1 W e l c o m e t o S - n a i l / S - m a i l x
2 ===============================================
4 S-nail (later S-mailx) provides a simple and friendly environment for
5 sending and receiving mail. It is intended to provide the functionality
6 of the POSIX mailx(1) command, but is MIME capable and optionally offers
7 extensions for line editing, S/MIME, SMTP and POP3, among others.
8 S-nail divides incoming mail into its constituent messages and allows
9 the user to deal with them in any order. It offers many commands and
10 internal variables for manipulating messages and sending mail. It
11 provides the user simple editing capabilities to ease the composition of
12 outgoing messages, and increasingly powerful and reliable
13 non-interactive scripting capabilities.
15 Please refer to the file INSTALL for build and installation remarks,
16 and to NEWS for release update information. The file THANKS mentions
17 people who have helped improving and deserve acknowledgement.
19 This software originates in the codebase of Heirloom mailx, formerly
20 known as nail, which itself is based upon Berkeley Mail that has
21 a history back to 1978 and which superseded Unix mail, a program that
22 already shipped with First Edition Unix from 1971 -- M. Douglas McIlroy
23 writes in his article "A Research UNIX Reader: Annotated Excerpts from
24 the Programmer's Manual, 1971-1986":
26 MAIL (v1 page 21, v7 page 22)
27 Electronic mail was there from the start. Never satisfied with its
28 exact behavior, everybody touched it at one time or another: to
29 assure the safety of simultaneous access, to improve privacy, to
30 survive crashes, to exploit uucp, to screen out foreign freeloaders,
31 or whatever. Not until v7 did the interface change (Thompson). [.]
40 Our latest release can be downloaded at [1], and the fully cross-
41 referenced manual can also be viewed as HTML online[2].
42 There are browsable git(1) repositories at sdaoden.eu[3] (use [4] for
43 cloning purposes), with mirrors at Sourceforge[5] and repo.or.cz[6].
45 [1] https?://www.sdaoden.eu/downloads/s-nail-latest.tar.{gz,xz}{,.asc}
46 [2] https?://www.sdaoden.eu/code.html#s-mailx
47 [3] https?://git.sdaoden.eu/cgit/s-nail.git
48 [4] https?://git.sdaoden.eu/scm/s-nail.git
49 [5] http://sourceforge.net/projects/s-nail
50 [6] http://repo.or.cz/s-mailx.git
52 We have a mailing list[7] (later: [8]!) with moderated unsubscribed
53 posting possibilities; subscriptions can be managed via web interface[9];
54 Gmane added the ML their NNTP archive[10], and The Mail Archive archives
55 a browser-accessible and searchable web version[11] -- thank you!
56 Commits to the [master], [release/*] and [stable/*] branches will be
57 posted to [12], and announcements will also be posted to [13], both are
58 receive-only mailing-lists.
60 [7] s-nail-users@lists.sourceforge.net
61 [8] s-mailx@sdaoden.eu
62 [9] https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/s-nail-users/
63 [10] news.gmane.org/gmane.mail.s-nail.user
64 [11] www.mail-archive.com/s-nail-users@lists.sourceforge.net/maillist.html
65 [12] s-mailx-commit@sdaoden.eu
66 [13] s-announce@sdaoden.eu
68 These and all other mailings-lists at sdaoden.eu are hosted by MLMMJ, so
69 users can manage their subscriptions by appending keywords to the plain
70 mailing list address, a +subscribe for subscription, and +unsubscribe
71 for unsubscription, e.g., s-mailx+subscribe@sdaoden.eu.
72 Our heraldic animal snailmail.jpg has been found at [+1].
75 [+1] http://cdn.whatculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/snailmail.jpg
81 A new branch within release/ is created for every release, e.g.,
82 [release/v14.8.10]. History won't be rewritten.
84 These branches consist of one commit, and that commit is signed with
85 an OpenPGP key and used for the signed release tag,
86 vMAJOR.MINOR.UPDATE.ar (.ar for "archive"). The commit as such
87 covers the data modifications that make up a release, i.e., release
88 date fixation, manual preprocessing, removal of data which doesn't
89 make sense in release tarballs, etc.
91 (Whereas all this is not true for older releases, the new repository
92 layout was introduced after v14.8.10, and used [timeline] as
93 a source for most references, therefore the signed tag v14.8.7.ar
94 protects all elder references within [release/]:
96 $ git describe --contains heads/release/v1.3.0
99 - [release/latest] and [release/stable]
100 "Symbolic links" to the latest and stable, respectively, release
104 A new branch within stable/ will be created for each new minor
105 version, e.g., [stable/v14.8]. History won't be rewritten.
107 These are the de-facto [master] branches for their respective minor
108 release, which extend for the full lifetime of the said, e.g., the
109 branch [stable/v14.7] has been created once the v14.7.0 release was
110 made, and it extends until the release of v14.7.11, the last v14.7
113 Once the time for a new release has come, the head of such a stable
114 branch will gain a signed commit and a signed stable tag,
115 vMAJOR.MINOR.UPDATE, and then be used as the source for a new branch
118 - [stable/latest] and [stable/stable]
119 "Symbolic links" to the latest and stable, respectively, stable
122 These are possibly what users should track which want to have the
123 newest non-release bugfixes and stable, backward-compatible commits.
124 See below for examples how to accomplish that.
127 Rooted on top of [heirloom]. It gains only stable, but possibly
128 backward-incompatible changes (usually mentioned on the ML), and
129 will be used to create new entries in stable/. It may gain signed
130 commits for sealing purposes from time to time.
131 History won't be rewritten.
134 Rooted on top of [master], this consists of a furious mixture of
135 commits that eventually end up in [master]. Daring users may give
136 this branch a try, but bugs and temporary nonstarters have to be
140 Developer chaos (distributed horror backup - don't use!).
142 - [unix-mail,bsd-Mail,timeline]
143 Sketchy efforts to collect the complete history of Unix mail and
144 its successor, BSD Mail. Anything from the pre-nail era has been
145 taken from CSRG and TUHS, for nail and Heirloom mailx i have used
148 The [timeline] branch was the original effort, and it will be
149 continuously be extended whenever new releases will be made, but its
150 history won't be rewritten, which is why it is a sketchy effort.
151 The [unix-mail] and [bsd-Mail] branches have been added later, and
152 will hopefully offer the most complete picture possible as time goes
153 by (not taking into account the "nupas" effort of Research Unix,
154 though) -- this means their history may change, but all commits are
155 signed with an OpenPGP key.
158 A full git(1) cvsimport of the Heirloom mailx(1) cvs(1) repository.
160 To create a full clone of the repository, with all the data and history:
161 $ git clone https://git.sdaoden.eu/scm/s-nail.git
163 With a newer git(1), and only tracking the latest stable branch:
164 $ git clone --single-branch --branch=stable/latest \
165 https://git.sdaoden.eu/scm/s-nail.git
167 Or, being selective, also with older git(1)s:
171 $ git remote add origin -t 'release/*' -t stable/stable -t master \
172 https://git.sdaoden.eu/scm/s-nail.git
175 And then, assuming the last had been done:
177 $ # Show all releases
178 $ git log --no-walk --decorate --oneline --branches='release/*' --
179 $ # Check out the latest release, and verify the signature
180 $ git checkout release/latest
181 $ git log --oneline --show-signature --max-count=1 HEAD
182 $ make all && sudo make install
187 Unix mail seems to have been written mostly by Ken Thompson.
189 Berkeley Mail was (according to def.h) developed by Kurt Shoens, dated
190 March 25, 1978. According to the CSRG commit log authors of BSD mail in
191 the time span 1980-10-08 to 1995-05-01 were, in order of appearance
192 (commit count): Kurt Shoens (379), Kirk McKusick (50), Carl Smith (16),
193 Bill Bush (2), Eric Allman (6), Craig Leres (43), Sam Leffler (51),
194 Ralph Campbell (21), Serge Granik (28), Edward Wang (253),
195 Donn Seeley (1), Jay Lepreau (3), Jim Bloom (1), Anne Hughes (2),
196 Kevin Dunlap (34), Keith Bostic (253), Mike Karels (1), Cael Staelin (6)
197 and Dave Borman (17). One commit by Charlie Root, 36 by "dist".
199 Official BSD Mail development ceased in 1995 according to the CSRG
200 (Berkeley's Computer Systems Research Group) repository. Mail has then
201 seen further development in open source BSD variants, noticeably by
202 Christos Zoulas in NetBSD.
204 Gunnar Ritter reused that codebase when he started developing nail in
205 February 2000, and incorporated numerous patches from OpenBSD, NetBSD,
206 RedHat and Debian. He added MIME code, network protocol support, and
207 POSIX conformance improvements. In March 2006, he integrated that
208 program into the Heirloom project, renaming it to Heirloom mailx, the
209 development of which ceased in 2008.
211 In 2012 Steffen (Daode) Nurpmeso adopted the codebase as S-nail.
212 We try to end up as S-mailx.