3 The functionality implemented by this extension has been superseded
4 by WAL-mode. This module is no longer supported or maintained. The
5 code is retained for historical reference only.
7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Normally, when SQLite writes to a database file, it waits until the write
10 operation is finished before returning control to the calling application.
11 Since writing to the file-system is usually very slow compared with CPU
12 bound operations, this can be a performance bottleneck. This directory
13 contains an extension that causes SQLite to perform all write requests
14 using a separate thread running in the background. Although this does not
15 reduce the overall system resources (CPU, disk bandwidth etc.) at all, it
16 allows SQLite to return control to the caller quickly even when writing to
17 the database, eliminating the bottleneck.
23 1.3 Locking and Concurrency
25 2. Compilation and Usage
33 With asynchronous I/O, write requests are handled by a separate thread
34 running in the background. This means that the thread that initiates
35 a database write does not have to wait for (sometimes slow) disk I/O
36 to occur. The write seems to happen very quickly, though in reality
37 it is happening at its usual slow pace in the background.
39 Asynchronous I/O appears to give better responsiveness, but at a price.
40 You lose the Durable property. With the default I/O backend of SQLite,
41 once a write completes, you know that the information you wrote is
42 safely on disk. With the asynchronous I/O, this is not the case. If
43 your program crashes or if a power loss occurs after the database
44 write but before the asynchronous write thread has completed, then the
45 database change might never make it to disk and the next user of the
46 database might not see your change.
48 You lose Durability with asynchronous I/O, but you still retain the
49 other parts of ACID: Atomic, Consistent, and Isolated. Many
50 appliations get along fine without the Durablity.
54 Asynchronous I/O works by creating a special SQLite "vfs" structure
55 and registering it with sqlite3_vfs_register(). When files opened via
56 this vfs are written to (using the vfs xWrite() method), the data is not
57 written directly to disk, but is placed in the "write-queue" to be
58 handled by the background thread.
60 When files opened with the asynchronous vfs are read from
61 (using the vfs xRead() method), the data is read from the file on
62 disk and the write-queue, so that from the point of view of
63 the vfs reader the xWrite() appears to have already completed.
65 The special vfs is registered (and unregistered) by calls to the
66 API functions sqlite3async_initialize() and sqlite3async_shutdown().
67 See section "Compilation and Usage" below for details.
71 In order to gain experience with the main ideas surrounding asynchronous
72 IO, this implementation is deliberately kept simple. Additional
73 capabilities may be added in the future.
75 For example, as currently implemented, if writes are happening at a
76 steady stream that exceeds the I/O capability of the background writer
77 thread, the queue of pending write operations will grow without bound.
78 If this goes on for long enough, the host system could run out of memory.
79 A more sophisticated module could to keep track of the quantity of
80 pending writes and stop accepting new write requests when the queue of
81 pending writes grows too large.
83 1.3 Locking and Concurrency
85 Multiple connections from within a single process that use this
86 implementation of asynchronous IO may access a single database
87 file concurrently. From the point of view of the user, if all
88 connections are from within a single process, there is no difference
89 between the concurrency offered by "normal" SQLite and SQLite
90 using the asynchronous backend.
92 If file-locking is enabled (it is enabled by default), then connections
93 from multiple processes may also read and write the database file.
94 However concurrency is reduced as follows:
96 * When a connection using asynchronous IO begins a database
97 transaction, the database is locked immediately. However the
98 lock is not released until after all relevant operations
99 in the write-queue have been flushed to disk. This means
100 (for example) that the database may remain locked for some
101 time after a "COMMIT" or "ROLLBACK" is issued.
103 * If an application using asynchronous IO executes transactions
104 in quick succession, other database users may be effectively
105 locked out of the database. This is because when a BEGIN
106 is executed, a database lock is established immediately. But
107 when the corresponding COMMIT or ROLLBACK occurs, the lock
108 is not released until the relevant part of the write-queue
109 has been flushed through. As a result, if a COMMIT is followed
110 by a BEGIN before the write-queue is flushed through, the database
111 is never unlocked,preventing other processes from accessing
114 File-locking may be disabled at runtime using the sqlite3async_control()
115 API (see below). This may improve performance when an NFS or other
116 network file-system, as the synchronous round-trips to the server be
117 required to establish file locks are avoided. However, if multiple
118 connections attempt to access the same database file when file-locking
119 is disabled, application crashes and database corruption is a likely
123 2. COMPILATION AND USAGE
125 The asynchronous IO extension consists of a single file of C code
126 (sqlite3async.c), and a header file (sqlite3async.h) that defines the
127 C API used by applications to activate and control the modules
130 To use the asynchronous IO extension, compile sqlite3async.c as
131 part of the application that uses SQLite. Then use the API defined
132 in sqlite3async.h to initialize and configure the module.
134 The asynchronous IO VFS API is described in detail in comments in
135 sqlite3async.h. Using the API usually consists of the following steps:
137 1. Register the asynchronous IO VFS with SQLite by calling the
138 sqlite3async_initialize() function.
140 2. Create a background thread to perform write operations and call
143 3. Use the normal SQLite API to read and write to databases via
144 the asynchronous IO VFS.
146 Refer to sqlite3async.h for details.
151 Currently the asynchronous IO extension is compatible with win32 systems
152 and systems that support the pthreads interface, including Mac OSX, Linux,
153 and other varieties of Unix.
155 To port the asynchronous IO extension to another platform, the user must
156 implement mutex and condition variable primitives for the new platform.
157 Currently there is no externally available interface to allow this, but
158 modifying the code within sqlite3async.c to include the new platforms
159 concurrency primitives is relatively easy. Search within sqlite3async.c
160 for the comment string "PORTING FUNCTIONS" for details. Then implement
161 new versions of each of the following:
163 static void async_mutex_enter(int eMutex);
164 static void async_mutex_leave(int eMutex);
165 static void async_cond_wait(int eCond, int eMutex);
166 static void async_cond_signal(int eCond);
167 static void async_sched_yield(void);
169 The functionality required of each of the above functions is described
170 in comments in sqlite3async.c.