| blob | b4ef16817c27b3d69a44e3de20b34b11408a738c |
1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
6 # Notes are at the end of this file
8 ###############################################################################
10 # Australia
12 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
14 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
15 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D
16 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S
17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D
18 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D
20 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
21 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D
22 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
23 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
24 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
26 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
27 # Northern Territory
28 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
29 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
30 9:30 Aus AC%sT
31 # Western Australia
32 #
33 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
34 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
35 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
36 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
37 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
38 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D
39 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
40 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D
41 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
42 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
43 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
44 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul
45 8:00 AW AW%sT
46 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
47 8:45 Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul
48 8:45 AW +0845/+0945
50 # Queensland
51 #
52 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
53 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
54 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
55 # Queensland ceased to.
56 #
57 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
58 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
59 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
60 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
61 # so use Lindeman.
62 #
63 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
64 # There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
65 # islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the
66 # north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
67 # Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
68 # applies to all of the Whitsundays.
69 # http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
70 #
71 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
72 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
73 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
74 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
75 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
76 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
77 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
78 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
79 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
80 10:00 AQ AE%sT
81 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
82 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
83 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul
84 10:00 Holiday AE%sT
86 # South Australia
87 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
88 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
89 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
90 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
91 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
92 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
93 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
94 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S
95 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S
96 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S
97 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S
98 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
99 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S
100 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
101 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
102 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
103 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
104 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
105 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
106 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971
107 9:30 AS AC%sT
109 # Tasmania
110 #
111 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
112 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
113 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
114 #
115 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
116 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
117 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
118 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
119 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S
120 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
121 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
122 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
123 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
124 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
125 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
126 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
127 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
128 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
129 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
130 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
131 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
132 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
133 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
134 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
135 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
136 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
137 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
138 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
139 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
140 10:00 AT AE%sT
141 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
142 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
143 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
144 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul
145 10:00 AT AE%sT
147 # Victoria
148 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
149 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
150 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
151 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
152 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
153 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
154 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
155 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
156 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
157 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
158 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
159 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
160 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
161 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
162 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
163 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
164 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
165 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
166 10:00 AV AE%sT
168 # New South Wales
169 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
170 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
171 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
172 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
173 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
174 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
175 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
176 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
177 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
178 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
179 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
180 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
181 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
182 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
183 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
184 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
185 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
186 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
187 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
188 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
189 10:00 AN AE%sT
190 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
191 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23
192 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
193 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971
194 9:30 AN AC%sT 2000
195 9:30 AS AC%sT
197 # Lord Howe Island
198 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
199 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
200 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
201 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
202 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
203 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 D
204 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
205 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
206 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
207 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
208 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
209 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
210 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
211 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
212 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 D
213 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
214 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar
215 10:30 LH +1030/+1130 1985 Jul
216 10:30 LH +1030/+11
218 # Australian miscellany
219 #
220 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
221 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
222 # no times are set
223 #
224 # Coral Sea Is
225 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
226 # no times are set
227 #
228 # Macquarie
229 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
230 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
231 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
232 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
233 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
234 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
235 #
236 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
237 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
238 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
239 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
240 # on 4 April.
241 #
242 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
243 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
244 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
245 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
246 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
247 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov
248 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
249 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
250 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
251 0 - -00 1948 Mar 25
252 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
253 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00
254 11:00 - +11
256 # Christmas
257 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
258 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
259 7:00 - +07
261 # Cocos (Keeling) Is
262 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
263 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
264 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
265 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
266 6:30 - +0630
269 # Fiji
271 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
273 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
274 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
275 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
276 #
277 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
278 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
279 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
281 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
282 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
283 # amendments:
284 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
286 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
287 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
288 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
289 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
290 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
291 #
292 # Official source:
293 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
294 #
295 # A bit more background info here:
296 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
298 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
299 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
300 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
301 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
302 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
303 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
304 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
306 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
307 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
308 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
309 #
310 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
311 # which says
312 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
313 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
314 # 2am on February 26 next year.
316 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
317 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
318 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
319 #
320 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
321 # states:
322 #
323 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
324 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
325 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
326 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
328 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
329 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
330 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
331 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
332 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
334 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
335 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
336 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
337 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
339 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
340 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
341 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
343 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
344 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
345 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
347 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
348 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
349 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
350 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
351 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
352 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
354 # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
355 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
356 # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
357 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will
358 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
360 # From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
361 # Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
362 # Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
363 # [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
364 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to 03:00
365 # the first Sunday on or after January 14. Although ad hoc, it matches
366 # transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
367 # practice than guessing no DST.
369 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
370 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
371 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
372 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
373 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
374 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
375 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
376 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
377 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
378 Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
379 Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=14 3:00 0 -
380 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
381 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
382 12:00 Fiji +12/+13
384 # French Polynesia
385 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
386 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
387 -9:00 - -09
388 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
389 -9:30 - -0930
390 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
391 -10:00 - -10
392 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
393 # it is uninhabited.
395 # Guam
396 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
397 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
398 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
399 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
400 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
401 Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
403 # Kiribati
404 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
405 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
406 12:00 - +12
407 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
408 -12:00 - -12 1979 Oct
409 -11:00 - -11 1995
410 13:00 - +13
411 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
412 -10:40 - -1040 1979 Oct
413 -10:00 - -10 1995
414 14:00 - +14
416 # N Mariana Is
417 # See Pacific/Guam.
419 # Marshall Is
420 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
421 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
422 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct
423 12:00 - +12
424 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
425 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct
426 -12:00 - -12 1993 Aug 20
427 12:00 - +12
429 # Micronesia
430 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
431 Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
432 10:00 - +10
433 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
434 11:00 - +11
435 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
436 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct
437 12:00 - +12 1999
438 11:00 - +11
440 # Nauru
441 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
442 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
443 11:30 - +1130 1942 Mar 15
444 9:00 - +09 1944 Aug 15
445 11:30 - +1130 1979 May
446 12:00 - +12
448 # New Caledonia
449 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
450 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
451 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
452 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
453 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
454 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
455 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
456 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
457 11:00 NC +11/+12
460 ###############################################################################
462 # New Zealand
464 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
465 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
466 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
467 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
468 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
469 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
470 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
471 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
472 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
473 # convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition
474 # so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
475 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
476 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
477 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
478 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
479 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
480 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
481 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
482 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
483 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
484 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
485 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
486 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
487 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
488 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
489 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
490 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
491 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
492 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
493 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
494 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
495 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
496 12:00 NZ NZ%sT
497 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
498 12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1
499 12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345
501 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
503 # Auckland Is
504 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
505 # and scientific personnel have wintered
507 # Campbell I
508 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
509 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
510 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
511 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
513 # Cook Is
514 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
515 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
516 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
517 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
518 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
519 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
520 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
521 -10:30 - -1030 1978 Nov 12
522 -10:00 Cook -10/-0930
524 ###############################################################################
527 # Niue
528 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
529 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
530 -11:20 - -1120 1951
531 -11:30 - -1130 1978 Oct 1
532 -11:00 - -11
534 # Norfolk
535 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
536 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
537 11:12 - +1112 1951
538 11:30 - +1130 1974 Oct 27 02:00
539 11:30 1:00 +1230 1975 Mar 2 02:00
540 11:30 - +1130 2015 Oct 4 02:00
541 11:00 - +11
543 # Palau (Belau)
544 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
545 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
546 9:00 - +09
548 # Papua New Guinea
549 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
550 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
551 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
552 10:00 - +10
553 #
554 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
555 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
556 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
557 #
558 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
559 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
560 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
561 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
562 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
563 # https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
564 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
565 #
566 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
567 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
568 # See:
569 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
570 #
571 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
572 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895
573 10:00 - +10 1942 Jul
574 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21
575 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00
576 11:00 - +11
578 # Pitcairn
579 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
580 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
581 -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00
582 -8:00 - -08
584 # American Samoa
585 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
586 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
587 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
588 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
590 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
592 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
593 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
594 # the following info:
595 #
596 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
597 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
598 # Sunday of April 2011."
599 #
600 # Background info:
601 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
602 #
603 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
604 # contain any dates:
605 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
607 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
608 # Please see
609 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
610 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
611 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
612 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
613 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
615 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
616 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
617 #
618 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
619 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
620 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
621 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
623 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
624 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
625 #
626 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
628 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
629 # The International Date Line Act 2011
630 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
631 # changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
632 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
633 # accordingly.
635 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
636 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
637 #
638 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
639 #
640 # DST
641 # Year End Time Start Time
642 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
643 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
644 #
645 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
646 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
647 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
648 #
649 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
650 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
651 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
652 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
653 #
654 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
655 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
656 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
658 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
659 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 D
660 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 S
661 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 D
662 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 S
663 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D
664 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
665 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
666 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911
667 -11:30 - -1130 1950
668 -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00
669 13:00 WS +13/+14
671 # Solomon Is
672 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
673 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
674 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
675 11:00 - +11
677 # Tokelau
678 #
679 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
680 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
681 # December 31 this year ...
682 #
683 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
684 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
685 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
686 # Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
687 # actually was to UT-11 back then.
688 #
689 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
690 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
691 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
692 # <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
693 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
694 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
696 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
697 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
698 -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30
699 13:00 - +13
701 # Tonga
702 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
703 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
704 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
705 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
706 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
707 Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
708 Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
709 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
710 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
711 12:20 - +1220 1941
712 13:00 - +13 1999
713 13:00 Tonga +13/+14
715 # Tuvalu
716 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
717 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
718 12:00 - +12
721 # US minor outlying islands
723 # Howland, Baker
724 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
725 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
726 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
727 # uninhabited thereafter.
728 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
729 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
730 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
731 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
732 # until they were abandoned after the war.
734 # Jarvis
735 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
736 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
737 # uninhabited thereafter.
738 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
740 # Johnston
741 #
742 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
743 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
744 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
745 # treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
746 # its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
747 #
748 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
749 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
750 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
751 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
752 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
753 #
754 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
755 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
756 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
757 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
758 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
759 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
760 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
761 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
762 # https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
763 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
764 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
765 # Minus One Hour".
767 # Kingman
768 # uninhabited
770 # Midway
771 # See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
773 # Palmyra
774 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
776 # Wake
777 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
778 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
779 12:00 - +12
782 # Vanuatu
783 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
784 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
785 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
786 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
787 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
788 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
789 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
790 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
791 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
792 11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12
794 # Wallis and Futuna
795 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
796 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
797 12:00 - +12
799 ###############################################################################
801 # NOTES
803 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
804 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
805 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
806 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
808 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
809 #
810 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
811 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
812 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
813 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
814 #
815 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
816 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
817 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
818 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
819 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
820 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
821 #
822 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
823 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
824 # I found in the UCLA library.
825 #
826 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
827 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
828 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
829 #
830 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
831 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
832 #
833 # The following abbreviations are from other sources.
834 # Corrections are welcome!
835 # std dst
836 # LMT Local Mean Time
837 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
838 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
839 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
840 # 10:00 GST Guam through 2000
841 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
842 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
843 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
844 # -11:00 SST Samoa
845 # -10:00 HST Hawaii
846 #
847 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
848 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
850 ###############################################################################
852 # Australia
854 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
855 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
856 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
857 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
858 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
859 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
860 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
861 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
862 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
863 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
864 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
865 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
867 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
868 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
869 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
870 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
872 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
873 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
874 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
875 # covers New South Wales in particular.
877 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
878 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
879 # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
880 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
881 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
882 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
883 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
884 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
885 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
886 # time'.
887 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
888 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
889 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
890 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
891 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
892 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
893 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
895 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
896 #
897 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
898 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
899 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
900 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
901 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
902 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
903 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
904 # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web
905 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
906 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
907 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
908 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
909 #
910 # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
911 # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
912 # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
913 # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
914 # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
915 # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
916 # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
917 # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
918 # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
919 # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
920 #
921 # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
922 # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
923 #
924 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
925 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages
926 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
927 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
928 #
929 # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
930 # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au
931 #
932 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
933 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
934 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
935 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers
936 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
937 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
938 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
939 #
940 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
941 # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
942 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
943 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
944 # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
945 # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
946 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
947 # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not
948 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
949 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
950 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
951 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
952 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
953 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
954 #
955 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
956 #
957 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
958 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
959 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
960 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
961 #
962 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
963 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
964 # EST CST WST EDT CDT
965 #
966 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
967 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
968 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
969 #
970 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
971 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
972 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
973 #
974 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
975 # https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
976 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
977 #
978 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
979 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
980 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
981 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
982 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
983 # appear in reports of events with international implications.
984 #
985 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
986 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
987 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
988 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
989 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
990 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
991 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
992 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
993 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
995 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
996 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
997 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
998 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
999 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1000 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
1001 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1003 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1004 #
1005 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1006 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1007 # relevant entries in this database.
1008 #
1009 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1010 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1011 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1012 # ACT
1013 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1014 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1015 # SA
1016 # Standard Time Act, 1898
1017 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1019 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1020 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1021 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1022 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1023 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1024 #
1025 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1026 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1027 # to extend DST together in 2006.
1028 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1029 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1030 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1031 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1032 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1033 # allude to it.
1034 # But not Queensland
1035 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1037 # Northern Territory
1039 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1040 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1041 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1042 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1043 # ...
1044 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1046 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1047 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1048 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1050 # Western Australia
1052 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1053 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1054 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1055 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1056 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1057 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1058 # # before reaching parliament.
1059 # ...
1060 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1061 # ...
1062 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1063 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1064 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1065 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1067 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1068 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1069 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1071 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1072 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1073 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1074 # work at 9.00am.)
1075 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1076 # everybody again.
1078 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1079 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1080 # it matches what was used in the past.
1082 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1083 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1084 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1085 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1087 # Queensland
1088 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1089 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1090 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
1091 # ...
1092 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1093 # ...
1094 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1095 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1096 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1097 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1099 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1100 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1101 # October 1989).
1103 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1104 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1105 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1106 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1108 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1109 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1110 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1111 # me.)
1113 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1114 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1115 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1116 # ...
1117 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1118 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1119 # ...
1121 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1122 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1124 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1125 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1126 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1127 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1129 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1130 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1131 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1132 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1133 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1134 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1135 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1136 # Australia and Western Australia....
1137 #
1138 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1139 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1140 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1141 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1142 #
1143 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1144 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1145 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1146 # coast of the continent.
1147 #
1148 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1149 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1150 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1151 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1152 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1153 #
1154 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1155 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1156 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1157 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1158 #
1159 # (2006-12-09):
1160 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1161 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1162 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1163 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1165 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1166 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1167 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1170 # southeast Australia
1171 #
1172 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1173 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1174 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1175 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1178 # South Australia
1180 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1181 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1182 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1183 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1185 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1186 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1187 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1188 # ...
1189 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1190 # ...
1191 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1192 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1193 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1194 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1196 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1197 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1198 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1199 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1201 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1202 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1203 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1204 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1205 # is on...
1207 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1208 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1209 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1210 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1212 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1213 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1214 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1215 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1217 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1218 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1219 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1220 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1222 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1223 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1225 # Tasmania
1227 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1228 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1229 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1230 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1232 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1233 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1234 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1235 # (but nothing new about that).
1237 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1238 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1239 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1240 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1241 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1242 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1244 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1245 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1247 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1248 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1250 # Victoria
1252 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1253 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1254 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1255 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1257 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1258 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1259 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1260 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1261 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1262 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1263 #
1264 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1265 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1266 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1267 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1268 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1269 # expected time.
1270 #
1271 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1272 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1273 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1274 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1275 #
1276 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1277 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1279 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1280 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1282 # New South Wales
1284 # From Arthur David Olson:
1285 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1286 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1287 # who notes:
1288 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1289 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1290 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1291 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1292 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1293 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1295 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1296 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1297 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1298 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1299 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1301 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1302 # See the following official NSW source:
1303 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1304 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1305 #
1306 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1307 # daylight saving next year. See:
1308 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1309 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1310 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1311 #
1312 # Victoria will follow NSW. See:
1313 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1314 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1315 #
1316 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1317 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1318 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1319 #
1320 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1321 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1322 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1323 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1324 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1325 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1326 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1327 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1328 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1329 #
1330 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1331 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1332 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1334 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1335 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1336 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1338 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1339 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1340 # towns to use Queensland time.
1342 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1343 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1345 # Yancowinna
1347 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1348 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1350 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1351 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1352 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
1353 # ...
1354 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1355 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1356 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1357 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1358 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1359 # # presently available.
1360 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1361 # ...
1362 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1363 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1364 # [followed by other Rules]
1366 # Lord Howe Island
1368 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1369 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1370 # [ Dec 1990 ]
1371 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1372 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1374 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1375 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1376 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1377 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1378 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1379 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1380 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1381 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1382 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1383 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1385 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1386 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1387 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1388 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1389 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1390 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1392 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1393 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1394 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1396 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1397 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1399 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1400 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1401 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1402 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1403 #
1404 # From
1405 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1406 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1407 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1408 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1409 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1410 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1411 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1412 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1413 #
1414 # We have a wrap-up here:
1415 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1416 ###############################################################################
1418 # New Zealand
1420 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1421 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1422 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1423 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1424 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1426 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1427 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1428 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1429 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1430 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1431 # ...
1432 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1433 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1434 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1435 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1436 # ...
1437 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1438 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1440 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1441 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1442 # rather than the October 1 value.
1444 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1445 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1446 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1447 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1448 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1449 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1450 #
1451 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1452 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1453 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
1454 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1455 #
1456 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1457 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1458 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1460 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1461 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1462 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1463 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1464 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1466 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1467 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1468 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1469 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1470 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1471 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1472 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1473 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1474 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1475 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1476 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1477 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1479 ###############################################################################
1482 # Fiji
1484 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1485 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1486 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1488 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1489 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1490 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1491 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1493 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1494 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1496 # From the BBC World Service in
1497 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1498 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1499 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1500 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1501 # of the new millennium.
1503 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1504 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1507 # Kiribati
1509 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1510 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1511 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1512 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1515 # Kwajalein
1517 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1518 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1519 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1520 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1521 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1524 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1526 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1527 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1528 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1529 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1530 # see Asia/Manila.
1532 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
1533 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1534 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1535 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1538 # Micronesia
1540 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1541 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1542 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1543 #
1544 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
1545 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1547 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1548 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1549 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1550 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1551 # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
1552 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
1555 # Midway
1557 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1558 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1559 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1560 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1561 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1562 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1563 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1564 # air at 6am your time.
1565 #
1566 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1567 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1568 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1569 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1571 # Norfolk
1573 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
1574 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
1575 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
1576 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
1577 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
1579 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
1580 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
1581 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
1582 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
1583 # other than in 1974/5. See:
1584 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
1586 # Pitcairn
1588 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1589 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1590 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1591 #
1592 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1593 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1594 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1595 #
1596 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1597 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1598 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1600 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1601 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1602 # ... at midnight.
1604 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1605 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1606 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1607 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1610 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1612 # Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
1613 # time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
1614 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1615 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1616 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1617 # This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
1618 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
1620 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
1621 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
1622 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1623 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1624 # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
1625 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1626 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1627 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1630 # Tonga
1632 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1633 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1634 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1635 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1637 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1638 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1639 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1640 #
1641 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1642 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1643 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1644 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1645 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1646 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1647 #
1648 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1649 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1650 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1651 #
1652 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1653 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1654 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1655 # minutes we have lost?"
1656 #
1657 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1658 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1659 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1661 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1662 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1664 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1665 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1666 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1667 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1668 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1669 # Government.
1671 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1672 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1673 #
1674 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1675 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1676 #
1677 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1678 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1679 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1680 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1682 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1683 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
1684 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1685 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1686 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1687 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1688 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1689 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1691 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1692 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1693 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1695 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1696 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1697 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1698 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1699 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1700 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1701 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
1703 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1704 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1706 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1707 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1708 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1709 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1710 # hour to 1:00am.
1712 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
1713 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1715 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
1716 # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
1717 # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
1718 # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
1719 #
1720 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
1721 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
1722 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
1724 # From David Wade (2017-10-18):
1725 # In August government was disolved by the King. The current prime minister
1726 # continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few
1727 # decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
1728 #
1729 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1730 # For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing.
1733 # Wake
1735 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1736 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1737 #
1738 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
1739 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1740 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1741 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1742 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1743 # impossible.
1744 #
1745 # https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
1747 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1748 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1750 ###############################################################################
1752 # The International Date Line
1754 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1755 #
1756 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1757 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1758 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1759 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1760 #
1761 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1762 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1763 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1764 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1765 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1766 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1767 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1768 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1769 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1770 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1771 # correct date is ambiguous.
1773 # From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1774 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1775 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1776 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1777 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1778 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1779 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1780 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1781 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1782 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1783 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
1784 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1785 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1787 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1788 # (2005-03-20):
1789 #
1790 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1791 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
1792 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1793 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.