1 W e l c o m e t o S - n a i l / S - m a i l x
2 ===============================================
4 S-nail (later S-mailx) is a mail processing system with a command
5 syntax reminiscent of ed(1) with lines replaced by messages.
6 It is intended to provide the functionality of the POSIX mailx(1)
7 command, but is MIME capable and optionally offers extensions for
8 line editing, IDNA, MIME, S/MIME, SMTP and POP3 (and IMAP).
9 It is usable as a mail batch language.
11 Please refer to the file INSTALL for build and installation remarks,
12 and to NEWS for release update information. The file THANKS mentions
13 people who have helped improving and deserve acknowledgement.
15 This software originates in the codebase of Heirloom mailx, formerly
16 known as nail, which itself is based upon Berkeley Mail that has
17 a history back to 1978 and which superseded Unix mail, a program that
18 already shipped with First Edition Unix from 1971 -- M. Douglas McIlroy
19 writes in his article "A Research UNIX Reader: Annotated Excerpts from
20 the Programmer's Manual, 1971-1986":
22 MAIL (v1 page 21, v7 page 22)
23 Electronic mail was there from the start. Never satisfied with its
24 exact behavior, everybody touched it at one time or another: to
25 assure the safety of simultaneous access, to improve privacy, to
26 survive crashes, to exploit uucp, to screen out foreign freeloaders,
27 or whatever. Not until v7 did the interface change (Thompson). [.]
32 Our latest release can be downloaded at [1], and the fully cross-
33 referenced manual can also be viewed as HTML online[2].
34 There are browsable git(1) repositories at sdaoden.eu[3] (use [4] for
35 cloning purposes), with mirrors at Sourceforge[5] and GitLab.com[6].
37 [1] https?://www.sdaoden.eu/downloads/s-nail-latest.tar{,.{asc,gz,xz}}
38 [2] https?://www.sdaoden.eu/code.html#s-mailx
39 [3] https?://git.sdaoden.eu/cgit/s-nail.git
40 [4] https?://git.sdaoden.eu/scm/s-nail.git
41 [5] http://sourceforge.net/projects/s-nail
42 [6] https://gitlab.com/sdaoden/s-nail
44 We have a mailing list[7] (later: [8]!) with moderated unsubscribed
45 posting possibilities; subscriptions can be managed via web interface[9];
46 Gmane added the ML their NNTP archive[10], and The Mail Archive archives
47 a browser-accessible and searchable web version[11] -- thank you!
48 Commits to the [stable/*] and [master] branches will be posted to [12],
49 and announcements will also be posted to [13], both are receive-only
52 [7] s-nail-users@lists.sourceforge.net
53 [8] s-mailx@sdaoden.eu
54 [9] https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/s-nail-users/
55 [10] news.gmane.org/gmane.mail.s-nail.user
56 [11] www.mail-archive.com/s-nail-users@lists.sourceforge.net/maillist.html
57 [12] s-mailx-commit@sdaoden.eu
58 [13] s-announce@sdaoden.eu
60 These and all other mailings-lists at sdaoden.eu are hosted by MLMMJ, so
61 users can manage their subscriptions by appending keywords to the plain
62 mailing list address, a +subscribe for subscription, and +unsubscribe
63 for unsubscription, e.g., s-mailx+subscribe@sdaoden.eu.
64 Our heraldic animal snailmail.jpg has been found at [+1].
67 [+1] http://cdn.whatculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/snailmail.jpg
73 A new branch within release/ is created for every release, e.g.,
74 [release/v14.8.10]. History won't be rewritten.
76 These branches consist of one commit, and that commit is signed with
77 an OpenPGP key and used for the signed release tag,
78 vMAJOR.MINOR.UPDATE.ar (.ar for "archive"). The commit as such
79 covers the data modifications that make up a release, i.e., release
80 date fixation, manual preprocessing, removal of data which doesn't
81 make sense in release tarballs, etc.
83 (Whereas all this is not true for older releases, the new repository
84 layout was introduced after v14.8.10, and used [timeline] as
85 a source for most references, therefore the signed tag v14.8.7.ar
86 protects all elder references within [release/]:
88 $ git describe --contains heads/release/v1.3.0
91 - [release/latest] and [release/stable]
92 "Symbolic links" to the latest (stable) release branches.
95 A new branch within stable/ will be created for each new minor
96 version, e.g., [stable/v14.8]. History won't be rewritten.
98 These are de-facto the [master] branches for their respective minor
99 release, which extend for the full lifetime of that, e.g., the
100 branch [stable/v14.7] has been created once the v14.7.0 release was
101 made, and it extends until the release of v14.7.11, the last v14.7
104 Once the time for a new release has come, the head of such a stable
105 branch will gain a signed commit and a signed stable tag,
106 vMAJOR.MINOR.UPDATE, and then be used as the source for a new branch
109 - [stable/latest] and [stable/stable]
110 "Symbolic links" to the latest (stable) stable branches.
112 These are possibly what users should track which want to have the
113 newest non-release bugfixes and stable, backward-compatible commits.
116 Rooted on top of [heirloom]. It gains only stable, but possibly
117 backward-incompatible changes (those are usually mentioned on the
118 mailing-list), and will be used to create new entries in [stable/].
119 History won't be rewritten.
122 Rooted on top of [master], this consists of a furious mixture of
123 commits that eventually end up in [master]. Daring users may give
124 this branch a try, but bugs and temporary nonstarters have to be
128 Developer chaos (distributed horror backup - don't use!).
131 A sketchy effort to collect the complete history of Unix mail and
132 its successor, BSD Mail. Anything from the pre-Gunnar Ritter area
133 is taken from CSRG and other archives, for nail and Heirloom mailx
134 i've used release balls.
137 A full git(1) cvsimport of the Heirloom mailx(1) cvs(1) repository.
139 To create a full clone of the repository, with all the data and history:
140 $ git clone https://git.sdaoden.eu/scm/s-nail.git
142 With a newer git(1), and only tracking the latest stable branch:
143 $ git clone --single-branch --branch='stable/latest' \
144 https://git.sdaoden.eu/scm/s-nail.git
150 $ git remote add origin -t 'release/*' -t 'stable/stable' -t master \
151 https://git.sdaoden.eu/scm/s-nail.git
154 And then, assuming the last had been done:
156 $ # Show all releases
157 $ git log --no-walk --decorate --oneline --branches='release/*' --
158 $ # Check out the latest release, and verify the signature
159 $ git checkout release/latest
160 $ git log --oneline --show-signature --max-count=1 HEAD
161 $ make all && sudo make install
166 Unix mail seems to have been written mostly by Ken Thompson.
168 Berkeley Mail was (according to def.h) developed by Kurt Shoens, dated
169 March 25, 1978. According to the CSRG commit log authors of BSD mail in
170 the time span 1980-10-08 to 1995-05-01 were, in order of appearance
171 (commit count): Kurt Shoens (379), Kirk McKusick (50), Carl Smith (16),
172 Bill Bush (2), Eric Allman (6), Craig Leres (43), Sam Leffler (51),
173 Ralph Campbell (21), Serge Granik (28), Edward Wang (253),
174 Donn Seeley (1), Jay Lepreau (3), Jim Bloom (1), Anne Hughes (2),
175 Kevin Dunlap (34), Keith Bostic (253), Mike Karels (1), Cael Staelin (6)
176 and Dave Borman (17). One commit by Charlie Root, 36 by "dist".
178 Official BSD Mail development ceased in 1995 according to the CSRG
179 (Berkeley's Computer Systems Research Group) repository. Mail has then
180 seen further development in open source BSD variants, noticeably by
181 Christos Zoulas in NetBSD.
183 Gunnar Ritter reused that codebase when he started developing nail in
184 February 2000, and incorporated numerous patches from OpenBSD, NetBSD,
185 RedHat and Debian. He added MIME code, network protocol support, and
186 POSIX conformance improvements. In March 2006, he integrated that
187 program into the Heirloom project, renaming it to Heirloom mailx, the
188 development of which ceased in 2008.
190 In 2012 Steffen (Daode) Nurpmeso adopted the codebase as S-nail.
191 We try to end up as S-mailx.