
122 License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or
123 control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or
124 distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for
125 copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you
126 must also follow the conditions in section 3.</para>
128 <para>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated
129 above, and you may publicly display copies.</para>
133 <title>COPYING IN QUANTITY</title>
135 <para>If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more
136 than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts,
137 you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and
138 legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front
139 cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must
140 also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these
141 copies. The front cover must present the full title with all
142 words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add
143 other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes
144 limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
145 Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim
146 copying in other respects.</para>
148 <para>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to
149 fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
150 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
151 adjacent pages.</para>
153 <para>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
154 numbering more than 100, you must either include a
155 machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
156 state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
157 computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy
158 of the Document, free of added material, which the general
159 network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
160 charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the
161 latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
162 begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
163 this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
164 location until at least one year after the last time you
165 distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
166 retailers) of that edition to the public.</para>
168 <para>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the
169 authors of the Document well before redistributing any large
170 number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an
171 updated version of the Document.</para>
175 <title>MODIFICATIONS</title>
177 <para>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the
178 Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided
179 that you release the Modified Version under precisely this
180 License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the
181 Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the
182 Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition,
183 you must do these things in the Modified Version:</para>
185 <orderedlist numeration="upperalpha">
186 <listitem><para>Use in the Title Page
187 (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the
188 Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if
189 there were any, be listed in the History section of the
190 Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if
191 the original publisher of that version gives permission.</para>
194 <listitem><para>List on the Title Page,
195 as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for
196 authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version,
197 together with at least five of the principal authors of the
198 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than
202 <listitem><para>State on the Title page
203 the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the
207 <listitem><para>Preserve all the
208 copyright notices of the Document.</para>
211 <listitem><para>Add an appropriate
212 copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other
213 copyright notices.</para>
216 <listitem><para>Include, immediately
217 after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public
218 permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this
219 License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.</para>
222 <listitem><para>Preserve in that license
223 notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover
224 Texts given in the Document's license notice.</para>
227 <listitem><para>Include an unaltered
228 copy of this License.</para>
231 <listitem><para>Preserve the section
232 entitled "History", and its title, and add to it an item stating
233 at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the
234 Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no
235 section entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating
236 the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given
237 on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
238 Version as stated in the previous sentence.</para>
241 <listitem><para>Preserve the network
242 location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a
243 Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network
244 locations given in the Document for previous versions it was
245 based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You
246 may omit a network location for a work that was published at
247 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
248 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.</para>
251 <listitem><para>In any section entitled
252 "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", preserve the section's
253 title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of
254 each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications
255 given therein.</para>
258 <listitem><para>Preserve all the
259 Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and
260 in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not
261 considered part of the section titles.</para>
264 <listitem><para>Delete any section
265 entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in
266 the Modified Version.</para>
269 <listitem><para>Do not retitle any
270 existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with
271 any Invariant Section.</para>
275 <para>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections
276 or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
277 material copied from the Document, you may at your option
278 designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
279 add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
280 Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
281 other section titles.</para>
283 <para>You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it
284 contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by
285 various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that
286 the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
287 definition of a standard.</para>
289 <para>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover
290 Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the
291 end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
292 passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
293 added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
294 Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
295 previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
296 you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
297 replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
298 publisher that added the old one.</para>
300 <para>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by
301 this License give permission to use their names for publicity for
302 or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.</para>
306 <title>COMBINING DOCUMENTS</title>
308 <para>You may combine the Document with other documents released
309 under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
310 modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
311 all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
312 unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
313 combined work in its license notice.</para>
315 <para>The combined work need only contain one copy of this
316 License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced
317 with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with
318 the same name but different contents, make the title of each such
319 section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the
320 name of the original author or publisher of that section if known,
321 or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section
322 titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of
323 the combined work.</para>
325 <para>In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
326 "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
327 entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled
328 "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You
329 must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."</para>
333 <title>COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</title>
335 <para>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and
336 other documents released under this License, and replace the
337 individual copies of this License in the various documents with a
338 single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you
339 follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of
340 the documents in all other respects.</para>
342 <para>You may extract a single document from such a collection,
343 and distribute it individually under this License, provided you
344 insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and
345 follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim
346 copying of that document.</para>
350 <title>AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</title>
352 <para>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
353 separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
354 a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
355 Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
356 copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is
357 called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
358 other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
359 account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
360 derivative works of the Document.</para>
362 <para>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to
363 these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than
364 one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts
365 may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
366 aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
371 <title>TRANSLATION</title>
373 <para>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
374 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
375 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires
376 special permission from their copyright holders, but you may
377 include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition
378 to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may
379 include a translation of this License provided that you also
380 include the original English version of this License. In case of
381 a disagreement between the translation and the original English
382 version of this License, the original English version will
387 <title>TERMINATION</title>
389 <para>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the
390 Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any
391 other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the
392 Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights
393 under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or
394 rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses
395 terminated so long as such parties remain in full
400 <title>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</title>
402 <para>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised
403 versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.
404 Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present
405 version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or
407 url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</ulink>.</para>
409 <para>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing
410 version number. If the Document specifies that a particular
411 numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to
412 it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions
413 either of that specified version or of any later version that has
414 been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
415 If the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
416 you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
417 Free Software Foundation.</para>
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