1 W e l c o m e t o S - n a i l / S - m a i l x
2 ===============================================
4 S-nail (later S-mailx) is a mail processing system with a command
5 syntax reminiscent of ed(1) with lines replaced by messages.
6 It is intended to provide the functionality of the POSIX mailx(1)
7 command, but is MIME capable and optionally offers extensions for
8 line editing, IDNA, MIME, S/MIME, SMTP and POP3.
9 It is usable as a mail batch language.
11 Please refer to the file INSTALL for build and installation remarks,
12 and to NEWS for release update information. The file THANKS mentions
13 people who have helped improving and deserve acknowledgement.
15 This software originates in the codebase of Heirloom mailx, formerly
16 known as nail, which itself is based upon Berkeley Mail that has
17 a history back to 1978 and which superseded Unix mail, a program that
18 already shipped with First Edition Unix from 1971 -- M. Douglas McIlroy
19 writes in his article "A Research UNIX Reader: Annotated Excerpts from
20 the Programmer's Manual, 1971-1986":
22 MAIL (v1 page 21, v7 page 22)
23 Electronic mail was there from the start. Never satisfied with its
24 exact behavior, everybody touched it at one time or another: to
25 assure the safety of simultaneous access, to improve privacy, to
26 survive crashes, to exploit uucp, to screen out foreign freeloaders,
27 or whatever. Not until v7 did the interface change (Thompson). [.]
36 Our latest release can be downloaded at [1], and the fully cross-
37 referenced manual can also be viewed as HTML online[2].
38 There are browsable git(1) repositories at sdaoden.eu[3] (use [4] for
39 cloning purposes), with mirrors at Sourceforge[5] and GitLab.com[6].
41 [1] https?://www.sdaoden.eu/downloads/s-nail-latest.tar{,.{asc,gz,xz}}
42 [2] https?://www.sdaoden.eu/code.html#s-mailx
43 [3] https?://git.sdaoden.eu/cgit/s-nail.git
44 [4] https?://git.sdaoden.eu/scm/s-nail.git
45 [5] http://sourceforge.net/projects/s-nail
46 [6] https://gitlab.com/sdaoden/s-nail
48 We have a mailing list[7] (later: [8]!) with moderated unsubscribed
49 posting possibilities; subscriptions can be managed via web interface[9];
50 Gmane added the ML their NNTP archive[10], and The Mail Archive archives
51 a browser-accessible and searchable web version[11] -- thank you!
52 Commits to the [master], [release/*] and [stable/*] branches will be
53 posted to [12], and announcements will also be posted to [13], both are
54 receive-only mailing-lists.
56 [7] s-nail-users@lists.sourceforge.net
57 [8] s-mailx@sdaoden.eu
58 [9] https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/s-nail-users/
59 [10] news.gmane.org/gmane.mail.s-nail.user
60 [11] www.mail-archive.com/s-nail-users@lists.sourceforge.net/maillist.html
61 [12] s-mailx-commit@sdaoden.eu
62 [13] s-announce@sdaoden.eu
64 These and all other mailings-lists at sdaoden.eu are hosted by MLMMJ, so
65 users can manage their subscriptions by appending keywords to the plain
66 mailing list address, a +subscribe for subscription, and +unsubscribe
67 for unsubscription, e.g., s-mailx+subscribe@sdaoden.eu.
68 Our heraldic animal snailmail.jpg has been found at [+1].
71 [+1] http://cdn.whatculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/snailmail.jpg
77 A new branch within release/ is created for every release, e.g.,
78 [release/v14.8.10]. History won't be rewritten.
80 These branches consist of one commit, and that commit is signed with
81 an OpenPGP key and used for the signed release tag,
82 vMAJOR.MINOR.UPDATE.ar (.ar for "archive"). The commit as such
83 covers the data modifications that make up a release, i.e., release
84 date fixation, manual preprocessing, removal of data which doesn't
85 make sense in release tarballs, etc.
87 (Whereas all this is not true for older releases, the new repository
88 layout was introduced after v14.8.10, and used [timeline] as
89 a source for most references, therefore the signed tag v14.8.7.ar
90 protects all elder references within [release/]:
92 $ git describe --contains heads/release/v1.3.0
95 - [release/latest] and [release/stable]
96 "Symbolic links" to the latest (stable) release branches.
99 A new branch within stable/ will be created for each new minor
100 version, e.g., [stable/v14.8]. History won't be rewritten.
102 These are de-facto the [master] branches for their respective minor
103 release, which extend for the full lifetime of that, e.g., the
104 branch [stable/v14.7] has been created once the v14.7.0 release was
105 made, and it extends until the release of v14.7.11, the last v14.7
108 Once the time for a new release has come, the head of such a stable
109 branch will gain a signed commit and a signed stable tag,
110 vMAJOR.MINOR.UPDATE, and then be used as the source for a new branch
113 - [stable/latest] and [stable/stable]
114 "Symbolic links" to the latest (stable) stable branches.
116 These are possibly what users should track which want to have the
117 newest non-release bugfixes and stable, backward-compatible commits.
120 Rooted on top of [heirloom]. It gains only stable, but possibly
121 backward-incompatible changes (those are usually mentioned on the
122 mailing-list), and will be used to create new entries in [stable/].
123 History won't be rewritten.
126 Rooted on top of [master], this consists of a furious mixture of
127 commits that eventually end up in [master]. Daring users may give
128 this branch a try, but bugs and temporary nonstarters have to be
132 Developer chaos (distributed horror backup - don't use!).
135 A sketchy effort to collect the complete history of Unix mail and
136 its successor, BSD Mail. Anything from the pre-Gunnar Ritter area
137 is taken from CSRG and other archives, for nail and Heirloom mailx
138 i've used release balls.
141 A full git(1) cvsimport of the Heirloom mailx(1) cvs(1) repository.
143 To create a full clone of the repository, with all the data and history:
144 $ git clone https://git.sdaoden.eu/scm/s-nail.git
146 With a newer git(1), and only tracking the latest stable branch:
147 $ git clone --single-branch --branch='stable/latest' \
148 https://git.sdaoden.eu/scm/s-nail.git
154 $ git remote add origin -t 'release/*' -t 'stable/stable' -t master \
155 https://git.sdaoden.eu/scm/s-nail.git
158 And then, assuming the last had been done:
160 $ # Show all releases
161 $ git log --no-walk --decorate --oneline --branches='release/*' --
162 $ # Check out the latest release, and verify the signature
163 $ git checkout release/latest
164 $ git log --oneline --show-signature --max-count=1 HEAD
165 $ make all && sudo make install
170 Unix mail seems to have been written mostly by Ken Thompson.
172 Berkeley Mail was (according to def.h) developed by Kurt Shoens, dated
173 March 25, 1978. According to the CSRG commit log authors of BSD mail in
174 the time span 1980-10-08 to 1995-05-01 were, in order of appearance
175 (commit count): Kurt Shoens (379), Kirk McKusick (50), Carl Smith (16),
176 Bill Bush (2), Eric Allman (6), Craig Leres (43), Sam Leffler (51),
177 Ralph Campbell (21), Serge Granik (28), Edward Wang (253),
178 Donn Seeley (1), Jay Lepreau (3), Jim Bloom (1), Anne Hughes (2),
179 Kevin Dunlap (34), Keith Bostic (253), Mike Karels (1), Cael Staelin (6)
180 and Dave Borman (17). One commit by Charlie Root, 36 by "dist".
182 Official BSD Mail development ceased in 1995 according to the CSRG
183 (Berkeley's Computer Systems Research Group) repository. Mail has then
184 seen further development in open source BSD variants, noticeably by
185 Christos Zoulas in NetBSD.
187 Gunnar Ritter reused that codebase when he started developing nail in
188 February 2000, and incorporated numerous patches from OpenBSD, NetBSD,
189 RedHat and Debian. He added MIME code, network protocol support, and
190 POSIX conformance improvements. In March 2006, he integrated that
191 program into the Heirloom project, renaming it to Heirloom mailx, the
192 development of which ceased in 2008.
194 In 2012 Steffen (Daode) Nurpmeso adopted the codebase as S-nail.
195 We try to end up as S-mailx.