5 Guest-side hardware interface
6 =============================
11 The QEMU TPM emulation implements a TPM TIS hardware interface
12 following the Trusted Computing Group's specification "TCG PC Client
13 Specific TPM Interface Specification (TIS)", Specification Version
14 1.3, 21 March 2013. (see the `TIS specification`_, or a later version
17 The TIS interface makes a memory mapped IO region in the area
18 0xfed40000-0xfed44fff available to the guest operating system.
20 QEMU files related to TPM TIS interface:
21 - ``hw/tpm/tpm_tis_common.c``
22 - ``hw/tpm/tpm_tis_isa.c``
23 - ``hw/tpm/tpm_tis_sysbus.c``
24 - ``hw/tpm/tpm_tis.h``
26 Both an ISA device and a sysbus device are available. The former is
27 used with pc/q35 machine while the latter can be instantiated in the
33 QEMU also implements a TPM CRB interface following the Trusted
34 Computing Group's specification "TCG PC Client Platform TPM Profile
35 (PTP) Specification", Family "2.0", Level 00 Revision 01.03 v22, May
36 22, 2017. (see the `CRB specification`_, or a later version of it)
38 The CRB interface makes a memory mapped IO region in the area
39 0xfed40000-0xfed40fff (1 locality) available to the guest
42 QEMU files related to TPM CRB interface:
43 - ``hw/tpm/tpm_crb.c``
48 pSeries (ppc64) machines offer a tpm-spapr device model.
50 QEMU files related to the SPAPR interface:
51 - ``hw/tpm/tpm_spapr.c``
56 The bios/firmware may read the ``"etc/tpm/config"`` fw_cfg entry for
57 configuring the guest appropriately.
59 The entry of 6 bytes has the following content, in little-endian:
63 #define TPM_VERSION_UNSPEC 0
64 #define TPM_VERSION_1_2 1
65 #define TPM_VERSION_2_0 2
67 #define TPM_PPI_VERSION_NONE 0
68 #define TPM_PPI_VERSION_1_30 1
70 struct FwCfgTPMConfig {
71 uint32_t tpmppi_address; /* PPI memory location */
72 uint8_t tpm_version; /* TPM version */
73 uint8_t tpmppi_version; /* PPI version */
79 The TPM device is defined with ACPI ID "PNP0C31". QEMU builds a SSDT
80 and passes it into the guest through the fw_cfg device. The device
81 description contains the base address of the TIS interface 0xfed40000
82 and the size of the MMIO area (0x5000). In case a TPM2 is used by
83 QEMU, a TPM2 ACPI table is also provided. The device is described to
84 be used in polling mode rather than interrupt mode primarily because
85 no unused IRQ could be found.
87 To support measurement logs to be written by the firmware,
88 e.g. SeaBIOS, a TCPA table is implemented. This table provides a 64kb
89 buffer where the firmware can write its log into. For TPM 2 only a
90 more recent version of the TPM2 table provides support for
91 measurements logs and a TCPA table does not need to be created.
93 The TCPA and TPM2 ACPI tables follow the Trusted Computing Group
94 specification "TCG ACPI Specification" Family "1.2" and "2.0", Level
95 00 Revision 00.37. (see the `ACPI specification`_, or a later version
101 QEMU supports the Physical Presence Interface (PPI) for TPM 1.2 and
102 TPM 2. This interface requires ACPI and firmware support. (see the
103 `PPI specification`_)
105 PPI enables a system administrator (root) to request a modification to
106 the TPM upon reboot. The PPI specification defines the operation
107 requests and the actions the firmware has to take. The system
108 administrator passes the operation request number to the firmware
109 through an ACPI interface which writes this number to a memory
110 location that the firmware knows. Upon reboot, the firmware finds the
111 number and sends commands to the TPM. The firmware writes the TPM
112 result code and the operation request number to a memory location that
113 ACPI can read from and pass the result on to the administrator.
115 The PPI specification defines a set of mandatory and optional
116 operations for the firmware to implement. The ACPI interface also
117 allows an administrator to list the supported operations. In QEMU the
118 ACPI code is generated by QEMU, yet the firmware needs to implement
119 support on a per-operations basis, and different firmwares may support
120 a different subset. Therefore, QEMU introduces the virtual memory
121 device for PPI where the firmware can indicate which operations it
122 supports and ACPI can enable the ones that are supported and disable
123 all others. This interface lies in main memory and has the following
126 +-------------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
127 | Field | Length | Offset | Description |
128 +=============+========+========+===========================================+
129 | ``func`` | 0x100 | 0x000 | Firmware sets values for each supported |
130 | | | | operation. See defined values below. |
131 +-------------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
132 | ``ppin`` | 0x1 | 0x100 | SMI interrupt to use. Set by firmware. |
133 | | | | Not supported. |
134 +-------------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
135 | ``ppip`` | 0x4 | 0x101 | ACPI function index to pass to SMM code. |
136 | | | | Set by ACPI. Not supported. |
137 +-------------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
138 | ``pprp`` | 0x4 | 0x105 | Result of last executed operation. Set by |
139 | | | | firmware. See function index 5 for values.|
140 +-------------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
141 | ``pprq`` | 0x4 | 0x109 | Operation request number to execute. See |
142 | | | | 'Physical Presence Interface Operation |
143 | | | | Summary' tables in specs. Set by ACPI. |
144 +-------------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
145 | ``pprm`` | 0x4 | 0x10d | Operation request optional parameter. |
146 | | | | Values depend on operation. Set by ACPI. |
147 +-------------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
148 | ``lppr`` | 0x4 | 0x111 | Last executed operation request number. |
149 | | | | Copied from pprq field by firmware. |
150 +-------------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
151 | ``fret`` | 0x4 | 0x115 | Result code from SMM function. |
152 | | | | Not supported. |
153 +-------------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
154 | ``res1`` | 0x40 | 0x119 | Reserved for future use |
155 +-------------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
156 |``next_step``| 0x1 | 0x159 | Operation to execute after reboot by |
157 | | | | firmware. Used by firmware. |
158 +-------------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
159 | ``movv`` | 0x1 | 0x15a | Memory overwrite variable |
160 +-------------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
162 The following values are supported for the ``func`` field. They
163 correspond to the values used by ACPI function index 8.
165 +----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
166 | Value | Description |
167 +==========+=============================================================+
168 | 0 | Operation is not implemented. |
169 +----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
170 | 1 | Operation is only accessible through firmware. |
171 +----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
172 | 2 | Operation is blocked for OS by firmware configuration. |
173 +----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
174 | 3 | Operation is allowed and physically present user required. |
175 +----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
176 | 4 | Operation is allowed and physically present user is not |
178 +----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
180 The location of the table is given by the fw_cfg ``tpmppi_address``
181 field. The PPI memory region size is 0x400 (``TPM_PPI_ADDR_SIZE``) to
182 leave enough room for future updates.
184 QEMU files related to TPM ACPI tables:
185 - ``hw/i386/acpi-build.c``
186 - ``include/hw/acpi/tpm.h``
191 The TPM implementation is split into two parts, frontend and
192 backend. The frontend part is the hardware interface, such as the TPM
193 TIS interface described earlier, and the other part is the TPM backend
194 interface. The backend interfaces implement the interaction with a TPM
195 device, which may be a physical or an emulated device. The split
196 between the front- and backend devices allows a frontend to be
197 connected with any available backend. This enables the TIS interface
198 to be used with the passthrough backend or the swtpm backend.
200 QEMU files related to TPM backends:
202 - ``include/sysemu/tpm.h``
203 - ``include/sysemu/tpm_backend.h``
205 The QEMU TPM passthrough device
206 -------------------------------
208 In case QEMU is run on Linux as the host operating system it is
209 possible to make the hardware TPM device available to a single QEMU
210 guest. In this case the user must make sure that no other program is
211 using the device, e.g., /dev/tpm0, before trying to start QEMU with
214 The passthrough driver uses the host's TPM device for sending TPM
215 commands and receiving responses from. Besides that it accesses the
216 TPM device's sysfs entry for support of command cancellation. Since
217 none of the state of a hardware TPM can be migrated between hosts,
218 virtual machine migration is disabled when the TPM passthrough driver
221 Since the host's TPM device will already be initialized by the host's
222 firmware, certain commands, e.g. ``TPM_Startup()``, sent by the
223 virtual firmware for device initialization, will fail. In this case
224 the firmware should not use the TPM.
226 Sharing the device with the host is generally not a recommended usage
227 scenario for a TPM device. The primary reason for this is that two
228 operating systems can then access the device's single set of
229 resources, such as platform configuration registers
230 (PCRs). Applications or kernel security subsystems, such as the Linux
231 Integrity Measurement Architecture (IMA), are not expecting to share
234 QEMU files related to the TPM passthrough device:
235 - ``backends/tpm/tpm_passthrough.c``
236 - ``backends/tpm/tpm_util.c``
237 - ``include/sysemu/tpm_util.h``
240 Command line to start QEMU with the TPM passthrough device using the host's
241 hardware TPM ``/dev/tpm0``:
243 .. code-block:: console
245 qemu-system-x86_64 -display sdl -accel kvm \
246 -m 1024 -boot d -bios bios-256k.bin -boot menu=on \
247 -tpmdev passthrough,id=tpm0,path=/dev/tpm0 \
248 -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0 test.img
251 The following commands should result in similar output inside the VM
252 with a Linux kernel that either has the TPM TIS driver built-in or
253 available as a module:
255 .. code-block:: console
257 # dmesg | grep -i tpm
258 [ 0.711310] tpm_tis 00:06: 1.2 TPM (device=id 0x1, rev-id 1)
261 [ 0.000000] ACPI: TCPA 0x0000000003FFD191C 000032 (v02 BOCHS \
262 BXPCTCPA 0000001 BXPC 00000001)
265 crw-------. 1 root root 10, 224 Jul 11 10:11 /dev/tpm0
267 # find /sys/devices/ | grep pcrs$ | xargs cat
268 PCR-00: 35 4E 3B CE 23 9F 38 59 ...
270 PCR-23: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ...
272 The QEMU TPM emulator device
273 ----------------------------
275 The TPM emulator device uses an external TPM emulator called 'swtpm'
276 for sending TPM commands to and receiving responses from. The swtpm
277 program must have been started before trying to access it through the
278 TPM emulator with QEMU.
280 The TPM emulator implements a command channel for transferring TPM
281 commands and responses as well as a control channel over which control
282 commands can be sent. (see the `SWTPM protocol`_ specification)
284 The control channel serves the purpose of resetting, initializing, and
285 migrating the TPM state, among other things.
287 The swtpm program behaves like a hardware TPM and therefore needs to
288 be initialized by the firmware running inside the QEMU virtual
289 machine. One necessary step for initializing the device is to send
290 the TPM_Startup command to it. SeaBIOS, for example, has been
291 instrumented to initialize a TPM 1.2 or TPM 2 device using this
294 QEMU files related to the TPM emulator device:
295 - ``backends/tpm/tpm_emulator.c``
296 - ``backends/tpm/tpm_util.c``
297 - ``include/sysemu/tpm_util.h``
299 The following commands start the swtpm with a UnixIO control channel over
300 a socket interface. They do not need to be run as root.
302 .. code-block:: console
305 swtpm socket --tpmstate dir=/tmp/mytpm1 \
306 --ctrl type=unixio,path=/tmp/mytpm1/swtpm-sock \
309 Command line to start QEMU with the TPM emulator device communicating
310 with the swtpm (x86):
312 .. code-block:: console
314 qemu-system-x86_64 -display sdl -accel kvm \
315 -m 1024 -boot d -bios bios-256k.bin -boot menu=on \
316 -chardev socket,id=chrtpm,path=/tmp/mytpm1/swtpm-sock \
317 -tpmdev emulator,id=tpm0,chardev=chrtpm \
318 -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0 test.img
320 In case a pSeries machine is emulated, use the following command line:
322 .. code-block:: console
324 qemu-system-ppc64 -display sdl -machine pseries,accel=kvm \
325 -m 1024 -bios slof.bin -boot menu=on \
326 -nodefaults -device VGA -device pci-ohci -device usb-kbd \
327 -chardev socket,id=chrtpm,path=/tmp/mytpm1/swtpm-sock \
328 -tpmdev emulator,id=tpm0,chardev=chrtpm \
329 -device tpm-spapr,tpmdev=tpm0 \
330 -device spapr-vscsi,id=scsi0,reg=0x00002000 \
331 -device virtio-blk-pci,scsi=off,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3,drive=drive-virtio-disk0,id=virtio-disk0 \
332 -drive file=test.img,format=raw,if=none,id=drive-virtio-disk0
334 In case an Arm virt machine is emulated, use the following command line:
336 .. code-block:: console
338 qemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3,accel=kvm \
340 -nographic -no-acpi \
341 -chardev socket,id=chrtpm,path=/tmp/mytpm1/swtpm-sock \
342 -tpmdev emulator,id=tpm0,chardev=chrtpm \
343 -device tpm-tis-device,tpmdev=tpm0 \
344 -device virtio-blk-pci,drive=drv0 \
345 -drive format=qcow2,file=hda.qcow2,if=none,id=drv0 \
346 -drive if=pflash,format=raw,file=flash0.img,readonly=on \
347 -drive if=pflash,format=raw,file=flash1.img
349 In case SeaBIOS is used as firmware, it should show the TPM menu item
350 after entering the menu with 'ESC'.
352 .. code-block:: console
355 1. DVD/CD [ata1-0: QEMU DVD-ROM ATAPI-4 DVD/CD]
361 The following commands should result in similar output inside the VM
362 with a Linux kernel that either has the TPM TIS driver built-in or
363 available as a module:
365 .. code-block:: console
367 # dmesg | grep -i tpm
368 [ 0.711310] tpm_tis 00:06: 1.2 TPM (device=id 0x1, rev-id 1)
371 [ 0.000000] ACPI: TCPA 0x0000000003FFD191C 000032 (v02 BOCHS \
372 BXPCTCPA 0000001 BXPC 00000001)
375 crw-------. 1 root root 10, 224 Jul 11 10:11 /dev/tpm0
377 # find /sys/devices/ | grep pcrs$ | xargs cat
378 PCR-00: 35 4E 3B CE 23 9F 38 59 ...
380 PCR-23: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ...
382 Migration with the TPM emulator
383 ===============================
385 The TPM emulator supports the following types of virtual machine
388 - VM save / restore (migration into a file)
390 - Snapshotting (migration into storage like QoW2 or QED)
392 The following command sequences can be used to test VM save / restore.
394 In a 1st terminal start an instance of a swtpm using the following command:
396 .. code-block:: console
399 swtpm socket --tpmstate dir=/tmp/mytpm1 \
400 --ctrl type=unixio,path=/tmp/mytpm1/swtpm-sock \
401 --log level=20 --tpm2
403 In a 2nd terminal start the VM:
405 .. code-block:: console
407 qemu-system-x86_64 -display sdl -accel kvm \
408 -m 1024 -boot d -bios bios-256k.bin -boot menu=on \
409 -chardev socket,id=chrtpm,path=/tmp/mytpm1/swtpm-sock \
410 -tpmdev emulator,id=tpm0,chardev=chrtpm \
411 -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0 \
415 Verify that the attached TPM is working as expected using applications
418 To store the state of the VM use the following command in the QEMU
419 monitor in the 2nd terminal:
421 .. code-block:: console
423 (qemu) migrate "exec:cat > testvm.bin"
426 At this point a file called ``testvm.bin`` should exists and the swtpm
427 and QEMU processes should have ended.
429 To test 'VM restore' you have to start the swtpm with the same
430 parameters as before. If previously a TPM 2 [--tpm2] was saved, --tpm2
431 must now be passed again on the command line.
433 In the 1st terminal restart the swtpm with the same command line as
436 .. code-block:: console
438 swtpm socket --tpmstate dir=/tmp/mytpm1 \
439 --ctrl type=unixio,path=/tmp/mytpm1/swtpm-sock \
440 --log level=20 --tpm2
442 In the 2nd terminal restore the state of the VM using the additional
445 .. code-block:: console
447 qemu-system-x86_64 -display sdl -accel kvm \
448 -m 1024 -boot d -bios bios-256k.bin -boot menu=on \
449 -chardev socket,id=chrtpm,path=/tmp/mytpm1/swtpm-sock \
450 -tpmdev emulator,id=tpm0,chardev=chrtpm \
451 -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0 \
452 -incoming "exec:cat < testvm.bin" \
455 Troubleshooting migration
456 -------------------------
458 There are several reasons why migration may fail. In case of problems,
459 please ensure that the command lines adhere to the following rules
460 and, if possible, that identical versions of QEMU and swtpm are used
465 - QEMU command line parameters should be identical apart from the
466 '-incoming' option on VM restore
468 - swtpm command line parameters should be identical
470 VM migration to 'localhost':
472 - QEMU command line parameters should be identical apart from the
473 '-incoming' option on the destination side
475 - swtpm command line parameters should point to two different
476 directories on the source and destination swtpm (--tpmstate dir=...)
477 (especially if different versions of libtpms were to be used on the
480 VM migration across the network:
482 - QEMU command line parameters should be identical apart from the
483 '-incoming' option on the destination side
485 - swtpm command line parameters should be identical
488 - QEMU command line parameters should be identical
490 - swtpm command line parameters should be identical
493 Besides that, migration failure reasons on the swtpm level may include
496 - the versions of the swtpm on the source and destination sides are
499 - downgrading of TPM state may not be supported
501 - the source and destination libtpms were compiled with different
502 compile-time options and the destination side refuses to accept the
505 - different migration keys are used on the source and destination side
506 and the destination side cannot decrypt the migrated state
507 (swtpm ... --migration-key ... )
510 .. _TIS specification:
511 https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/pc-client-work-group-pc-client-specific-tpm-interface-specification-tis/
513 .. _CRB specification:
514 https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/resource/pc-client-platform-tpm-profile-ptp-specification/
517 .. _ACPI specification:
518 https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/tcg-acpi-specification/
520 .. _PPI specification:
521 https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/resource/tcg-physical-presence-interface-specification/
524 https://github.com/stefanberger/swtpm/blob/master/man/man3/swtpm_ioctls.pod