4 The memory API models the memory and I/O buses and controllers of a QEMU
5 machine. It attempts to allow modelling of:
8 - memory-mapped I/O (MMIO)
9 - memory controllers that can dynamically reroute physical memory regions
10 to different destinations
12 The memory model provides support for
14 - tracking RAM changes by the guest
15 - setting up coalesced memory for kvm
16 - setting up ioeventfd regions for kvm
18 Memory is modelled as an acyclic graph of MemoryRegion objects. Sinks
19 (leaves) are RAM and MMIO regions, while other nodes represent
20 buses, memory controllers, and memory regions that have been rerouted.
22 In addition to MemoryRegion objects, the memory API provides AddressSpace
23 objects for every root and possibly for intermediate MemoryRegions too.
24 These represent memory as seen from the CPU or a device's viewpoint.
29 There are four types of memory regions (all represented by a single C type
32 - RAM: a RAM region is simply a range of host memory that can be made available
35 - MMIO: a range of guest memory that is implemented by host callbacks;
36 each read or write causes a callback to be called on the host.
38 - container: a container simply includes other memory regions, each at
39 a different offset. Containers are useful for grouping several regions
40 into one unit. For example, a PCI BAR may be composed of a RAM region
43 A container's subregions are usually non-overlapping. In some cases it is
44 useful to have overlapping regions; for example a memory controller that
45 can overlay a subregion of RAM with MMIO or ROM, or a PCI controller
46 that does not prevent card from claiming overlapping BARs.
48 - alias: a subsection of another region. Aliases allow a region to be
49 split apart into discontiguous regions. Examples of uses are memory banks
50 used when the guest address space is smaller than the amount of RAM
51 addressed, or a memory controller that splits main memory to expose a "PCI
52 hole". Aliases may point to any type of region, including other aliases,
53 but an alias may not point back to itself, directly or indirectly.
59 Regions are assigned names by the constructor. For most regions these are
60 only used for debugging purposes, but RAM regions also use the name to identify
61 live migration sections. This means that RAM region names need to have ABI
67 A region is created by one of the constructor functions (memory_region_init*())
68 and destroyed by the destructor (memory_region_destroy()). In between,
69 a region can be added to an address space by using memory_region_add_subregion()
70 and removed using memory_region_del_subregion(). Region attributes may be
71 changed at any point; they take effect once the region becomes exposed to the
74 Overlapping regions and priority
75 --------------------------------
76 Usually, regions may not overlap each other; a memory address decodes into
77 exactly one target. In some cases it is useful to allow regions to overlap,
78 and sometimes to control which of an overlapping regions is visible to the
79 guest. This is done with memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(), which
80 allows the region to overlap any other region in the same container, and
81 specifies a priority that allows the core to decide which of two regions at
82 the same address are visible (highest wins).
86 The memory core uses the following rules to select a memory region when the
87 guest accesses an address:
89 - all direct subregions of the root region are matched against the address, in
90 descending priority order
91 - if the address lies outside the region offset/size, the subregion is
93 - if the subregion is a leaf (RAM or MMIO), the search terminates
94 - if the subregion is a container, the same algorithm is used within the
95 subregion (after the address is adjusted by the subregion offset)
96 - if the subregion is an alias, the search is continues at the alias target
97 (after the address is adjusted by the subregion offset and alias offset)
102 system_memory: container@0-2^48-1
104 +---- lomem: alias@0-0xdfffffff ---> #ram (0-0xdfffffff)
106 +---- himem: alias@0x100000000-0x11fffffff ---> #ram (0xe0000000-0xffffffff)
108 +---- vga-window: alias@0xa0000-0xbfffff ---> #pci (0xa0000-0xbffff)
111 +---- pci-hole: alias@0xe0000000-0xffffffff ---> #pci (0xe0000000-0xffffffff)
115 +--- vga-area: container@0xa0000-0xbffff
117 | +--- alias@0x00000-0x7fff ---> #vram (0x010000-0x017fff)
119 | +--- alias@0x08000-0xffff ---> #vram (0x020000-0x027fff)
121 +---- vram: ram@0xe1000000-0xe1ffffff
123 +---- vga-mmio: mmio@0xe2000000-0xe200ffff
125 ram: ram@0x00000000-0xffffffff
127 This is a (simplified) PC memory map. The 4GB RAM block is mapped into the
128 system address space via two aliases: "lomem" is a 1:1 mapping of the first
129 3.5GB; "himem" maps the last 0.5GB at address 4GB. This leaves 0.5GB for the
130 so-called PCI hole, that allows a 32-bit PCI bus to exist in a system with
133 The memory controller diverts addresses in the range 640K-768K to the PCI
134 address space. This is modelled using the "vga-window" alias, mapped at a
135 higher priority so it obscures the RAM at the same addresses. The vga window
136 can be removed by programming the memory controller; this is modelled by
137 removing the alias and exposing the RAM underneath.
139 The pci address space is not a direct child of the system address space, since
140 we only want parts of it to be visible (we accomplish this using aliases).
141 It has two subregions: vga-area models the legacy vga window and is occupied
142 by two 32K memory banks pointing at two sections of the framebuffer.
143 In addition the vram is mapped as a BAR at address e1000000, and an additional
144 BAR containing MMIO registers is mapped after it.
146 Note that if the guest maps a BAR outside the PCI hole, it would not be
147 visible as the pci-hole alias clips it to a 0.5GB range.
152 Various region attributes (read-only, dirty logging, coalesced mmio, ioeventfd)
153 can be changed during the region lifecycle. They take effect once the region
154 is made visible (which can be immediately, later, or never).
159 MMIO regions are provided with ->read() and ->write() callbacks; in addition
160 various constraints can be supplied to control how these callbacks are called:
162 - .valid.min_access_size, .valid.max_access_size define the access sizes
163 (in bytes) which the device accepts; accesses outside this range will
164 have device and bus specific behaviour (ignored, or machine check)
165 - .valid.aligned specifies that the device only accepts naturally aligned
166 accesses. Unaligned accesses invoke device and bus specific behaviour.
167 - .impl.min_access_size, .impl.max_access_size define the access sizes
168 (in bytes) supported by the *implementation*; other access sizes will be
169 emulated using the ones available. For example a 4-byte write will be
170 emulated using four 1-byte writes, if .impl.max_access_size = 1.
171 - .impl.valid specifies that the *implementation* only supports unaligned
172 accesses; unaligned accesses will be emulated by two aligned accesses.
173 - .old_portio and .old_mmio can be used to ease porting from code using
174 cpu_register_io_memory() and register_ioport(). They should not be used