1 % UNICORN(1) Unicorn User Manual
2 % The Unicorn Community <unicorn-public@bogomips.org>
7 unicorn - a rackup-like command to launch the Unicorn HTTP server
11 unicorn [-c CONFIG_FILE] [-E RACK_ENV] [-D] [RACKUP_FILE]
15 A rackup(1)-like command to launch Rack applications using Unicorn.
16 It is expected to be started in your application root (APP_ROOT),
17 but the "working_directory" directive may be used in the CONFIG_FILE.
19 While unicorn takes a myriad of command-line options for
20 compatibility with ruby(1) and rackup(1), it is recommended to stick
21 to the few command-line options specified in the SYNOPSIS and use
22 the CONFIG_FILE as much as possible.
26 This defaults to \"config.ru\" in APP_ROOT. It should be the same
27 file used by rackup(1) and other Rack launchers, it uses the
30 Embedded command-line options are mostly parsed for compatibility
31 with rackup(1) but strongly discouraged.
34 -c, \--config-file CONFIG_FILE
35 : Path to the Unicorn-specific config file. The config file is
36 implemented as a Ruby DSL, so Ruby code may executed.
37 See the RDoc/ri for the *Unicorn::Configurator* class for the full
38 list of directives available from the DSL.
39 Using an absolute path for for CONFIG_FILE is recommended as it
40 makes multiple instances of Unicorn easily distinguishable when
44 : Run daemonized in the background. The process is detached from
45 the controlling terminal and stdin is redirected to "/dev/null".
46 Unlike many common UNIX daemons, we do not chdir to \"/\"
47 upon daemonization to allow more control over the startup/upgrade
49 Unless specified in the CONFIG_FILE, stderr and stdout will
50 also be redirected to "/dev/null".
53 : Run under the given RACK_ENV. See the RACK ENVIRONMENT section
57 : Listens on a given ADDRESS. ADDRESS may be in the form of
58 HOST:PORT or PATH, HOST:PORT is taken to mean a TCP socket
59 and PATH is meant to be a path to a UNIX domain socket.
60 Defaults to "0.0.0.0:8080" (all addresses on TCP port 8080)
61 For production deployments, specifying the "listen" directive in
62 CONFIG_FILE is recommended as it allows fine-tuning of socket
64 -N, \--no-default-middleware
65 : Disables loading middleware implied by RACK_ENV. This bypasses the
66 configuration documented in the RACK ENVIRONMENT section, but still
67 allows RACK_ENV to be used for application/framework-specific purposes.
69 # RACKUP COMPATIBILITY OPTIONS
71 : Listen on a TCP socket belonging to HOST, default is
72 "0.0.0.0" (all addresses).
73 If specified multiple times on the command-line, only the
74 last-specified value takes effect.
75 This option only exists for compatibility with the rackup(1) command,
76 use of "-l"/"\--listen" switch is recommended instead.
79 : Listen on the specified TCP PORT, default is 8080.
80 If specified multiple times on the command-line, only the last-specified
82 This option only exists for compatibility with the rackup(1) command,
83 use of "-l"/"\--listen" switch is recommended instead.
86 : No-op, this exists only for compatibility with rackup(1).
90 : Evaluate a LINE of Ruby code. This evaluation happens
91 immediately as the command-line is being parsed.
94 : Turn on debug mode, the $DEBUG variable is set to true.
97 : Turn on verbose warnings, the $VERBOSE variable is set to true.
100 : specify $LOAD_PATH. PATH will be prepended to $LOAD_PATH.
101 The \':\' character may be used to delimit multiple directories.
102 This directive may be used more than once. Modifications to
103 $LOAD_PATH take place immediately and in the order they were
104 specified on the command-line.
106 -r, \--require LIBRARY
107 : require a specified LIBRARY before executing the application. The
108 \"require\" statement will be executed immediately and in the order
109 they were specified on the command-line.
113 The following UNIX signals may be sent to the master process:
115 * HUP - reload config file, app, and gracefully restart all workers
116 * INT/TERM - quick shutdown, kills all workers immediately
117 * QUIT - graceful shutdown, waits for workers to finish their
118 current request before finishing.
119 * USR1 - reopen all logs owned by the master and all workers
120 See Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs for what is considered a log.
121 * USR2 - reexecute the running binary. A separate QUIT
122 should be sent to the original process once the child is verified to
124 * WINCH - gracefully stops workers but keep the master running.
125 This will only work for daemonized processes.
126 * TTIN - increment the number of worker processes by one
127 * TTOU - decrement the number of worker processes by one
129 See the [SIGNALS][4] document for full description of all signals
134 Accepted values of RACK_ENV and the middleware they automatically load
135 (outside of RACKUP_FILE) are exactly as those in rackup(1):
137 * development - loads Rack::CommonLogger, Rack::ShowExceptions, and
138 Rack::Lint middleware
139 * deployment - loads Rack::CommonLogger middleware
140 * none - loads no middleware at all, relying
141 entirely on RACKUP_FILE
143 All unrecognized values for RACK_ENV are assumed to be
144 "none". Production deployments are strongly encouraged to use
145 "deployment" or "none" for maximum performance.
147 As of Unicorn 0.94.0, RACK_ENV is exported as a process-wide environment
148 variable as well. While not current a part of the Rack specification as
149 of Rack 1.0.1, this has become a de facto standard in the Rack world.
151 Note the Rack::ContentLength and Rack::Chunked middlewares are also
152 loaded by "deployment" and "development", but no other values of
153 RACK_ENV. If needed, they must be individually specified in the
154 RACKUP_FILE, some frameworks do not require them.
156 # ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
158 The RACK_ENV variable is set by the aforementioned \-E switch.
159 All application or library-specific environment variables (e.g. TMPDIR)
160 may always be set in the Unicorn CONFIG_FILE in addition to the spawning
161 shell. When transparently upgrading Unicorn, all environment variables
162 set in the old master process are inherited by the new master process.
163 Unicorn only uses (and will overwrite) the UNICORN_FD environment
164 variable internally when doing transparent upgrades.
169 * *Rack::Builder* ri/RDoc
170 * *Unicorn::Configurator* ri/RDoc
175 [1]: http://unicorn.bogomips.org/
176 [2]: http://rdoc.info/gems/r#/gems/rack/frames
177 [3]: http://wiki.github.com/rack/rack/tutorial-rackup-howto
178 [4]: http://unicorn.bogomips.org/SIGNALS.html