3 For variadic macros, stick with this C99-like syntax:
5 #define DPRINTF(fmt, ...) \
6 do { printf("IRQ: " fmt, ## __VA_ARGS__); } while (0)
10 It should be common sense to use the right type, but we have collected
11 a few useful guidelines here.
15 If you're using "int" or "long", odds are good that there's a better type.
16 If a variable is counting something, it should be declared with an
19 If it's host memory-size related, size_t should be a good choice (use
20 ssize_t only if required). Guest RAM memory offsets must use ram_addr_t,
21 but only for RAM, it may not cover whole guest address space.
23 If it's file-size related, use off_t.
24 If it's file-offset related (i.e., signed), use off_t.
25 If it's just counting small numbers use "unsigned int";
26 (on all but oddball embedded systems, you can assume that that
27 type is at least four bytes wide).
29 In the event that you require a specific width, use a standard type
30 like int32_t, uint32_t, uint64_t, etc. The specific types are
31 mandatory for VMState fields.
33 Don't use Linux kernel internal types like u32, __u32 or __le32.
35 Use hwaddr for guest physical addresses except pcibus_t
36 for PCI addresses. In addition, ram_addr_t is a QEMU internal address
37 space that maps guest RAM physical addresses into an intermediate
38 address space that can map to host virtual address spaces. Generally
39 speaking, the size of guest memory can always fit into ram_addr_t but
40 it would not be correct to store an actual guest physical address in a
43 Use target_ulong (or abi_ulong) for CPU virtual addresses, however
44 devices should not need to use target_ulong.
46 Of course, take all of the above with a grain of salt. If you're about
47 to use some system interface that requires a type like size_t, pid_t or
48 off_t, use matching types for any corresponding variables.
50 Also, if you try to use e.g., "unsigned int" as a type, and that
51 conflicts with the signedness of a related variable, sometimes
52 it's best just to use the *wrong* type, if "pulling the thread"
53 and fixing all related variables would be too invasive.
55 Finally, while using descriptive types is important, be careful not to
56 go overboard. If whatever you're doing causes warnings, or requires
57 casts, then reconsider or ask for help.
61 Ensure that all of your pointers are "const-correct".
62 Unless a pointer is used to modify the pointed-to storage,
63 give it the "const" attribute. That way, the reader knows
64 up-front that this is a read-only pointer. Perhaps more
65 importantly, if we're diligent about this, when you see a non-const
66 pointer, you're guaranteed that it is used to modify the storage
67 it points to, or it is aliased to another pointer that is.
70 Typedefs are used to eliminate the redundant 'struct' keyword.
72 2.4. Reserved namespaces in C and POSIX
73 Underscore capital, double underscore, and underscore 't' suffixes should be
76 3. Low level memory management
78 Use of the malloc/free/realloc/calloc/valloc/memalign/posix_memalign
79 APIs is not allowed in the QEMU codebase. Instead of these routines,
80 use the GLib memory allocation routines g_malloc/g_malloc0/g_new/
81 g_new0/g_realloc/g_free or QEMU's qemu_vmalloc/qemu_memalign/qemu_vfree
84 Please note that g_malloc will exit on allocation failure, so there
85 is no need to test for failure (as you would have to with malloc).
86 Calling g_malloc with a zero size is valid and will return NULL.
88 Memory allocated by qemu_vmalloc or qemu_memalign must be freed with
89 qemu_vfree, since breaking this will cause problems on Win32 and user
92 4. String manipulation
94 Do not use the strncpy function. As mentioned in the man page, it does *not*
95 guarantee a NULL-terminated buffer, which makes it extremely dangerous to use.
96 It also zeros trailing destination bytes out to the specified length. Instead,
97 use this similar function when possible, but note its different signature:
98 void pstrcpy(char *dest, int dest_buf_size, const char *src)
100 Don't use strcat because it can't check for buffer overflows, but:
101 char *pstrcat(char *buf, int buf_size, const char *s)
103 The same limitation exists with sprintf and vsprintf, so use snprintf and
106 QEMU provides other useful string functions:
107 int strstart(const char *str, const char *val, const char **ptr)
108 int stristart(const char *str, const char *val, const char **ptr)
109 int qemu_strnlen(const char *s, int max_len)
111 There are also replacement character processing macros for isxyz and toxyz,
112 so instead of e.g. isalnum you should use qemu_isalnum.
114 Because of the memory management rules, you must use g_strdup/g_strndup
115 instead of plain strdup/strndup.
117 5. Printf-style functions
119 Whenever you add a new printf-style function, i.e., one with a format
120 string argument and following "..." in its prototype, be sure to use
121 gcc's printf attribute directive in the prototype.
123 This makes it so gcc's -Wformat and -Wformat-security options can do
124 their jobs and cross-check format strings with the number and types
127 6. C standard, implementation defined and undefined behaviors
129 C code in QEMU should be written to the C99 language specification. A copy
130 of the final version of the C99 standard with corrigenda TC1, TC2, and TC3
131 included, formatted as a draft, can be downloaded from:
132 http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/WG14/www/docs/n1256.pdf
134 The C language specification defines regions of undefined behavior and
135 implementation defined behavior (to give compiler authors enough leeway to
136 produce better code). In general, code in QEMU should follow the language
137 specification and avoid both undefined and implementation defined
138 constructs. ("It works fine on the gcc I tested it with" is not a valid
139 argument...) However there are a few areas where we allow ourselves to
140 assume certain behaviors because in practice all the platforms we care about
141 behave in the same way and writing strictly conformant code would be
143 * you may assume that integers are 2s complement representation
144 * you may assume that right shift of a signed integer duplicates
145 the sign bit (ie it is an arithmetic shift, not a logical shift)