frontend/main.cpp

   1 // main.cpp
   2
   3 // Copyright (C) 2011-2012 by Werner Lemberg.
   4 //
   5 // This file is part of the ttfautohint library, and may only be used,
   6 // modified, and distributed under the terms given in `COPYING'.  By
   7 // continuing to use, modify, or distribute this file you indicate that you
   8 // have read `COPYING' and understand and accept it fully.
   9 //
  10 // The file `COPYING' mentioned in the previous paragraph is distributed
  11 // with the ttfautohint library.
  12
  13
  14 // This program is a wrapper for `TTF_autohint'.
  15
  16 #ifdef BUILD_GUI
  17 #  ifndef _WIN32
  18 #    define CONSOLE_OUTPUT
  19 #  endif
  20 #else
  21 #  define CONSOLE_OUTPUT
  22 #endif
  23
  24 #include <config.h>
  25
  26 #include <stdio.h>
  27 #include <stdlib.h>
  28 #include <errno.h>
  29 #include <string.h>
  30 #include <getopt.h>
  31 #include <limits.h>
  32
  33 #include <vector>
  34 #include <string>
  35
  36 #if BUILD_GUI
  37 #  include <QApplication>
  38 #  include "maingui.h"
  39 #else
  40 #  include "info.h"
  41 #endif
  42
  43 #include <ttfautohint.h>
  44
  45 using namespace std;
  46
  47
  48 #ifndef BUILD_GUI
  49 extern "C" {
  50
  51 typedef struct Progress_Data_
  52 {
  53   long last_sfnt;
  54   bool begin;
  55   int last_percent;
  56 } Progress_Data;
  57
  58
  59 int
  60 progress(long curr_idx,
  61          long num_glyphs,
  62          long curr_sfnt,
  63          long num_sfnts,
  64          void* user)
  65 {
  66   Progress_Data* data = (Progress_Data*)user;
  67
  68   if (num_sfnts > 1 && curr_sfnt != data->last_sfnt)
  69   {
  70     fprintf(stderr, "subfont %ld of %ld\n", curr_sfnt + 1, num_sfnts);
  71     data->last_sfnt = curr_sfnt;
  72     data->begin = true;
  73   }
  74
  75   if (data->begin)
  76   {
  77     fprintf(stderr, "  %ld glyphs\n"
  78                     "   ", num_glyphs);
  79     data->begin = false;
  80   }
  81
  82   // print progress approx. every 10%
  83   int curr_percent = curr_idx * 100 / num_glyphs;
  84   int curr_diff = curr_percent - data->last_percent;
  85
  86   if (curr_diff >= 10)
  87   {
  88     fprintf(stderr, " %d%%", curr_percent);
  89     data->last_percent = curr_percent - curr_percent % 10;
  90   }
  91
  92   if (curr_idx + 1 == num_glyphs)
  93     fprintf(stderr, "\n");
  94
  95   return 0;
  96 }
  97
  98 } // extern "C"
  99 #endif // !BUILD_GUI
 100
 101
 102 #ifdef CONSOLE_OUTPUT
 103 static void
 104 show_help(bool
 105 #ifdef BUILD_GUI
 106                all
 107 #endif
 108                   ,
 109           bool is_error)
 110 {
 111   FILE* handle = is_error ? stderr : stdout;
 112
 113   fprintf(handle,
 114 #ifdef BUILD_GUI
 115 "Usage: ttfautohintGUI [OPTION]...\n"
 116 "A GUI application to replace hints in a TrueType font.\n"
 117 #else
 118 "Usage: ttfautohint [OPTION]... IN-FILE OUT-FILE\n"
 119 "Replace hints in TrueType font IN-FILE and write output to OUT-FILE.\n"
 120 #endif
 121 "The new hints are based on FreeType's autohinter.\n"
 122 "\n"
 123 "This program is a simple front-end to the `ttfautohint' library.\n"
 124 "\n");
 125
 126   fprintf(handle,
 127 "Long options can be given with one or two dashes,\n"
 128 "and with and without equal sign between option and argument.\n"
 129 "This means that the following forms are acceptable:\n"
 130 "`-foo=bar', `--foo=bar', `-foo bar', `--foo bar'.\n"
 131 "\n"
 132 "Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.\n"
 133 #ifdef BUILD_GUI
 134 "Options not related to Qt or X11 set default values.\n"
 135 #endif
 136 "\n"
 137 );
 138
 139   fprintf(handle,
 140 "Options:\n"
 141 "  -f, --latin-fallback       set fallback script to latin\n"
 142 "  -G, --hinting-limit=N      switch off hinting above this PPEM value\n"
 143 "                             (default: %d); value 0 means no limit\n"
 144 "  -h, --help                 display this help and exit\n"
 145 #ifdef BUILD_GUI
 146 "      --help-all             show Qt and X11 specific options also\n"
 147 #endif
 148 "  -i, --ignore-restrictions  override font license restrictions\n"
 149 "  -l, --hinting-range-min=N  the minimum PPEM value for hint sets\n"
 150 "                             (default: %d)\n"
 151 "  -n  --no-info              don't add ttfautohint info\n"
 152 "                             to the version string(s) in the `name' table\n"
 153 "  -p, --pre-hinting          apply original hints in advance\n",
 154           TA_HINTING_LIMIT, TA_HINTING_RANGE_MIN);
 155   fprintf(handle,
 156 "  -r, --hinting-range-max=N  the maximum PPEM value for hint sets\n"
 157 "                             (default: %d)\n"
 158 "  -s, --symbol               input is symbol font\n"
 159 "  -v, --verbose              show progress information\n"
 160 "  -V, --version              print version information and exit\n"
 161 "  -w, --strong-stem-width=S  use strong stem width routine for modes S,\n"
 162 "                             where S is a string of up to three letters\n"
 163 "                             with possible values `g' for grayscale,\n"
 164 "                             `G' for GDI ClearType, and `D' for\n"
 165 "                             DirectWrite ClearType (default: G)\n"
 166 "  -x, --increase-x-height=N  increase x height for sizes in the range\n"
 167 "                             6<=PPEM<=N; value 0 switches off this feature\n"
 168 "                             (default: %d)\n"
 169 "  -X, --x-height-snapping-exceptions=STRING\n"
 170 "                             specify a comma-separated list of\n"
 171 "                             x-height snapping exceptions\n"
 172 "\n",
 173           TA_HINTING_RANGE_MAX, TA_INCREASE_X_HEIGHT);
 174
 175 #ifdef BUILD_GUI
 176   if (all)
 177   {
 178     fprintf(handle,
 179 "Qt Options:\n"
 180 "      --graphicssystem=SYSTEM\n"
 181 "                             select a different graphics system backend\n"
 182 "                             instead of the default one\n"
 183 "                             (possible values: `raster', `opengl')\n"
 184 "      --reverse              set layout direction to right-to-left\n");
 185     fprintf(handle,
 186 "      --session=ID           restore the application for the given ID\n"
 187 "      --style=STYLE          set application GUI style\n"
 188 "                             (possible values: motif, windows, platinum)\n"
 189 "      --stylesheet=SHEET     apply the given Qt stylesheet\n"
 190 "                             to the application widgets\n"
 191 "\n");
 192
 193     fprintf(handle,
 194 "X11 options:\n"
 195 "      --background=COLOR     set the default background color\n"
 196 "                             and an application palette\n"
 197 "                             (light and dark shades are calculated)\n"
 198 "      --bg=COLOR             same as --background\n"
 199 "      --btn=COLOR            set the default button color\n"
 200 "      --button=COLOR         same as --btn\n"
 201 "      --cmap                 use a private color map on an 8-bit display\n"
 202 "      --display=NAME         use the given X-server display\n");
 203     fprintf(handle,
 204 "      --fg=COLOR             set the default foreground color\n"
 205 "      --fn=FONTNAME          set the application font\n"
 206 "      --font=FONTNAME        same as --fn\n"
 207 "      --foreground=COLOR     same as --fg\n"
 208 "      --geometry=GEOMETRY    set the client geometry of first window\n"
 209 "      --im=SERVER            set the X Input Method (XIM) server\n"
 210 "      --inputstyle=STYLE     set X Input Method input style\n"
 211 "                             (possible values: onthespot, overthespot,\n"
 212 "                             offthespot, root)\n");
 213     fprintf(handle,
 214 "      --name=NAME            set the application name\n"
 215 "      --ncols=COUNT          limit the number of colors allocated\n"
 216 "                             in the color cube on an 8-bit display,\n"
 217 "                             if the application is using the\n"
 218 "                             QApplication::ManyColor color specification\n"
 219 "      --title=TITLE          set the application title (caption)\n"
 220 "      --visual=VISUAL        force the application\n"
 221 "                             to use the given visual on an 8-bit display\n"
 222 "                             (only possible value: TrueColor)\n"
 223 "\n");
 224   }
 225 #endif // BUILD_GUI
 226
 227   fprintf(handle,
 228 "The program accepts both TTF and TTC files as input.\n"
 229 "Use option -i only if you have a legal permission to modify the font.\n"
 230 "If option -f is not set, glyphs not in the latin range stay unhinted.\n"
 231 "The used PPEM value for option -p is FUnits per em, normally 2048.\n"
 232 "With option -s, use default values for standard stem width and height,\n"
 233 "otherwise they are derived from latin character `o'.\n"
 234 "\n");
 235   fprintf(handle,
 236 "A hint set contains the optimal hinting for a certain PPEM value;\n"
 237 "the larger the hint set range, the more hint sets get computed,\n"
 238 "usually increasing the output font size.  Note, however,\n"
 239 "that the `gasp' table of the output file enables grayscale hinting\n"
 240 "for all sizes (limited by option -G which is handled in the bytecode).\n"
 241 "\n");
 242   fprintf(handle,
 243 #ifdef BUILD_GUI
 244 "A command-line version of this program is called `ttfautohint'.\n"
 245 #else
 246 "A GUI version of this program is called `ttfautohintGUI'.\n"
 247 #endif
 248 "\n"
 249 "Report bugs to: freetype-devel@nongnu.org\n"
 250 "ttfautohint home page: <http://www.freetype.org/ttfautohint>\n");
 251
 252   if (is_error)
 253     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 254   else
 255     exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
 256 }
 257
 258
 259 static void
 260 show_version()
 261 {
 262   fprintf(stdout,
 263 #ifdef BUILD_GUI
 264 "ttfautohintGUI " VERSION "\n"
 265 #else
 266 "ttfautohint " VERSION "\n"
 267 #endif
 268 "Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Werner Lemberg <wl@gnu.org>.\n"
 269 "License: FreeType License (FTL) or GNU GPLv2.\n"
 270 "This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.\n"
 271 "There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.\n");
 272
 273   exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
 274 }
 275 #endif // CONSOLE_OUTPUT
 276
 277
 278 int
 279 main(int argc,
 280      char** argv)
 281 {
 282   int hinting_range_min = 0;
 283   int hinting_range_max = 0;
 284   int hinting_limit = 0;
 285   int increase_x_height = 0;
 286   bool have_hinting_range_min = false;
 287   bool have_hinting_range_max = false;
 288   bool have_hinting_limit = false;
 289   bool have_increase_x_height = false;
 290
 291   bool gray_strong_stem_width = false;
 292   bool gdi_cleartype_strong_stem_width = true;
 293   bool dw_cleartype_strong_stem_width = false;
 294
 295   bool ignore_restrictions = false;
 296   bool pre_hinting = false;
 297   bool no_info = false;
 298   int latin_fallback = 0; // leave it as int; this probably gets extended
 299   bool symbol = false;
 300
 301 #ifndef BUILD_GUI
 302   TA_Progress_Func progress_func = NULL;
 303   TA_Info_Func info_func = info;
 304 #endif
 305
 306   // make GNU, Qt, and X11 command line options look the same;
 307   // we allow `--foo=bar', `--foo bar', `-foo=bar', `-foo bar',
 308   // and short options specific to ttfautohint
 309
 310   // set up a new argument string
 311   vector<string> new_arg_string;
 312   new_arg_string.push_back(argv[0]);
 313
 314   while (1)
 315   {
 316     // use pseudo short options for long-only options
 317     enum
 318     {
 319       PASS_THROUGH = CHAR_MAX + 1,
 320       HELP_ALL_OPTION
 321     };
 322
 323     static struct option long_options[] =
 324     {
 325       {"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
 326 #ifdef BUILD_GUI
 327       {"help-all", no_argument, NULL, HELP_ALL_OPTION},
 328 #endif
 329
 330       // ttfautohint options
 331       {"hinting-limit", required_argument, NULL, 'G'},
 332       {"hinting-range-max", required_argument, NULL, 'r'},
 333       {"hinting-range-min", required_argument, NULL, 'l'},
 334       {"ignore-restrictions", no_argument, NULL, 'i'},
 335       {"increase-x-height", required_argument, NULL, 'x'},
 336       {"latin-fallback", no_argument, NULL, 'f'},
 337       {"no-info", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},
 338       {"pre-hinting", no_argument, NULL, 'p'},
 339       {"strong-stem-width", required_argument, NULL, 'w'},
 340       {"symbol", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
 341       {"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
 342       {"version", no_argument, NULL, 'V'},
 343       {"x-height-snapping-exceptions", required_argument, NULL, 'X'},
 344
 345       // Qt options
 346       {"graphicssystem", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 347       {"reverse", no_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 348       {"session", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 349       {"style", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 350       {"stylesheet", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 351
 352       // X11 options
 353       {"background", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 354       {"bg", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 355       {"btn", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 356       {"button", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 357       {"cmap", no_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 358       {"display", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 359       {"fg", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 360       {"fn", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 361       {"font", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 362       {"foreground", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 363       {"geometry", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 364       {"im", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 365       {"inputstyle", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 366       {"name", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 367       {"ncols", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 368       {"title", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 369       {"visual", required_argument, NULL, PASS_THROUGH},
 370
 371       {NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
 372     };
 373
 374     int option_index;
 375     int c = getopt_long_only(argc, argv, "fG:hil:npr:stVvx:X:w:",
 376                              long_options, &option_index);
 377     if (c == -1)
 378       break;
 379
 380     switch (c)
 381     {
 382     case 'f':
 383       latin_fallback = 1;
 384       break;
 385
 386     case 'G':
 387       hinting_limit = atoi(optarg);
 388       have_hinting_limit = true;
 389       break;
 390
 391     case 'h':
 392 #ifdef CONSOLE_OUTPUT
 393       show_help(false, false);
 394 #endif
 395       break;
 396
 397     case 'i':
 398       ignore_restrictions = true;
 399       break;
 400
 401     case 'l':
 402       hinting_range_min = atoi(optarg);
 403       have_hinting_range_min = true;
 404       break;
 405
 406     case 'n':
 407       no_info = true;
 408       break;
 409
 410     case 'p':
 411       pre_hinting = true;
 412       break;
 413
 414     case 'r':
 415       hinting_range_max = atoi(optarg);
 416       have_hinting_range_max = true;
 417       break;
 418
 419     case 's':
 420       symbol = true;
 421       break;
 422
 423     case 'v':
 424 #ifndef BUILD_GUI
 425       progress_func = progress;
 426 #endif
 427       break;
 428
 429     case 'V':
 430 #ifdef CONSOLE_OUTPUT
 431       show_version();
 432 #endif
 433       break;
 434
 435     case 'w':
 436       gray_strong_stem_width = strchr(optarg, 'g') ? true : false;
 437       gdi_cleartype_strong_stem_width = strchr(optarg, 'G') ? true : false;
 438       dw_cleartype_strong_stem_width = strchr(optarg, 'D') ? true : false;
 439       break;
 440
 441     case 'x':
 442       increase_x_height = atoi(optarg);
 443       have_increase_x_height = true;
 444       break;
 445
 446     case 'X':
 447 #ifdef CONSOLE_OUTPUT
 448       fprintf(stderr, "Option `-x' not implemented yet\n");
 449 #endif
 450       break;
 451
 452     case HELP_ALL_OPTION:
 453 #ifdef CONSOLE_OUTPUT
 454       show_help(true, false);
 455 #endif
 456       break;
 457
 458     case PASS_THROUGH:
 459       {
 460         // append argument with proper syntax for Qt
 461         string arg;
 462         arg += '-';
 463         arg += long_options[option_index].name;
 464
 465         new_arg_string.push_back(arg);
 466         if (optarg)
 467           new_arg_string.push_back(optarg);
 468         break;
 469       }
 470
 471     default:
 472       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 473     }
 474   }
 475
 476   if (!have_hinting_range_min)
 477     hinting_range_min = TA_HINTING_RANGE_MIN;
 478   if (!have_hinting_range_max)
 479     hinting_range_max = TA_HINTING_RANGE_MAX;
 480   if (!have_hinting_limit)
 481     hinting_limit = TA_HINTING_LIMIT;
 482   if (!have_increase_x_height)
 483     increase_x_height = TA_INCREASE_X_HEIGHT;
 484
 485 #ifndef BUILD_GUI
 486
 487   if (hinting_range_min < 2)
 488   {
 489     fprintf(stderr, "The hinting range minimum must be at least 2\n");
 490     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 491   }
 492   if (hinting_range_max < hinting_range_min)
 493   {
 494     fprintf(stderr, "The hinting range maximum must not be smaller"
 495                     " than the minimum (%d)\n",
 496                     hinting_range_min);
 497     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 498   }
 499   if (hinting_limit != 0 && hinting_limit < hinting_range_max)
 500   {
 501     fprintf(stderr, "A non-zero hinting limit must not be smaller"
 502                     " than the hinting range maximum (%d)\n",
 503                     hinting_range_max);
 504     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 505   }
 506   if (increase_x_height != 0
 507       && (increase_x_height < 6 || increase_x_height > 20))
 508   {
 509     fprintf(stderr, "A non-zero x height increase limit"
 510                     " must be in the range 6-20\n");
 511     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 512   }
 513
 514   // on the console we need in and out file arguments
 515   if (argc - optind != 2)
 516     show_help(false, true);
 517
 518   FILE* in = fopen(argv[optind], "rb");
 519   if (!in)
 520   {
 521     fprintf(stderr, "The following error occurred while opening font `%s':\n"
 522                     "\n"
 523                     "  %s\n",
 524                     argv[optind], strerror(errno));
 525     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 526   }
 527
 528   FILE* out = fopen(argv[optind + 1], "wb");
 529   if (!out)
 530   {
 531     fprintf(stderr, "The following error occurred while opening font `%s':\n"
 532                     "\n"
 533                     "  %s\n",
 534                     argv[optind + 1], strerror(errno));
 535     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 536   }
 537
 538   unsigned char version_data[128];
 539   unsigned char version_data_wide[256];
 540
 541   const unsigned char* error_string;
 542   Progress_Data progress_data = {-1, 1, 0};
 543   Info_Data info_data;
 544
 545   if (no_info)
 546     info_func = NULL;
 547   else
 548   {
 549     info_data.data = version_data;
 550     info_data.data_wide = version_data_wide;
 551
 552     info_data.hinting_range_min = hinting_range_min;
 553     info_data.hinting_range_max = hinting_range_max;
 554     info_data.hinting_limit = hinting_limit;
 555
 556     info_data.gray_strong_stem_width = gray_strong_stem_width;
 557     info_data.gdi_cleartype_strong_stem_width = gdi_cleartype_strong_stem_width;
 558     info_data.dw_cleartype_strong_stem_width = dw_cleartype_strong_stem_width;
 559
 560     info_data.pre_hinting = pre_hinting;
 561     info_data.increase_x_height = increase_x_height;
 562     info_data.latin_fallback = latin_fallback;
 563     info_data.symbol = symbol;
 564
 565     build_version_string(&info_data);
 566   }
 567
 568   TA_Error error =
 569     TTF_autohint("in-file, out-file,"
 570                  "hinting-range-min, hinting-range-max, hinting-limit,"
 571                  "gray-strong-stem-width, gdi-cleartype-strong-stem-width,"
 572                  "dw-cleartype-strong-stem-width,"
 573                  "error-string,"
 574                  "progress-callback, progress-callback-data,"
 575                  "info-callback, info-callback-data,"
 576                  "ignore-restrictions, pre-hinting, increase-x-height,"
 577                  "fallback-script, symbol",
 578                  in, out,
 579                  hinting_range_min, hinting_range_max, hinting_limit,
 580                  gray_strong_stem_width, gdi_cleartype_strong_stem_width,
 581                  dw_cleartype_strong_stem_width,
 582                  &error_string,
 583                  progress_func, &progress_data,
 584                  info_func, &info_data,
 585                  ignore_restrictions, pre_hinting, increase_x_height,
 586                  latin_fallback, symbol);
 587
 588   if (error)
 589   {
 590     if (error == TA_Err_Invalid_FreeType_Version)
 591       fprintf(stderr,
 592               "FreeType version 2.4.5 or higher is needed.\n"
 593               "Perhaps using a wrong FreeType DLL?\n");
 594     else if (error == TA_Err_Invalid_Font_Type)
 595       fprintf(stderr,
 596               "This font is not a valid font"
 597                 " in SFNT format with TrueType outlines.\n"
 598               "In particular, CFF outlines are not supported.\n");
 599     else if (error == TA_Err_Already_Processed)
 600       fprintf(stderr,
 601               "This font has already been processed with ttfautohint.\n");
 602     else if (error == TA_Err_Missing_Legal_Permission)
 603       fprintf(stderr,
 604               "Bit 1 in the `fsType' field of the `OS/2' table is set:\n"
 605               "This font must not be modified"
 606                 " without permission of the legal owner.\n"
 607               "Use command line option `-i' to continue"
 608                 " if you have such a permission.\n");
 609     else if (error == TA_Err_Missing_Unicode_CMap)
 610       fprintf(stderr,
 611               "No Unicode character map.\n");
 612     else if (error == TA_Err_Missing_Glyph)
 613       fprintf(stderr,
 614               "No glyph for the key character"
 615               " to derive standard width and height.\n"
 616               "For the latin script, this key character is `o' (U+006F).\n");
 617     else
 618       fprintf(stderr,
 619               "Error code `0x%02x' while autohinting font:\n"
 620               "  %s\n", error, error_string);
 621     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 622   }
 623
 624   fclose(in);
 625   fclose(out);
 626
 627   exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
 628
 629   return 0; // never reached
 630
 631 #else // BUILD_GUI
 632
 633   int new_argc = new_arg_string.size();
 634   char** new_argv = new char*[new_argc];
 635
 636   // construct new argc and argv variables from collected data
 637   for (int i = 0; i < new_argc; i++)
 638     new_argv[i] = const_cast<char*>(new_arg_string[i].data());
 639
 640   QApplication app(new_argc, new_argv);
 641   app.setApplicationName("TTFautohint");
 642   app.setApplicationVersion(VERSION);
 643   app.setOrganizationName("FreeType");
 644   app.setOrganizationDomain("freetype.org");
 645
 646   Main_GUI gui(hinting_range_min, hinting_range_max, hinting_limit,
 647                gray_strong_stem_width, gdi_cleartype_strong_stem_width,
 648                dw_cleartype_strong_stem_width,
 649                increase_x_height, ignore_restrictions, pre_hinting,
 650                no_info, latin_fallback, symbol);
 651   gui.show();
 652
 653   return app.exec();
 654
 655 #endif // BUILD_GUI
 656 }
 657
 658 // end of main.cpp