3 .\" Copyright (c) 2007 Nicholas Marriott <nicm@users.sourceforge.net>
5 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
6 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
7 .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
9 .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
10 .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
11 .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
12 .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
13 .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF MIND, USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER
14 .\" IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING
15 .\" OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
22 .Nd terminal multiplexer
27 .Op Fl c Ar shell-command
29 .Op Fl L Ar socket-name
30 .Op Fl S Ar socket-path
31 .Op Ar command Op Ar flags
35 is a terminal multiplexer:
36 it enables a number of terminals to be created, accessed, and
37 controlled from a single screen.
39 may be detached from a screen
40 and continue running in the background,
41 then later reattached.
45 is started it creates a new
49 and displays it on screen.
50 A status line at the bottom of the screen
51 shows information on the current session
52 and is used to enter interactive commands.
54 A session is a single collection of
56 under the management of
58 Each session has one or more
60 A window occupies the entire screen
61 and may be split into rectangular panes,
62 each of which is a separate pseudo terminal
65 manual page documents the technical details of pseudo terminals).
68 instances may connect to the same session,
69 and any number of windows may be present in the same session.
70 Once all sessions are killed,
74 Each session is persistent and will survive accidental disconnection
77 connection timeout) or intentional detaching (with the
81 may be reattached using:
87 a session is displayed on screen by a
89 and all sessions are managed by a single
91 The server and each client are separate processes which communicate through a
95 The options are as follows:
96 .Bl -tag -width "XXXXXXXXXXXX"
100 to assume the terminal supports 256 colours.
104 but indicates that the terminal supports 88 colours.
105 .It Fl c Ar shell-command
108 using the default shell.
111 server will be started to retrieve the
114 This option is for compatibility with
118 is used as a login shell.
120 Specify an alternative configuration file.
123 loads the system configuration file from
125 if present, then looks for a user configuration file at
128 The configuration file is a set of
130 commands which are executed in sequence when the server is first started.
132 loads configuration files once when the server process has started.
135 command may be used to load a file later.
138 shows any error messages from commands in configuration files in the first
139 session created, and continues to process the rest of the configuration file.
140 .It Fl L Ar socket-name
142 stores the server socket in a directory under
147 the default socket is named
149 This option allows a different socket name to be specified, allowing several
155 a full path is not necessary: the sockets are all created in the same
158 If the socket is accidentally removed, the
160 signal may be sent to the
162 server process to recreate it.
164 Behave as a login shell.
165 This flag currently has no effect and is for compatibility with other shells
166 when using tmux as a login shell.
170 server option to prevent the server sending various informational messages.
171 .It Fl S Ar socket-path
172 Specify a full alternative path to the server socket.
175 is specified, the default socket directory is not used and any
180 attempts to guess if the terminal is likely to support UTF-8 by checking the
186 environment variables to be set for the string "UTF-8".
187 This is not always correct: the
189 flag explicitly informs
191 that UTF-8 is supported.
193 If the server is started from a client passed
195 or where UTF-8 is detected, the
199 options are enabled in the global window and session options respectively.
201 Request verbose logging.
202 This option may be specified multiple times for increasing verbosity.
203 Log messages will be saved into
204 .Pa tmux-client-PID.log
206 .Pa tmux-server-PID.log
207 files in the current directory, where
209 is the PID of the server or client process.
210 .It Ar command Op Ar flags
211 This specifies one of a set of commands used to control
213 as described in the following sections.
214 If no commands are specified, the
220 may be controlled from an attached client by using a key combination of a
223 (Ctrl-b) by default, followed by a command key.
225 The default command key bindings are:
227 .Bl -tag -width "XXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent -compact
229 Send the prefix key (C-b) through to the application.
231 Rotate the panes in the current window forwards.
237 Break the current pane out of the window.
239 Split the current pane into two, top and bottom.
241 List all paste buffers.
243 Rename the current session.
245 Split the current pane into two, left and right.
247 Kill the current window.
249 Prompt for a window index to select.
251 Rename the current window.
253 Delete the most recently copied buffer of text.
255 Prompt for an index to move the current window.
257 Select windows 0 to 9.
263 Move to the previously active pane.
265 Choose which buffer to paste interactively from a list.
267 List all key bindings.
269 Choose a client to detach.
271 Enter copy mode to copy text or view the history.
273 Paste the most recently copied buffer of text.
277 Detach the current client.
279 Prompt to search for text in open windows.
281 Display some information about the current window.
283 Move to the previously selected window.
285 Change to the next window.
287 Select the next pane in the current window.
289 Change to the previous window.
291 Briefly display pane indexes.
293 Force redraw of the attached client.
295 Select a new session for the attached client interactively.
297 Switch the attached client back to the last session.
301 Choose the current window interactively.
303 Kill the current pane.
305 Swap the current pane with the previous pane.
307 Swap the current pane with the next pane.
309 Show previous messages from
313 Enter copy mode and scroll one page up.
316 Change to the pane above, below, to the left, or to the right of the current
319 Arrange panes in one of the five preset layouts: even-horizontal,
320 even-vertical, main-horizontal, main-vertical, or tiled.
322 Move to the next window with a bell or activity marker.
324 Rotate the panes in the current window backwards.
326 Move to the previous window with a bell or activity marker.
329 Resize the current pane in steps of one cell.
332 Resize the current pane in steps of five cells.
335 Key bindings may be changed with the
341 This section contains a list of the commands supported by
343 Most commands accept the optional
351 These specify the client, session, window or pane which a command should affect.
355 file to which the client is connected, for example either of
359 for the client attached to
361 If no client is specified, the current client is chosen, if possible, or an
363 Clients may be listed with the
368 is the session id prefixed with a $, the name of a session (as listed by the
370 command), or the name of a client with the same syntax as
372 in which case the session attached to the client is used.
373 When looking for the session name,
375 initially searches for an exact match; if none is found, the session names
376 are checked for any for which
378 is a prefix or for which it matches as an
381 If a single match is found, it is used as the target session; multiple matches
383 If a session is omitted, the current session is used if available; if no
384 current session is available, the most recently used is chosen.
387 specifies a window in the form
388 .Em session Ns \&: Ns Em window .
390 follows the same rules as for
394 is looked for in order: as a window index, for example mysession:1;
395 as a window ID, such as @1;
396 as an exact window name, such as mysession:mywindow; then as an
398 pattern or the start of a window name, such as mysession:mywin* or
400 An empty window name specifies the next unused index if appropriate (for
406 otherwise the current window in
409 The special character
411 uses the last (previously current) window,
413 selects the highest numbered window,
415 selects the lowest numbered window, and
419 select the next window or the previous window by number.
420 When the argument does not contain a colon,
422 first attempts to parse it as window; if that fails, an attempt is made to
426 takes a similar form to
428 but with the optional addition of a period followed by a pane index, for
429 example: mysession:mywindow.1.
430 If the pane index is omitted, the currently active pane in the specified
432 If neither a colon nor period appears,
434 first attempts to use the argument as a pane index; if that fails, it is looked
441 indicate the next or previous pane index, respectively.
452 may be used instead of a pane index.
454 The special characters
458 may be followed by an offset, for example:
459 .Bd -literal -offset indent
463 When dealing with a session that doesn't contain sequential window indexes,
464 they will be correctly skipped.
467 also gives each pane created in a server an identifier consisting of a
469 and a number, starting from zero.
470 A pane's identifier is unique for the life of the
472 server and is passed to the child process of the pane in the
474 environment variable.
475 It may be used alone to target a pane or the window containing it.
481 These must be passed as a single item, which typically means quoting them, for
483 .Bd -literal -offset indent
484 new-window 'vi /etc/passwd'
491 command, passed with the command and arguments separately, for example:
492 .Bd -literal -offset indent
493 bind-key F1 set-window-option force-width 81
498 .Bd -literal -offset indent
499 $ tmux bind-key F1 set-window-option force-width 81
502 Multiple commands may be specified together as part of a
503 .Em command sequence .
504 Each command should be separated by spaces and a semicolon;
505 commands are executed sequentially from left to right and
506 lines ending with a backslash continue on to the next line,
507 except when escaped by another backslash.
508 A literal semicolon may be included by escaping it with a backslash (for
509 example, when specifying a command sequence to
515 .Bd -literal -offset indent
516 refresh-client -t/dev/ttyp2
518 rename-session -tfirst newname
520 set-window-option -t:0 monitor-activity on
522 new-window ; split-window -d
524 bind-key R source-file ~/.tmux.conf \e; \e
525 display-message "source-file done"
530 .Bd -literal -offset indent
531 $ tmux kill-window -t :1
533 $ tmux new-window \e; split-window -d
535 $ tmux new-session -d 'vi /etc/passwd' \e; split-window -d \e; attach
537 .Sh CLIENTS AND SESSIONS
540 server manages clients, sessions, windows and panes.
541 Clients are attached to sessions to interact with them, either
542 when they are created with the
544 command, or later with the
547 Each session has one or more windows
550 Windows may be linked to multiple sessions and are made up of one or
552 each of which contains a pseudo terminal.
553 Commands for creating, linking and otherwise manipulating windows
556 .Sx WINDOWS AND PANES
559 The following commands are available to manage clients and sessions:
561 .It Xo Ic attach-session
563 .Op Fl t Ar target-session
565 .D1 (alias: Ic attach )
568 create a new client in the current terminal and attach it to
570 If used from inside, switch the current client.
573 is specified, any other clients attached to the session are detached.
575 signifies the client is read-only (only keys bound to the
579 commands have any effect)
581 If no server is started,
583 will attempt to start it; this will fail unless sessions are created in the
590 are slightly adjusted: if
592 needs to select the most recently used session, it will prefer the most
596 .It Xo Ic detach-client
599 .Op Fl s Ar target-session
600 .Op Fl t Ar target-client
602 .D1 (alias: Ic detach )
603 Detach the current client if bound to a key, the client specified with
605 or all clients currently attached to the session specified by
609 option kills all but the client given with
613 is given, send SIGHUP to the parent process of the client, typically causing it
615 .It Ic has-session Op Fl t Ar target-session
617 Report an error and exit with 1 if the specified session does not exist.
618 If it does exist, exit with 0.
622 server and clients and destroy all sessions.
625 .Op Fl t Ar target-session
626 Destroy the given session, closing any windows linked to it and no other
627 sessions, and detaching all clients attached to it.
630 is given, all sessions but the specified one is killed.
631 .It Xo Ic list-clients
633 .Op Fl t Ar target-session
636 List all clients attached to the server.
637 For the meaning of the
644 is specified, list only clients connected to that session.
646 .D1 (alias: Ic lscm )
647 List the syntax of all commands supported by
649 .It Ic list-sessions Op Fl F Ar format
651 List all sessions managed by the server.
652 For the meaning of the
657 .It Ic lock-client Op Fl t Ar target-client
658 .D1 (alias: Ic lockc )
664 .It Ic lock-session Op Fl t Ar target-session
665 .D1 (alias: Ic locks )
666 Lock all clients attached to
668 .It Xo Ic new-session
670 .Op Fl n Ar window-name
671 .Op Fl s Ar session-name
672 .Op Fl t Ar target-session
678 Create a new session with name
681 The new session is attached to the current terminal unless
687 are the name of and shell command to execute in the initial window.
694 specify the size of the initial window (80 by 24 if not given).
696 If run from a terminal, any
698 special characters are saved and used for new windows in the new session.
708 already exists; in the case,
717 is given, the new session is
721 This means they share the same set of windows - all windows from
723 are linked to the new session and any subsequent new windows or windows being
724 closed are applied to both sessions.
725 The current and previous window and any session options remain independent and
726 either session may be killed without affecting the other.
734 .It Xo Ic refresh-client
736 .Op Fl t Ar target-client
738 .D1 (alias: Ic refresh )
739 Refresh the current client if bound to a key, or a single client if one is given
744 is specified, only update the client's status bar.
745 .It Xo Ic rename-session
746 .Op Fl t Ar target-session
749 .D1 (alias: Ic rename )
750 Rename the session to
752 .It Xo Ic show-messages
753 .Op Fl t Ar target-client
755 .D1 (alias: Ic showmsgs )
756 Any messages displayed on the status line are saved in a per-client message
757 log, up to a maximum of the limit set by the
759 session option for the session attached to that client.
760 This command displays the log for
762 .It Ic source-file Ar path
763 .D1 (alias: Ic source )
764 Execute commands from
767 .D1 (alias: Ic start )
770 server, if not already running, without creating any sessions.
771 .It Xo Ic suspend-client
772 .Op Fl t Ar target-client
774 .D1 (alias: Ic suspendc )
775 Suspend a client by sending
778 .It Xo Ic switch-client
780 .Op Fl c Ar target-client
781 .Op Fl t Ar target-session
783 .D1 (alias: Ic switchc )
784 Switch the current session for client
793 is used, the client is moved to the last, next or previous session
796 toggles whether a client is read-only (see the
800 .Sh WINDOWS AND PANES
803 window may be in one of several modes.
804 The default permits direct access to the terminal attached to the window.
805 The other is copy mode, which permits a section of a window or its
806 history to be copied to a
808 for later insertion into another window.
809 This mode is entered with the
814 It is also entered when a command that produces output, such as
816 is executed from a key binding.
818 The keys available depend on whether emacs or vi mode is selected
822 The following keys are supported as appropriate for the mode:
823 .Bl -column "FunctionXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX" "viXXXXXXXXXX" "emacs" -offset indent
824 .It Sy "Function" Ta Sy "vi" Ta Sy "emacs"
825 .It Li "Back to indentation" Ta "^" Ta "M-m"
826 .It Li "Bottom of history" Ta "G" Ta "M-<"
827 .It Li "Clear selection" Ta "Escape" Ta "C-g"
828 .It Li "Copy selection" Ta "Enter" Ta "M-w"
829 .It Li "Cursor down" Ta "j" Ta "Down"
830 .It Li "Cursor left" Ta "h" Ta "Left"
831 .It Li "Cursor right" Ta "l" Ta "Right"
832 .It Li "Cursor to bottom line" Ta "L" Ta ""
833 .It Li "Cursor to middle line" Ta "M" Ta "M-r"
834 .It Li "Cursor to top line" Ta "H" Ta "M-R"
835 .It Li "Cursor up" Ta "k" Ta "Up"
836 .It Li "Delete entire line" Ta "d" Ta "C-u"
837 .It Li "Delete/Copy to end of line" Ta "D" Ta "C-k"
838 .It Li "End of line" Ta "$" Ta "C-e"
839 .It Li "Go to line" Ta ":" Ta "g"
840 .It Li "Half page down" Ta "C-d" Ta "M-Down"
841 .It Li "Half page up" Ta "C-u" Ta "M-Up"
842 .It Li "Jump forward" Ta "f" Ta "f"
843 .It Li "Jump to forward" Ta "t" Ta ""
844 .It Li "Jump backward" Ta "F" Ta "F"
845 .It Li "Jump to backward" Ta "T" Ta ""
846 .It Li "Jump again" Ta ";" Ta ";"
847 .It Li "Jump again in reverse" Ta "," Ta ","
848 .It Li "Next page" Ta "C-f" Ta "Page down"
849 .It Li "Next space" Ta "W" Ta ""
850 .It Li "Next space, end of word" Ta "E" Ta ""
851 .It Li "Next word" Ta "w" Ta ""
852 .It Li "Next word end" Ta "e" Ta "M-f"
853 .It Li "Paste buffer" Ta "p" Ta "C-y"
854 .It Li "Previous page" Ta "C-b" Ta "Page up"
855 .It Li "Previous word" Ta "b" Ta "M-b"
856 .It Li "Previous space" Ta "B" Ta ""
857 .It Li "Quit mode" Ta "q" Ta "Escape"
858 .It Li "Rectangle toggle" Ta "v" Ta "R"
859 .It Li "Scroll down" Ta "C-Down or C-e" Ta "C-Down"
860 .It Li "Scroll up" Ta "C-Up or C-y" Ta "C-Up"
861 .It Li "Search again" Ta "n" Ta "n"
862 .It Li "Search again in reverse" Ta "N" Ta "N"
863 .It Li "Search backward" Ta "?" Ta "C-r"
864 .It Li "Search forward" Ta "/" Ta "C-s"
865 .It Li "Start of line" Ta "0" Ta "C-a"
866 .It Li "Start selection" Ta "Space" Ta "C-Space"
867 .It Li "Top of history" Ta "g" Ta "M->"
868 .It Li "Transpose characters" Ta "" Ta "C-t"
871 The next and previous word keys use space and the
876 characters as word delimiters by default, but this can be adjusted by
880 Next word moves to the start of the next word, next word end to the end of the
881 next word and previous word to the start of the previous word.
882 The three next and previous space keys work similarly but use a space alone as
885 The jump commands enable quick movement within a line.
890 will move the cursor to the next
892 character on the current line.
895 will then jump to the next occurrence.
897 Commands in copy mode may be prefaced by an optional repeat count.
898 With vi key bindings, a prefix is entered using the number keys; with
899 emacs, the Alt (meta) key and a number begins prefix entry.
900 For example, to move the cursor forward by ten words, use
906 When copying the selection, the repeat count indicates the buffer index to
909 Mode key bindings are defined in a set of named tables:
913 for keys used when line editing at the command prompt;
917 for keys used when choosing from lists (such as produced by the
924 The tables may be viewed with the
926 command and keys modified or removed with
930 One command accepts an argument,
932 which copies the selection and pipes it to a command.
933 For example the following will bind
935 to copy the selection into
937 as well as the paste buffer:
938 .Bd -literal -offset indent
939 bind-key -temacs-copy C-q copy-pipe "cat >/tmp/out"
942 The paste buffer key pastes the first line from the top paste buffer on the
951 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
956 option scrolls one page up.
959 Each window displayed by
961 may be split into one or more
963 each pane takes up a certain area of the display and is a separate terminal.
964 A window may be split into panes using the
967 Windows may be split horizontally (with the
970 Panes may be resized with the
978 by default), the current pane may be changed with the
984 commands may be used to swap panes without changing their position.
985 Panes are numbered beginning from zero in the order they are created.
990 These may be selected with the
992 command or cycled with
996 by default); once a layout is chosen, panes within it may be moved and resized
999 The following layouts are supported:
1001 .It Ic even-horizontal
1002 Panes are spread out evenly from left to right across the window.
1003 .It Ic even-vertical
1004 Panes are spread evenly from top to bottom.
1005 .It Ic main-horizontal
1006 A large (main) pane is shown at the top of the window and the remaining panes
1007 are spread from left to right in the leftover space at the bottom.
1009 .Em main-pane-height
1010 window option to specify the height of the top pane.
1011 .It Ic main-vertical
1014 but the large pane is placed on the left and the others spread from top to
1015 bottom along the right.
1020 Panes are spread out as evenly as possible over the window in both rows and
1026 may be used to apply a previously used layout - the
1028 command displays the layout of each window in a form suitable for use with
1031 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1034 layout: bb62,159x48,0,0{79x48,0,0,79x48,80,0}
1035 $ tmux select-layout bb62,159x48,0,0{79x48,0,0,79x48,80,0}
1039 automatically adjusts the size of the layout for the current window size.
1040 Note that a layout cannot be applied to a window with more panes than that
1041 from which the layout was originally defined.
1043 Commands related to windows and panes are as follows:
1045 .It Xo Ic break-pane
1048 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
1050 .D1 (alias: Ic breakp )
1053 off from its containing window to make it the only pane in a new window.
1056 is given, the new window does not become the current window.
1059 option prints information about the new window after it has been created.
1060 By default, it uses the format
1061 .Ql #{session_name}:#{window_index}
1062 but a different format may be specified with
1064 .It Xo Ic capture-pane
1066 .Op Fl b Ar buffer-index
1067 .Op Fl E Ar end-line
1068 .Op Fl S Ar start-line
1069 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
1071 .D1 (alias: Ic capturep )
1072 Capture the contents of a pane.
1075 is given, the output goes to stdout, otherwise to the buffer specified with
1077 or a new buffer if omitted.
1080 is given, the alternate screen is used, and the history is not accessible.
1081 If no alternate screen exists, an error will be returned unless
1086 is given, the output includes escape sequences for text and background
1089 also escapes non-printable characters as octal \exxx.
1091 joins wrapped lines and preserves trailing spaces at each line's end.
1096 specify the starting and ending line numbers, zero is the first line of the
1097 visible pane and negative numbers are lines in the history.
1098 The default is to capture only the visible contents of the pane.
1102 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1105 Put a window into client choice mode, allowing a client to be selected
1106 interactively from a list.
1107 After a client is chosen,
1109 is replaced by the client
1113 and the result executed as a command.
1116 is not given, "detach-client -t '%%'" is used.
1117 For the meaning of the
1122 This command works only if at least one client is attached.
1126 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1129 Put a window into list choice mode, allowing
1133 can be a comma-separated list to display more than one item.
1134 If an item has spaces, that entry must be quoted.
1135 After an item is chosen,
1137 is replaced by the chosen item in the
1139 and the result is executed as a command.
1142 is not given, "run-shell '%%'" is used.
1144 also accepts format specifiers.
1145 For the meaning of this see the
1148 This command works only if at least one client is attached.
1152 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1155 Put a window into session choice mode, where a session may be selected
1156 interactively from a list.
1159 is replaced by the session name in
1161 and the result executed as a command.
1164 is not given, "switch-client -t '%%'" is used.
1165 For the meaning of the
1170 This command works only if at least one client is attached.
1174 .Op Fl b Ar session-template
1175 .Op Fl c Ar window-template
1178 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1180 Put a window into tree choice mode, where either sessions or windows may be
1181 selected interactively from a list.
1182 By default, windows belonging to a session are indented to show their
1183 relationship to a session.
1189 commands are wrappers around
1194 is given, will show sessions.
1197 is given, will show windows.
1199 By default, the tree is collapsed and sessions must be expanded to windows
1200 with the right arrow key.
1203 option will start with all sessions expanded instead.
1207 is given, will override the default session command.
1210 can be used and will be replaced with the session name.
1211 The default option if not specified is "switch-client -t '%%'".
1214 is given, will override the default window command.
1218 can be used and will be replaced with the session name and window index.
1219 When a window is chosen from the list, the session command is run before the
1224 is given will display the specified format instead of the default session
1228 is given will display the specified format instead of the default window
1230 For the meaning of the
1238 This command works only if at least one client is attached.
1242 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1245 Put a window into window choice mode, where a window may be chosen
1246 interactively from a list.
1247 After a window is selected,
1249 is replaced by the session name and window index in
1251 and the result executed as a command.
1254 is not given, "select-window -t '%%'" is used.
1255 For the meaning of the
1260 This command works only if at least one client is attached.
1261 .It Ic display-panes Op Fl t Ar target-client
1262 .D1 (alias: Ic displayp)
1263 Display a visible indicator of each pane shown by
1266 .Ic display-panes-time ,
1267 .Ic display-panes-colour ,
1269 .Ic display-panes-active-colour
1271 While the indicator is on screen, a pane may be selected with the
1276 .It Xo Ic find-window
1279 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1282 .D1 (alias: Ic findw )
1287 in window names, titles, and visible content (but not history).
1288 The flags control matching behavior:
1290 matches only visible window contents,
1292 matches only the window name and
1294 matches only the window title.
1297 If only one window is matched, it'll be automatically selected,
1298 otherwise a choice list is shown.
1299 For the meaning of the
1304 This command works only if at least one client is attached.
1309 .Fl p Ar percentage Oc
1310 .Op Fl s Ar src-pane
1311 .Op Fl t Ar dst-pane
1313 .D1 (alias: Ic joinp )
1316 but instead of splitting
1318 and creating a new pane, split it and move
1321 This can be used to reverse
1327 to be joined to left of or above
1331 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
1333 .D1 (alias: Ic killp )
1334 Destroy the given pane.
1335 If no panes remain in the containing window, it is also destroyed.
1338 option kills all but the pane given with
1340 .It Xo Ic kill-window
1342 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1344 .D1 (alias: Ic killw )
1345 Kill the current window or the window at
1347 removing it from any sessions to which it is linked.
1350 option kills all but the window given with
1352 .It Ic last-pane Op Fl t Ar target-window
1353 .D1 (alias: Ic lastp )
1354 Select the last (previously selected) pane.
1355 .It Ic last-window Op Fl t Ar target-session
1356 .D1 (alias: Ic last )
1357 Select the last (previously selected) window.
1360 is specified, select the last window of the current session.
1361 .It Xo Ic link-window
1363 .Op Fl s Ar src-window
1364 .Op Fl t Ar dst-window
1366 .D1 (alias: Ic linkw )
1373 is specified and no such window exists, the
1380 exists, it is killed, otherwise an error is generated.
1383 is given, the newly linked window is not selected.
1384 .It Xo Ic list-panes
1389 .D1 (alias: Ic lsp )
1394 is ignored and all panes on the server are listed.
1399 is a session (or the current session).
1400 If neither is given,
1402 is a window (or the current window).
1403 For the meaning of the
1408 .It Xo Ic list-windows
1411 .Op Fl t Ar target-session
1413 .D1 (alias: Ic lsw )
1416 is given, list all windows on the server.
1417 Otherwise, list windows in the current session or in
1418 .Ar target-session .
1419 For the meaning of the
1428 .Fl p Ar percentage Oc
1429 .Op Fl s Ar src-pane
1430 .Op Fl t Ar dst-pane
1432 .D1 (alias: Ic movep )
1439 may belong to the same window.
1440 .It Xo Ic move-window
1442 .Op Fl s Ar src-window
1443 .Op Fl t Ar dst-window
1445 .D1 (alias: Ic movew )
1448 except the window at
1454 all windows in the session are renumbered in sequential order, respecting
1458 .It Xo Ic new-window
1460 .Op Fl c Ar start-directory
1461 .Op Fl n Ar window-name
1462 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1464 .Op Ar shell-command
1466 .D1 (alias: Ic neww )
1467 Create a new window.
1470 the new window is inserted at the next index up from the specified
1472 moving windows up if necessary,
1475 is the new window location.
1479 is given, the session does not make the new window the current window.
1481 represents the window to be created; if the target already exists an error is
1484 flag is used, in which case it is destroyed.
1486 is the command to execute.
1489 is not specified, the value of the
1493 specifies the working directory in which the new window is created.
1494 It may have an absolute path or one of the following values (or a subdirectory):
1495 .Bl -column "XXXXXXXXXXXX" "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent
1496 .It Li "Empty string" Ta "Current pane's directory"
1497 .It Li "~" Ta "User's home directory"
1498 .It Li "-" Ta "Where session was started"
1499 .It Li "." Ta "Where server was started"
1502 When the shell command completes, the window closes.
1505 option to change this behaviour.
1509 environment variable must be set to
1511 for all programs running
1514 New windows will automatically have
1516 added to their environment, but care must be taken not to reset this in shell
1521 option prints information about the new window after it has been created.
1522 By default, it uses the format
1523 .Ql #{session_name}:#{window_index}
1524 but a different format may be specified with
1526 .It Ic next-layout Op Fl t Ar target-window
1527 .D1 (alias: Ic nextl )
1528 Move a window to the next layout and rearrange the panes to fit.
1529 .It Xo Ic next-window
1531 .Op Fl t Ar target-session
1533 .D1 (alias: Ic next )
1534 Move to the next window in the session.
1537 is used, move to the next window with an alert.
1540 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
1541 .Op Ar shell-command
1543 .D1 (alias: Ic pipep )
1544 Pipe any output sent by the program in
1547 A pane may only be piped to one command at a time, any existing pipe is
1553 string may contain the special character sequences supported by the
1558 is given, the current pipe (if any) is closed.
1562 option only opens a new pipe if no previous pipe exists, allowing a pipe to
1563 be toggled with a single key, for example:
1564 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1565 bind-key C-p pipe-pane -o 'cat >>~/output.#I-#P'
1567 .It Xo Ic previous-layout
1568 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1570 .D1 (alias: Ic prevl )
1571 Move to the previous layout in the session.
1572 .It Xo Ic previous-window
1574 .Op Fl t Ar target-session
1576 .D1 (alias: Ic prev )
1577 Move to the previous window in the session.
1580 move to the previous window with an alert.
1581 .It Xo Ic rename-window
1582 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1585 .D1 (alias: Ic renamew )
1586 Rename the current window, or the window at
1590 .It Xo Ic resize-pane
1592 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
1597 .D1 (alias: Ic resizep )
1598 Resize a pane, up, down, left or right by
1614 is given in lines or cells (the default is 1).
1618 the active pane is toggled between occupying the whole of the window and its
1619 normal position in the layout.
1620 .It Xo Ic respawn-pane
1622 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
1623 .Op Ar shell-command
1625 .D1 (alias: Ic respawnp )
1626 Reactivate a pane in which the command has exited (see the
1631 is not given, the command used when the pane was created is executed.
1632 The pane must be already inactive, unless
1634 is given, in which case any existing command is killed.
1635 .It Xo Ic respawn-window
1637 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1638 .Op Ar shell-command
1640 .D1 (alias: Ic respawnw )
1641 Reactivate a window in which the command has exited (see the
1646 is not given, the command used when the window was created is executed.
1647 The window must be already inactive, unless
1649 is given, in which case any existing command is killed.
1650 .It Xo Ic rotate-window
1652 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1654 .D1 (alias: Ic rotatew )
1655 Rotate the positions of the panes within a window, either upward (numerically
1658 or downward (numerically higher).
1659 .It Xo Ic select-layout
1661 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1664 .D1 (alias: Ic selectl )
1665 Choose a specific layout for a window.
1668 is not given, the last preset layout used (if any) is reapplied.
1672 are equivalent to the
1677 .It Xo Ic select-pane
1679 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
1681 .D1 (alias: Ic selectp )
1684 the active pane in window
1692 is used, respectively the pane below, to the left, to the right, or above the
1693 target pane is used.
1695 is the same as using the
1698 .It Xo Ic select-window
1700 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1702 .D1 (alias: Ic selectw )
1703 Select the window at
1709 are equivalent to the
1717 is given and the selected window is already the current window,
1718 the command behaves like
1720 .It Xo Ic split-window
1722 .Op Fl c Ar start-directory
1725 .Fl p Ar percentage Oc
1726 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
1727 .Op Ar shell-command
1730 .D1 (alias: Ic splitw )
1731 Create a new pane by splitting
1734 does a horizontal split and
1736 a vertical split; if neither is specified,
1743 options specify the size of the new pane in lines (for vertical split) or in
1744 cells (for horizontal split), or as a percentage, respectively.
1745 All other options have the same meaning as for the
1750 .Op Fl s Ar src-pane
1751 .Op Fl t Ar dst-pane
1753 .D1 (alias: Ic swapp )
1757 is used and no source pane is specified with
1760 is swapped with the previous pane (before it numerically);
1762 swaps with the next pane (after it numerically).
1766 not to change the active pane.
1767 .It Xo Ic swap-window
1769 .Op Fl s Ar src-window
1770 .Op Fl t Ar dst-window
1772 .D1 (alias: Ic swapw )
1775 except the source and destination windows are swapped.
1776 It is an error if no window exists at
1778 .It Xo Ic unlink-window
1780 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
1782 .D1 (alias: Ic unlinkw )
1787 is given, a window may be unlinked only if it is linked to multiple sessions -
1788 windows may not be linked to no sessions;
1791 is specified and the window is linked to only one session, it is unlinked and
1796 allows a command to be bound to most keys, with or without a prefix key.
1797 When specifying keys, most represent themselves (for example
1801 Ctrl keys may be prefixed with
1807 In addition, the following special key names are accepted:
1825 .Em NPage/PageDown/PgDn ,
1826 .Em PPage/PageUp/PgUp ,
1830 Note that to bind the
1834 keys, quotation marks are necessary, for example:
1835 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1836 bind-key '"' split-window
1837 bind-key "'" new-window
1840 Commands related to key bindings are as follows:
1844 .Op Fl t Ar key-table
1845 .Ar key Ar command Op Ar arguments
1847 .D1 (alias: Ic bind )
1854 the primary key bindings are modified (those normally activated with the prefix
1855 key); in this case, if
1857 is specified, it is not necessary to use the prefix key,
1864 flag indicates this key may repeat, see the
1874 the binding for command mode with
1876 or for normal mode without.
1877 To view the default bindings and possible commands, see the
1880 .It Ic list-keys Op Fl t Ar key-table
1881 .D1 (alias: Ic lsk )
1882 List all key bindings.
1885 the primary key bindings - those executed when preceded by the prefix key -
1892 are listed; this may be one of:
1902 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
1905 .D1 (alias: Ic send )
1906 Send a key or keys to a window.
1909 is the name of the key (such as
1913 ) to send; if the string is not recognised as a key, it is sent as a series of
1917 flag disables key name lookup and sends the keys literally.
1918 All arguments are sent sequentially from first to last.
1921 flag causes the terminal state to be reset.
1922 .It Xo Ic send-prefix
1924 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
1926 Send the prefix key, or with
1928 the secondary prefix key, to a window as if it was pressed.
1929 .It Xo Ic unbind-key
1931 .Op Fl t Ar key-table
1934 .D1 (alias: Ic unbind )
1935 Unbind the command bound to
1939 the primary key bindings are modified; in this case, if
1941 is specified, the command bound to
1943 without a prefix (if any) is removed.
1946 is present, all key bindings are removed.
1954 is unbound: the binding for command mode with
1956 or for normal mode without.
1959 The appearance and behaviour of
1961 may be modified by changing the value of various options.
1962 There are three types of option:
1963 .Em server options ,
1966 .Em window options .
1970 server has a set of global options which do not apply to any particular
1972 These are altered with the
1975 command, or displayed with the
1980 In addition, each individual session may have a set of session options, and
1981 there is a separate set of global session options.
1982 Sessions which do not have a particular option configured inherit the value
1983 from the global session options.
1984 Session options are set or unset with the
1986 command and may be listed with the
1989 The available server and session options are listed under the
1993 Similarly, a set of window options is attached to each window, and there is
1994 a set of global window options from which any unset options are inherited.
1995 Window options are altered with the
1996 .Ic set-window-option
1997 command and can be listed with the
1998 .Ic show-window-options
2000 All window options are documented with the
2001 .Ic set-window-option
2005 also supports user options which are prefixed with a
2007 User options may have any name, so long as they are prefixed with
2009 and be set to any string.
2011 .Bd -literal -offset indent
2012 $ tmux setw -q @foo "abc123"
2013 $ tmux showw -v @foo
2017 Commands which set options are as follows:
2019 .It Xo Ic set-option
2021 .Op Fl t Ar target-session | Ar target-window
2024 .D1 (alias: Ic set )
2025 Set a window option with
2028 .Ic set-window-option
2030 a server option with
2032 otherwise a session option.
2036 is specified, the global session or window option is set.
2039 and if the option expects a string,
2041 is appended to the existing setting.
2044 flag unsets an option, so a session inherits the option from the global
2046 It is not possible to unset a global option.
2050 flag prevents setting an option that is already set.
2054 flag suppresses the informational message (as if the
2056 server option was set).
2058 Available window options are listed under
2059 .Ic set-window-option .
2062 depends on the option and may be a number, a string, or a flag (on, off, or
2065 Available server options are:
2067 .It Ic buffer-limit Ar number
2068 Set the number of buffers; as new buffers are added to the top of the stack,
2069 old ones are removed from the bottom if necessary to maintain this maximum
2071 .It Ic escape-time Ar time
2072 Set the time in milliseconds for which
2074 waits after an escape is input to determine if it is part of a function or meta
2076 The default is 500 milliseconds.
2077 .It Xo Ic exit-unattached
2080 If enabled, the server will exit when there are no attached clients.
2084 Enable or disable the display of various informational messages (see also the
2087 .It Xo Ic set-clipboard
2090 Attempt to set the terminal clipboard content using the
2094 This option is on by default if there is an
2098 description for the client terminal.
2099 Note that this feature needs to be enabled in
2101 by setting the resource:
2102 .Bd -literal -offset indent
2103 disallowedWindowOps: 20,21,SetXprop
2106 Or changing this property from the
2108 interactive menu when required.
2111 Available session options are:
2113 .It Ic assume-paste-time Ar milliseconds
2114 If keys are entered faster than one in
2116 they are assumed to have been pasted rather than typed and
2118 key bindings are not processed.
2119 The default is one millisecond and zero disables.
2120 .It Ic base-index Ar index
2121 Set the base index from which an unused index should be searched when a new
2123 The default is zero.
2124 .It Xo Ic bell-action
2125 .Op Ic any | none | current
2127 Set action on window bell.
2129 means a bell in any window linked to a session causes a bell in the current
2130 window of that session,
2132 means all bells are ignored and
2134 means only bells in windows other than the current window are ignored.
2135 .It Xo Ic bell-on-alert
2138 If on, ring the terminal bell when an alert
2140 .It Ic default-command Ar shell-command
2141 Set the command used for new windows (if not specified when the window is
2147 The default is an empty string, which instructs
2149 to create a login shell using the value of the
2152 .It Ic default-path Ar path
2153 Set the default working directory for new panes.
2154 If empty (the default), the working directory is determined from the process
2155 running in the active pane, from the command line environment or from the
2156 working directory where the session was created.
2157 Otherwise the same options are available as for the
2161 .It Ic default-shell Ar path
2162 Specify the default shell.
2163 This is used as the login shell for new windows when the
2165 option is set to empty, and must be the full path of the executable.
2168 tries to set a default value from the first suitable of the
2170 environment variable, the shell returned by
2174 This option should be configured when
2176 is used as a login shell.
2177 .It Ic default-terminal Ar terminal
2178 Set the default terminal for new windows created in this session - the
2179 default value of the
2181 environment variable.
2184 to work correctly, this
2188 or a derivative of it.
2189 .It Xo Ic destroy-unattached
2192 If enabled and the session is no longer attached to any clients, it is
2194 .It Xo Ic detach-on-destroy
2197 If on (the default), the client is detached when the session it is attached to
2199 If off, the client is switched to the most recently active of the remaining
2201 .It Ic display-panes-active-colour Ar colour
2202 Set the colour used by the
2204 command to show the indicator for the active pane.
2205 .It Ic display-panes-colour Ar colour
2206 Set the colour used by the
2208 command to show the indicators for inactive panes.
2209 .It Ic display-panes-time Ar time
2210 Set the time in milliseconds for which the indicators shown by the
2213 .It Ic display-time Ar time
2214 Set the amount of time for which status line messages and other on-screen
2215 indicators are displayed.
2218 .It Ic history-limit Ar lines
2219 Set the maximum number of lines held in window history.
2220 This setting applies only to new windows - existing window histories are not
2221 resized and retain the limit at the point they were created.
2222 .It Ic lock-after-time Ar number
2223 Lock the session (like the
2227 seconds of inactivity, or the entire server (all sessions) if the
2230 The default is not to lock (set to 0).
2231 .It Ic lock-command Ar shell-command
2232 Command to run when locking each client.
2233 The default is to run
2237 .It Xo Ic lock-server
2243 instead of each session locking individually as each has been
2245 .Ic lock-after-time ,
2246 the entire server will lock after
2248 sessions would have locked.
2249 This has no effect as a session option; it must be set as a global option.
2250 .It Ic message-attr Ar attributes
2251 Set status line message attributes, where
2255 or a comma-delimited list of one or more of:
2266 .It Ic message-bg Ar colour
2267 Set status line message background colour, where
2278 aixterm bright variants (if supported:
2285 from the 256-colour set,
2287 or a hexadecimal RGB string such as
2289 which chooses the closest match from the default 256-colour set.
2290 .It Ic message-command-attr Ar attributes
2291 Set status line message attributes when in command mode.
2292 .It Ic message-command-bg Ar colour
2293 Set status line message background colour when in command mode.
2294 .It Ic message-command-fg Ar colour
2295 Set status line message foreground colour when in command mode.
2296 .It Ic message-fg Ar colour
2297 Set status line message foreground colour.
2298 .It Ic message-limit Ar number
2299 Set the number of error or information messages to save in the message log for
2302 .It Xo Ic mouse-resize-pane
2307 captures the mouse and allows panes to be resized by dragging on their borders.
2308 .It Xo Ic mouse-select-pane
2313 captures the mouse and when a window is split into multiple panes the mouse may
2314 be used to select the current pane.
2315 The mouse click is also passed through to the application as normal.
2316 .It Xo Ic mouse-select-window
2319 If on, clicking the mouse on a window name in the status line will select that
2321 .It Xo Ic mouse-utf8
2324 If enabled, request mouse input as UTF-8 on UTF-8 terminals.
2325 .It Ic pane-active-border-bg Ar colour
2326 .It Ic pane-active-border-fg Ar colour
2327 Set the pane border colour for the currently active pane.
2328 .It Ic pane-border-bg Ar colour
2329 .It Ic pane-border-fg Ar colour
2330 Set the pane border colour for panes aside from the active pane.
2331 .It Ic prefix Ar key
2332 Set the key accepted as a prefix key.
2333 .It Ic prefix2 Ar key
2334 Set a secondary key accepted as a prefix key.
2335 .It Xo Ic renumber-windows
2338 If on, when a window is closed in a session, automatically renumber the other
2339 windows in numerical order.
2342 option if it has been set.
2343 If off, do not renumber the windows.
2344 .It Ic repeat-time Ar time
2345 Allow multiple commands to be entered without pressing the prefix-key again
2348 milliseconds (the default is 500).
2349 Whether a key repeats may be set when it is bound using the
2353 Repeat is enabled for the default keys bound to the
2356 .It Xo Ic set-remain-on-exit
2361 window option for any windows first created in this session.
2362 When this option is true, windows in which the running program has
2363 exited do not close, instead remaining open but inactivate.
2366 command to reactivate such a window, or the
2368 command to destroy it.
2369 .It Xo Ic set-titles
2372 Attempt to set the client terminal title using the
2377 entries if they exist.
2379 automatically sets these to the \ee]2;...\e007 sequence if
2380 the terminal appears to be an xterm.
2381 This option is off by default.
2383 will only attempt to set the window title if the STY environment
2385 .It Ic set-titles-string Ar string
2386 String used to set the window title if
2389 Character sequences are replaced as for the
2395 Show or hide the status line.
2396 .It Ic status-attr Ar attributes
2397 Set status line attributes.
2398 .It Ic status-bg Ar colour
2399 Set status line background colour.
2400 .It Ic status-fg Ar colour
2401 Set status line foreground colour.
2402 .It Ic status-interval Ar interval
2403 Update the status bar every
2406 By default, updates will occur every 15 seconds.
2407 A setting of zero disables redrawing at interval.
2408 .It Xo Ic status-justify
2409 .Op Ic left | centre | right
2411 Set the position of the window list component of the status line: left, centre
2413 .It Xo Ic status-keys
2416 Use vi or emacs-style
2417 key bindings in the status line, for example at the command prompt.
2418 The default is emacs, unless the
2422 environment variables are set and contain the string
2424 .It Ic status-left Ar string
2427 to the left of the status bar.
2429 will be passed through
2432 By default, the session name is shown.
2434 may contain any of the following special character sequences:
2435 .Bl -column "Character pair" "Replaced with" -offset indent
2436 .It Sy "Character pair" Ta Sy "Replaced with"
2437 .It Li "#(shell-command)" Ta "First line of the command's output"
2438 .It Li "#[attributes]" Ta "Colour or attribute change"
2439 .It Li "#H" Ta "Hostname of local host"
2440 .It Li "#h" Ta "Hostname of local host without the domain name"
2441 .It Li "#F" Ta "Current window flag"
2442 .It Li "#I" Ta "Current window index"
2443 .It Li "#D" Ta "Current pane unique identifier"
2444 .It Li "#P" Ta "Current pane index"
2445 .It Li "#S" Ta "Session name"
2446 .It Li "#T" Ta "Current pane title"
2447 .It Li "#W" Ta "Current window name"
2448 .It Li "##" Ta "A literal" Ql #
2451 The #(shell-command) form executes
2453 and inserts the first line of its output.
2454 Note that shell commands are only executed once at the interval specified by
2457 option: if the status line is redrawn in the meantime, the previous result is
2459 Shell commands are executed with the
2461 global environment set (see the
2465 For details on how the names and titles can be set see the
2466 .Sx "NAMES AND TITLES"
2469 #[attributes] allows a comma-separated list of attributes to be specified,
2472 to set the foreground colour,
2474 to set the background colour, the name of one of the attributes (listed under
2477 option) to turn an attribute on, or an attribute prefixed with
2479 to turn one off, for example
2482 .Bd -literal -offset indent
2483 #(sysctl vm.loadavg)
2484 #[fg=yellow,bold]#(apm -l)%%#[default] [#S]
2487 Where appropriate, special character sequences may be prefixed with a number to
2488 specify the maximum length, for example
2491 By default, UTF-8 in
2493 is not interpreted, to enable UTF-8, use the
2496 .It Ic status-left-attr Ar attributes
2497 Set the attribute of the left part of the status line.
2498 .It Ic status-left-bg Ar colour
2499 Set the background colour of the left part of the status line.
2500 .It Ic status-left-fg Ar colour
2501 Set the foreground colour of the left part of the status line.
2502 .It Ic status-left-length Ar length
2505 of the left component of the status bar.
2507 .It Xo Ic status-position
2510 Set the position of the status line.
2511 .It Ic status-right Ar string
2514 to the right of the status bar.
2515 By default, the current window title in double quotes, the date and the time
2522 character pairs are replaced, and UTF-8 is dependent on the
2525 .It Ic status-right-attr Ar attributes
2526 Set the attribute of the right part of the status line.
2527 .It Ic status-right-bg Ar colour
2528 Set the background colour of the right part of the status line.
2529 .It Ic status-right-fg Ar colour
2530 Set the foreground colour of the right part of the status line.
2531 .It Ic status-right-length Ar length
2534 of the right component of the status bar.
2536 .It Xo Ic status-utf8
2541 to treat top-bit-set characters in the
2545 strings as UTF-8; notably, this is important for wide characters.
2546 This option defaults to off.
2547 .It Ic terminal-overrides Ar string
2548 Contains a list of entries which override terminal descriptions read using
2551 is a comma-separated list of items each a colon-separated string made up of a
2552 terminal type pattern (matched using
2558 For example, to set the
2563 for all terminal types and the
2569 terminal type, the option could be set to the string:
2570 .Bd -literal -offset indent
2571 "*:clear=\ee[H\ee[2J,rxvt:dch1=\ee[P"
2574 The terminal entry value is passed through
2576 before interpretation.
2577 The default value forcibly corrects the
2579 entry for terminals which support 88 or 256 colours:
2580 .Bd -literal -offset indent
2581 "*88col*:colors=88,*256col*:colors=256,xterm*:XT"
2583 .It Ic update-environment Ar variables
2584 Set a space-separated string containing a list of environment variables to be
2585 copied into the session environment when a new session is created or an
2586 existing session is attached.
2587 Any variables that do not exist in the source environment are set to be
2588 removed from the session environment (as if
2594 "DISPLAY SSH_ASKPASS SSH_AUTH_SOCK SSH_AGENT_PID SSH_CONNECTION WINDOWID
2596 .It Xo Ic visual-activity
2599 If on, display a status line message when activity occurs in a window
2601 .Ic monitor-activity
2602 window option is enabled.
2603 .It Xo Ic visual-bell
2606 If this option is on, a message is shown on a bell instead of it being passed
2607 through to the terminal (which normally makes a sound).
2611 .It Xo Ic visual-content
2615 .Ic visual-activity ,
2616 display a message when content is present in a window
2619 window option is enabled.
2620 .It Xo Ic visual-silence
2625 is enabled, prints a message after the interval has expired on a given window.
2626 .It Ic word-separators Ar string
2627 Sets the session's conception of what characters are considered word
2628 separators, for the purposes of the next and previous word commands in
2633 .It Xo Ic set-window-option
2635 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
2638 .D1 (alias: Ic setw )
2639 Set a window option.
2646 flags work similarly to the
2650 Supported window options are:
2652 .Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
2653 .It Xo Ic aggressive-resize
2656 Aggressively resize the chosen window.
2659 will resize the window to the size of the smallest session for which it is the
2660 current window, rather than the smallest session to which it is attached.
2661 The window may resize when the current window is changed on another sessions;
2662 this option is good for full-screen programs which support
2664 and poor for interactive programs such as shells.
2666 .It Xo Ic allow-rename
2669 Allow programs to change the window name using a terminal escape
2670 sequence (\\033k...\\033\\\\).
2673 .It Xo Ic alternate-screen
2676 This option configures whether programs running inside
2678 may use the terminal alternate screen feature, which allows the
2684 The alternate screen feature preserves the contents of the window when an
2685 interactive application starts and restores it on exit, so that any output
2686 visible before the application starts reappears unchanged after it exits.
2689 .It Xo Ic automatic-rename
2692 Control automatic window renaming.
2693 When this setting is enabled,
2695 will attempt - on supported platforms - to rename the window to reflect the
2696 command currently running in it.
2697 This flag is automatically disabled for an individual window when a name
2698 is specified at creation with
2704 or with a terminal escape sequence.
2705 It may be switched off globally with:
2706 .Bd -literal -offset indent
2707 set-window-option -g automatic-rename off
2710 .It Ic c0-change-interval Ar interval
2711 .It Ic c0-change-trigger Ar trigger
2712 These two options configure a simple form of rate limiting for a pane.
2717 C0 sequences that modify the screen (for example, carriage returns, linefeeds
2718 or backspaces) in one millisecond, it will stop updating the pane immediately and
2719 instead redraw it entirely every
2722 This helps to prevent fast output (such as
2724 overwhelming the terminal).
2725 The default is a trigger of 250 and an interval of 100.
2726 A trigger of zero disables the rate limiting.
2728 .It Ic clock-mode-colour Ar colour
2731 .It Xo Ic clock-mode-style
2734 Set clock hour format.
2736 .It Ic command-prefix Ar string
2737 String prefixed to commands (apart from a plain shell as set by the
2743 .It Ic force-height Ar height
2744 .It Ic force-width Ar width
2747 from resizing a window to greater than
2751 A value of zero restores the default unlimited setting.
2753 .It Ic main-pane-height Ar height
2754 .It Ic main-pane-width Ar width
2755 Set the width or height of the main (left or top) pane in the
2761 .It Ic mode-attr Ar attributes
2762 Set window modes attributes.
2764 .It Ic mode-bg Ar colour
2765 Set window modes background colour.
2767 .It Ic mode-fg Ar colour
2768 Set window modes foreground colour.
2773 Use vi or emacs-style key bindings in copy and choice modes.
2776 option, the default is emacs, unless
2783 .It Xo Ic mode-mouse
2784 .Op Ic on | off | copy-mode
2786 Mouse state in modes.
2787 If on, the mouse may be used to enter copy mode and copy a selection by
2788 dragging, to enter copy mode and scroll with the mouse wheel, or to select an
2789 option in choice mode.
2792 the mouse behaves as set to on, but cannot be used to enter copy
2795 .It Xo Ic monitor-activity
2798 Monitor for activity in the window.
2799 Windows with activity are highlighted in the status line.
2801 .It Ic monitor-content Ar match-string
2802 Monitor content in the window.
2807 appears in the window, it is highlighted in the status line.
2809 .It Xo Ic monitor-silence
2812 Monitor for silence (no activity) in the window within
2815 Windows that have been silent for the interval are highlighted in the
2817 An interval of zero disables the monitoring.
2819 .It Ic other-pane-height Ar height
2820 Set the height of the other panes (not the main pane) in the
2823 If this option is set to 0 (the default), it will have no effect.
2825 .Ic main-pane-height
2827 .Ic other-pane-height
2828 options are set, the main pane will grow taller to make the other panes the
2829 specified height, but will never shrink to do so.
2831 .It Ic other-pane-width Ar width
2833 .Ic other-pane-height ,
2834 but set the width of other panes in the
2838 .It Ic pane-base-index Ar index
2841 but set the starting index for pane numbers.
2843 .It Xo Ic remain-on-exit
2846 A window with this flag set is not destroyed when the program running in it
2848 The window may be reactivated with the
2852 .It Xo Ic synchronize-panes
2855 Duplicate input to any pane to all other panes in the same window (only
2856 for panes that are not in any special mode).
2863 to expect UTF-8 sequences to appear in this window.
2865 .It Ic window-status-bell-attr Ar attributes
2866 Set status line attributes for windows which have a bell alert.
2868 .It Ic window-status-bell-bg Ar colour
2869 Set status line background colour for windows with a bell alert.
2871 .It Ic window-status-bell-fg Ar colour
2872 Set status line foreground colour for windows with a bell alert.
2874 .It Ic window-status-content-attr Ar attributes
2875 Set status line attributes for windows which have a content alert.
2877 .It Ic window-status-content-bg Ar colour
2878 Set status line background colour for windows with a content alert.
2880 .It Ic window-status-content-fg Ar colour
2881 Set status line foreground colour for windows with a content alert.
2883 .It Ic window-status-activity-attr Ar attributes
2884 Set status line attributes for windows which have an activity (or silence) alert.
2886 .It Ic window-status-activity-bg Ar colour
2887 Set status line background colour for windows with an activity alert.
2889 .It Ic window-status-activity-fg Ar colour
2890 Set status line foreground colour for windows with an activity alert.
2892 .It Ic window-status-attr Ar attributes
2893 Set status line attributes for a single window.
2895 .It Ic window-status-bg Ar colour
2896 Set status line background colour for a single window.
2898 .It Ic window-status-current-attr Ar attributes
2899 Set status line attributes for the currently active window.
2901 .It Ic window-status-current-bg Ar colour
2902 Set status line background colour for the currently active window.
2904 .It Ic window-status-current-fg Ar colour
2905 Set status line foreground colour for the currently active window.
2907 .It Ic window-status-current-format Ar string
2909 .Ar window-status-format ,
2910 but is the format used when the window is the current window.
2912 .It Ic window-status-last-attr Ar attributes
2913 Set status line attributes for the last active window.
2915 .It Ic window-status-last-bg Ar colour
2916 Set status line background colour for the last active window.
2918 .It Ic window-status-last-fg Ar colour
2919 Set status line foreground colour for the last active window.
2921 .It Ic window-status-fg Ar colour
2922 Set status line foreground colour for a single window.
2924 .It Ic window-status-format Ar string
2925 Set the format in which the window is displayed in the status line window list.
2928 option for details of special character sequences available.
2932 .It Ic window-status-separator Ar string
2933 Sets the separator drawn between windows in the status line.
2934 The default is a single space character.
2936 .It Xo Ic xterm-keys
2939 If this option is set,
2943 function key sequences; these have a number included to indicate modifiers such
2944 as Shift, Alt or Ctrl.
2947 .It Xo Ic wrap-search
2950 If this option is set, searches will wrap around the end of the pane contents.
2953 .It Xo Ic show-options
2955 .Op Fl t Ar target-session | Ar target-window
2958 .D1 (alias: Ic show )
2959 Show the window options (or a single window option if given) with
2962 .Ic show-window-options ) ,
2963 the server options with
2965 otherwise the session options for
2966 .Ar target session .
2967 Global session or window options are listed if
2971 shows only the option value, not the name.
2974 is set, no error will be returned if
2977 .It Xo Ic show-window-options
2979 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
2982 .D1 (alias: Ic showw )
2983 List the window options or a single option for
2985 or the global window options if
2989 shows only the option value, not the name.
2992 Certain commands accept the
2997 This is a string which controls the output format of the command.
2998 Special character sequences are replaced as documented under the
3000 option and an additional long form is accepted.
3001 Replacement variables are enclosed in
3009 Conditionals are also accepted by prefixing with
3011 and separating two alternatives with a comma;
3012 if the specified variable exists and is not zero, the first alternative
3013 is chosen, otherwise the second is used.
3015 .Ql #{?session_attached,attached,not attached}
3016 will include the string
3018 if the session is attached and the string
3020 if it is unattached.
3022 The following variables are available, where appropriate:
3023 .Bl -column "session_created_string" "Replaced with" -offset indent
3024 .It Sy "Variable name" Ta Sy "Replaced with"
3025 .It Li "alternate_on" Ta "If pane is in alternate screen"
3026 .It Li "alternate_saved_x" Ta "Saved cursor X in alternate screen"
3027 .It Li "alternate_saved_y" Ta "Saved cursor Y in alternate screen"
3028 .It Li "buffer_sample" Ta "First 50 characters from the specified buffer"
3029 .It Li "buffer_size" Ta "Size of the specified buffer in bytes"
3030 .It Li "client_activity" Ta "Integer time client last had activity"
3031 .It Li "client_activity_string" Ta "String time client last had activity"
3032 .It Li "client_created" Ta "Integer time client created"
3033 .It Li "client_created_string" Ta "String time client created"
3034 .It Li "client_cwd" Ta "Working directory of client"
3035 .It Li "client_height" Ta "Height of client"
3036 .It Li "client_last_session" Ta "Name of the client's last session"
3037 .It Li "client_prefix" Ta "1 if prefix key has been pressed"
3038 .It Li "client_readonly" Ta "1 if client is readonly"
3039 .It Li "client_session" Ta "Name of the client's session"
3040 .It Li "client_termname" Ta "Terminal name of client"
3041 .It Li "client_tty" Ta "Pseudo terminal of client"
3042 .It Li "client_utf8" Ta "1 if client supports utf8"
3043 .It Li "client_width" Ta "Width of client"
3044 .It Li "cursor_flag" Ta "Pane cursor flag"
3045 .It Li "cursor_x" Ta "Cursor X position in pane"
3046 .It Li "cursor_y" Ta "Cursor Y position in pane"
3047 .It Li "history_bytes" Ta "Number of bytes in window history"
3048 .It Li "history_limit" Ta "Maximum window history lines"
3049 .It Li "history_size" Ta "Size of history in bytes"
3050 .It Li "host" Ta "Hostname of local host"
3051 .It Li "insert_flag" Ta "Pane insert flag"
3052 .It Li "keypad_cursor_flag" Ta "Pane keypad cursor flag"
3053 .It Li "keypad_flag" Ta "Pane keypad flag"
3054 .It Li "line" Ta "Line number in the list"
3055 .It Li "mouse_any_flag" Ta "Pane mouse any flag"
3056 .It Li "mouse_button_flag" Ta "Pane mouse button flag"
3057 .It Li "mouse_standard_flag" Ta "Pane mouse standard flag"
3058 .It Li "mouse_utf8_flag" Ta "Pane mouse UTF-8 flag"
3059 .It Li "pane_active" Ta "1 if active pane"
3060 .It Li "pane_current_command" Ta "Current command if available"
3061 .It Li "pane_current_path" Ta "Current path if available"
3062 .It Li "pane_dead" Ta "1 if pane is dead"
3063 .It Li "pane_height" Ta "Height of pane"
3064 .It Li "pane_id" Ta "Unique pane ID"
3065 .It Li "pane_in_mode" Ta "If pane is in a mode"
3066 .It Li "pane_index" Ta "Index of pane"
3067 .It Li "pane_pid" Ta "PID of first process in pane"
3068 .It Li "pane_start_command" Ta "Command pane started with"
3069 .It Li "pane_start_path" Ta "Path pane started with"
3070 .It Li "pane_tabs" Ta "Pane tab positions"
3071 .It Li "pane_title" Ta "Title of pane"
3072 .It Li "pane_tty" Ta "Pseudo terminal of pane"
3073 .It Li "pane_width" Ta "Width of pane"
3074 .It Li "saved_cursor_x" Ta "Saved cursor X in pane"
3075 .It Li "saved_cursor_y" Ta "Saved cursor Y in pane"
3076 .It Li "scroll_region_lower" Ta "Bottom of scroll region in pane"
3077 .It Li "scroll_region_upper" Ta "Top of scroll region in pane"
3078 .It Li "session_attached" Ta "1 if session attached"
3079 .It Li "session_created" Ta "Integer time session created"
3080 .It Li "session_created_string" Ta "String time session created"
3081 .It Li "session_group" Ta "Number of session group"
3082 .It Li "session_grouped" Ta "1 if session in a group"
3083 .It Li "session_height" Ta "Height of session"
3084 .It Li "session_id" Ta "Unique session ID"
3085 .It Li "session_name" Ta "Name of session"
3086 .It Li "session_width" Ta "Width of session"
3087 .It Li "session_windows" Ta "Number of windows in session"
3088 .It Li "window_active" Ta "1 if window active"
3089 .It Li "window_find_matches" Ta "Matched data from the find-window command if available"
3090 .It Li "window_flags" Ta "Window flags"
3091 .It Li "window_height" Ta "Height of window"
3092 .It Li "window_id" Ta "Unique window ID"
3093 .It Li "window_index" Ta "Index of window"
3094 .It Li "window_layout" Ta "Window layout description"
3095 .It Li "window_name" Ta "Name of window"
3096 .It Li "window_panes" Ta "Number of panes in window"
3097 .It Li "window_width" Ta "Width of window"
3098 .It Li "wrap_flag" Ta "Pane wrap flag"
3100 .Sh NAMES AND TITLES
3102 distinguishes between names and titles.
3103 Windows and sessions have names, which may be used to specify them in targets
3104 and are displayed in the status line and various lists: the name is the
3106 identifier for a window or session.
3107 Only panes have titles.
3108 A pane's title is typically set by the program running inside the pane and
3111 It is the same mechanism used to set for example the
3116 Windows themselves do not have titles - a window's title is the title of its
3119 itself may set the title of the terminal in which the client is running, see
3124 A session's name is set with the
3129 A window's name is set with one of:
3132 A command argument (such as
3140 .Bd -literal -offset indent
3141 $ printf '\e033kWINDOW_NAME\e033\e\e'
3144 Automatic renaming, which sets the name to the active command in the window's
3147 .Ic automatic-rename
3151 When a pane is first created, its title is the hostname.
3152 A pane's title can be set via the OSC title setting sequence, for example:
3153 .Bd -literal -offset indent
3154 $ printf '\e033]2;My Title\e033\e\e'
3157 When the server is started,
3159 copies the environment into the
3160 .Em global environment ;
3161 in addition, each session has a
3162 .Em session environment .
3163 When a window is created, the session and global environments are merged.
3164 If a variable exists in both, the value from the session environment is used.
3165 The result is the initial environment passed to the new process.
3168 .Ic update-environment
3169 session option may be used to update the session environment from the client
3170 when a new session is created or an old reattached.
3172 also initialises the
3174 variable with some internal information to allow commands to be executed
3175 from inside, and the
3177 variable with the correct terminal setting of
3180 Commands to alter and view the environment are:
3182 .It Xo Ic set-environment
3184 .Op Fl t Ar target-session
3185 .Ar name Op Ar value
3187 .D1 (alias: Ic setenv )
3188 Set or unset an environment variable.
3191 is used, the change is made in the global environment; otherwise, it is applied
3192 to the session environment for
3193 .Ar target-session .
3196 flag unsets a variable.
3198 indicates the variable is to be removed from the environment before starting a
3200 .It Xo Ic show-environment
3202 .Op Fl t Ar target-session
3205 .D1 (alias: Ic showenv )
3206 Display the environment for
3208 or the global environment with
3212 is omitted, all variables are shown.
3213 Variables removed from the environment are prefixed with
3218 includes an optional status line which is displayed in the bottom line of each
3220 By default, the status line is enabled (it may be disabled with the
3222 session option) and contains, from left-to-right: the name of the current
3223 session in square brackets; the window list; the title of the active pane
3224 in double quotes; and the time and date.
3226 The status line is made of three parts: configurable left and right sections
3227 (which may contain dynamic content such as the time or output from a shell
3230 .Ic status-left-length ,
3233 .Ic status-right-length
3234 options below), and a central window list.
3235 By default, the window list shows the index, name and (if any) flag of the
3236 windows present in the current session in ascending numerical order.
3237 It may be customised with the
3238 .Ar window-status-format
3240 .Ar window-status-current-format
3242 The flag is one of the following symbols appended to the window name:
3243 .Bl -column "Symbol" "Meaning" -offset indent
3244 .It Sy "Symbol" Ta Sy "Meaning"
3245 .It Li "*" Ta "Denotes the current window."
3246 .It Li "-" Ta "Marks the last window (previously selected)."
3247 .It Li "#" Ta "Window is monitored and activity has been detected."
3248 .It Li "!" Ta "A bell has occurred in the window."
3249 .It Li "+" Ta "Window is monitored for content and it has appeared."
3250 .It Li "~" Ta "The window has been silent for the monitor-silence interval."
3253 The # symbol relates to the
3254 .Ic monitor-activity
3258 The window name is printed in inverted colours if an alert (bell, activity or
3259 content) is present.
3261 The colour and attributes of the status line may be configured, the entire
3262 status line using the
3267 session options and individual windows using the
3268 .Ic window-status-attr ,
3269 .Ic window-status-fg
3271 .Ic window-status-bg
3274 The status line is automatically refreshed at interval if it has changed, the
3275 interval may be controlled with the
3279 Commands related to the status line are as follows:
3281 .It Xo Ic command-prompt
3284 .Op Fl t Ar target-client
3287 Open the command prompt in a client.
3288 This may be used from inside
3290 to execute commands interactively.
3294 is specified, it is used as the command.
3297 is a comma-separated list of the initial text for each prompt.
3302 is a comma-separated list of prompts which are displayed in order; otherwise
3303 a single prompt is displayed, constructed from
3305 if it is present, or
3313 may contain the special character sequences supported by the
3317 Before the command is executed, the first occurrence of the string
3319 and all occurrences of
3321 are replaced by the response to the first prompt, the second
3325 are replaced with the response to the second prompt, and so on for further
3327 Up to nine prompt responses may be replaced
3333 .It Xo Ic confirm-before
3335 .Op Fl t Ar target-client
3338 .D1 (alias: Ic confirm )
3339 Ask for confirmation before executing
3345 is the prompt to display; otherwise a prompt is constructed from
3347 It may contain the special character sequences supported by the
3351 This command works only from inside
3353 .It Xo Ic display-message
3355 .Op Fl c Ar target-client
3356 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
3359 .D1 (alias: Ic display )
3363 is given, the output is printed to stdout, otherwise it is displayed in the
3370 section; information is taken from
3374 is given, otherwise the active pane for the session attached to
3379 maintains a stack of
3381 Up to the value of the
3383 option are kept; when a new buffer is added, the buffer at the bottom of the
3385 Buffers may be added using
3389 command, and pasted into a window using the
3393 A configurable history buffer is also maintained for each window.
3394 By default, up to 2000 lines are kept; this can be altered with the
3400 The buffer commands are as follows:
3405 .Op Fl t Ar target-window
3408 Put a window into buffer choice mode, where a buffer may be chosen
3409 interactively from a list.
3410 After a buffer is selected,
3412 is replaced by the buffer index in
3414 and the result executed as a command.
3417 is not given, "paste-buffer -b '%%'" is used.
3418 For the meaning of the
3423 This command works only if at least one client is attached.
3424 .It Ic clear-history Op Fl t Ar target-pane
3425 .D1 (alias: Ic clearhist )
3426 Remove and free the history for the specified pane.
3427 .It Ic delete-buffer Op Fl b Ar buffer-index
3428 .D1 (alias: Ic deleteb )
3429 Delete the buffer at
3431 or the top buffer if not specified.
3432 .It Xo Ic list-buffers
3435 .D1 (alias: Ic lsb )
3436 List the global buffers.
3437 For the meaning of the
3442 .It Xo Ic load-buffer
3443 .Op Fl b Ar buffer-index
3446 .D1 (alias: Ic loadb )
3447 Load the contents of the specified paste buffer from
3449 .It Xo Ic paste-buffer
3451 .Op Fl b Ar buffer-index
3452 .Op Fl s Ar separator
3453 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
3455 .D1 (alias: Ic pasteb )
3456 Insert the contents of a paste buffer into the specified pane.
3457 If not specified, paste into the current one.
3460 also delete the paste buffer from the stack.
3461 When output, any linefeed (LF) characters in the paste buffer are replaced with
3462 a separator, by default carriage return (CR).
3463 A custom separator may be specified using the
3468 flag means to do no replacement (equivalent to a separator of LF).
3471 is specified, paste bracket control codes are inserted around the
3472 buffer if the application has requested bracketed paste mode.
3473 .It Xo Ic save-buffer
3475 .Op Fl b Ar buffer-index
3478 .D1 (alias: Ic saveb )
3479 Save the contents of the specified paste buffer to
3483 option appends to rather than overwriting the file.
3484 .It Xo Ic set-buffer
3485 .Op Fl b Ar buffer-index
3488 .D1 (alias: Ic setb )
3489 Set the contents of the specified buffer to
3491 .It Xo Ic show-buffer
3492 .Op Fl b Ar buffer-index
3494 .D1 (alias: Ic showb )
3495 Display the contents of the specified buffer.
3498 Miscellaneous commands are as follows:
3500 .It Ic clock-mode Op Fl t Ar target-pane
3501 Display a large clock.
3503 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
3505 .Ar shell-command command
3513 returns success or the second
3516 Before being executed, shell-command is expanded using the rules specified in the
3518 section, including those relevant to
3523 is run in the background.
3525 .D1 (alias: Ic lock )
3526 Lock each client individually by running the command specified by the
3531 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
3534 .D1 (alias: Ic run )
3537 in the background without creating a window.
3538 Before being executed, shell-command is expanded using the rules specified in
3544 the command is run in the background.
3545 After it finishes, any output to stdout is displayed in copy mode (in the pane
3548 or the current pane if omitted).
3549 If the command doesn't return success, the exit status is also displayed.
3551 .D1 (alias: Ic info )
3552 Show server information and terminal details.
3557 .D1 (alias: Ic wait )
3558 When used without options, prevents the client from exiting until woken using
3561 with the same channel.
3564 is used, the channel is locked and any clients that try to lock the same
3565 channel are made to wait until the channel is unlocked with
3568 This command only works from outside
3571 .Sh TERMINFO EXTENSIONS
3573 understands some extensions to
3577 Set the cursor colour.
3578 The first takes a single string argument and is used to set the colour;
3579 the second takes no arguments and restores the default cursor colour.
3580 If set, a sequence such as this may be used
3581 to change the cursor colour from inside
3583 .Bd -literal -offset indent
3584 $ printf '\e033]12;red\e033\e\e'
3587 Change the cursor style.
3588 If set, a sequence such as this may be used
3589 to change the cursor to an underline:
3590 .Bd -literal -offset indent
3591 $ printf '\e033[4 q'
3596 is set, it will be used to reset the cursor style instead
3600 This sequence can be used by
3602 to store the current buffer in the host terminal's selection (clipboard).
3605 option above and the
3610 .Bl -tag -width "/etc/tmux.confXXX" -compact
3615 .It Pa /etc/tmux.conf
3616 System-wide configuration file.
3624 .Dl $ tmux new-session vi
3626 Most commands have a shorter form, known as an alias.
3627 For new-session, this is
3632 Alternatively, the shortest unambiguous form of a command is accepted.
3633 If there are several options, they are listed:
3634 .Bd -literal -offset indent
3636 ambiguous command: n, could be: new-session, new-window, next-window
3639 Within an active session, a new window may be created by typing
3649 Windows may be navigated with:
3651 (to select window 0),
3653 (to select window 1), and so on;
3655 to select the next window; and
3657 to select the previous window.
3659 A session may be detached using
3661 (or by an external event such as
3663 disconnection) and reattached with:
3665 .Dl $ tmux attach-session
3669 lists the current key bindings in the current window; up and down may be used
3670 to navigate the list or
3674 Commands to be run when the
3676 server is started may be placed in the
3679 Common examples include:
3681 Changing the default prefix key:
3682 .Bd -literal -offset indent
3683 set-option -g prefix C-a
3685 bind-key C-a send-prefix
3688 Turning the status line off, or changing its colour:
3689 .Bd -literal -offset indent
3690 set-option -g status off
3691 set-option -g status-bg blue
3694 Setting other options, such as the default command,
3695 or locking after 30 minutes of inactivity:
3696 .Bd -literal -offset indent
3697 set-option -g default-command "exec /bin/ksh"
3698 set-option -g lock-after-time 1800
3701 Creating new key bindings:
3702 .Bd -literal -offset indent
3703 bind-key b set-option status
3704 bind-key / command-prompt "split-window 'exec man %%'"
3705 bind-key S command-prompt "new-window -n %1 'ssh %1'"
3710 .An Nicholas Marriott Aq nicm@users.sourceforge.net