1 Tiny Code Generator - Fabrice Bellard.
5 TCG (Tiny Code Generator) began as a generic backend for a C
6 compiler. It was simplified to be used in QEMU. It also has its roots
7 in the QOP code generator written by Paul Brook.
11 The TCG "target" is the architecture for which we generate the
12 code. It is of course not the same as the "target" of QEMU which is
13 the emulated architecture. As TCG started as a generic C backend used
14 for cross compiling, it is assumed that the TCG target is different
15 from the host, although it is never the case for QEMU.
17 A TCG "function" corresponds to a QEMU Translated Block (TB).
19 A TCG "temporary" is a variable only live in a basic
20 block. Temporaries are allocated explicitly in each function.
22 A TCG "local temporary" is a variable only live in a function. Local
23 temporaries are allocated explicitly in each function.
25 A TCG "global" is a variable which is live in all the functions
26 (equivalent of a C global variable). They are defined before the
27 functions defined. A TCG global can be a memory location (e.g. a QEMU
28 CPU register), a fixed host register (e.g. the QEMU CPU state pointer)
29 or a memory location which is stored in a register outside QEMU TBs
30 (not implemented yet).
32 A TCG "basic block" corresponds to a list of instructions terminated
33 by a branch instruction.
35 3) Intermediate representation
39 TCG instructions operate on variables which are temporaries, local
40 temporaries or globals. TCG instructions and variables are strongly
41 typed. Two types are supported: 32 bit integers and 64 bit
42 integers. Pointers are defined as an alias to 32 bit or 64 bit
43 integers depending on the TCG target word size.
45 Each instruction has a fixed number of output variable operands, input
46 variable operands and always constant operands.
48 The notable exception is the call instruction which has a variable
49 number of outputs and inputs.
51 In the textual form, output operands usually come first, followed by
52 input operands, followed by constant operands. The output type is
53 included in the instruction name. Constants are prefixed with a '$'.
55 add_i32 t0, t1, t2 (t0 <- t1 + t2)
61 - Basic blocks end after branches (e.g. brcond_i32 instruction),
62 goto_tb and exit_tb instructions.
63 - Basic blocks start after the end of a previous basic block, or at a
64 set_label instruction.
66 After the end of a basic block, the content of temporaries is
67 destroyed, but local temporaries and globals are preserved.
69 * Floating point types are not supported yet
71 * Pointers: depending on the TCG target, pointer size is 32 bit or 64
72 bit. The type TCG_TYPE_PTR is an alias to TCG_TYPE_I32 or
77 Using the tcg_gen_helper_x_y it is possible to call any function
78 taking i32, i64 or pointer types. Before calling an helper, all
79 globals are stored at their canonical location and it is assumed that
80 the function can modify them. In the future, function modifiers will
81 be allowed to tell that the helper does not read or write some globals.
83 On some TCG targets (e.g. x86), several calling conventions are
88 Use the instruction 'br' to jump to a label. Use 'jmp' to jump to an
89 explicit address. Conditional branches can only jump to labels.
91 3.3) Code Optimizations
93 When generating instructions, you can count on at least the following
96 - Single instructions are simplified, e.g.
98 and_i32 t0, t0, $0xffffffff
102 - A liveness analysis is done at the basic block level. The
103 information is used to suppress moves from a dead variable to
104 another one. It is also used to remove instructions which compute
105 dead results. The later is especially useful for condition code
106 optimization in QEMU.
108 In the following example:
114 only the last instruction is kept.
116 3.4) Instruction Reference
118 ********* Function call
120 * call <ret> <params> ptr
122 call function 'ptr' (pointer type)
124 <ret> optional 32 bit or 64 bit return value
125 <params> optional 32 bit or 64 bit parameters
127 ********* Jumps/Labels
131 Absolute jump to address t0 (pointer type).
135 Define label 'label' at the current program point.
141 * brcond_i32/i64 cond, t0, t1, label
143 Conditional jump if t0 cond t1 is true. cond can be:
146 TCG_COND_LT /* signed */
147 TCG_COND_GE /* signed */
148 TCG_COND_LE /* signed */
149 TCG_COND_GT /* signed */
150 TCG_COND_LTU /* unsigned */
151 TCG_COND_GEU /* unsigned */
152 TCG_COND_LEU /* unsigned */
153 TCG_COND_GTU /* unsigned */
157 * add_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
161 * sub_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
167 t0=-t1 (two's complement)
169 * mul_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
173 * div_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
175 t0=t1/t2 (signed). Undefined behavior if division by zero or overflow.
177 * divu_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
179 t0=t1/t2 (unsigned). Undefined behavior if division by zero.
181 * rem_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
183 t0=t1%t2 (signed). Undefined behavior if division by zero or overflow.
185 * remu_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
187 t0=t1%t2 (unsigned). Undefined behavior if division by zero.
191 * and_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
195 * or_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
199 * xor_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
207 * andc_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
211 * eqv_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
215 * nand_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
219 * nor_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
223 * orc_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
227 ********* Shifts/Rotates
229 * shl_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
231 t0=t1 << t2. Undefined behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)
233 * shr_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
235 t0=t1 >> t2 (unsigned). Undefined behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)
237 * sar_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
239 t0=t1 >> t2 (signed). Undefined behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)
241 * rotl_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
243 Rotation of t2 bits to the left. Undefined behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)
245 * rotr_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
247 Rotation of t2 bits to the right. Undefined behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)
255 Move t1 to t0 (both operands must have the same type).
257 * ext8s_i32/i64 t0, t1
259 ext16s_i32/i64 t0, t1
260 ext16u_i32/i64 t0, t1
264 8, 16 or 32 bit sign/zero extension (both operands must have the same type)
268 16 bit byte swap on a 32 bit value. The two high order bytes must be set
281 Indicate that the value of t0 won't be used later. It is useful to
282 force dead code elimination.
284 ********* Type conversions
287 Convert t1 (32 bit) to t0 (64 bit) and does sign extension
289 * extu_i32_i64 t0, t1
290 Convert t1 (32 bit) to t0 (64 bit) and does zero extension
292 * trunc_i64_i32 t0, t1
293 Truncate t1 (64 bit) to t0 (32 bit)
295 * concat_i32_i64 t0, t1, t2
296 Construct t0 (64-bit) taking the low half from t1 (32 bit) and the high half
299 * concat32_i64 t0, t1, t2
300 Construct t0 (64-bit) taking the low half from t1 (64 bit) and the high half
305 * ld_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
306 ld8s_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
307 ld8u_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
308 ld16s_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
309 ld16u_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
310 ld32s_i64 t0, t1, offset
311 ld32u_i64 t0, t1, offset
313 t0 = read(t1 + offset)
314 Load 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits with or without sign extension from host memory.
315 offset must be a constant.
317 * st_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
318 st8_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
319 st16_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
320 st32_i64 t0, t1, offset
322 write(t0, t1 + offset)
323 Write 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits to host memory.
325 ********* QEMU specific operations
329 Exit the current TB and return the value t0 (word type).
333 Exit the current TB and jump to the TB index 'index' (constant) if the
334 current TB was linked to this TB. Otherwise execute the next
337 * qemu_ld_i32/i64 t0, t1, flags
338 qemu_ld8u_i32/i64 t0, t1, flags
339 qemu_ld8s_i32/i64 t0, t1, flags
340 qemu_ld16u_i32/i64 t0, t1, flags
341 qemu_ld16s_i32/i64 t0, t1, flags
342 qemu_ld32u_i64 t0, t1, flags
343 qemu_ld32s_i64 t0, t1, flags
345 Load data at the QEMU CPU address t1 into t0. t1 has the QEMU CPU
346 address type. 'flags' contains the QEMU memory index (selects user or
347 kernel access) for example.
349 * qemu_st_i32/i64 t0, t1, flags
350 qemu_st8_i32/i64 t0, t1, flags
351 qemu_st16_i32/i64 t0, t1, flags
352 qemu_st32_i64 t0, t1, flags
354 Store the data t0 at the QEMU CPU Address t1. t1 has the QEMU CPU
355 address type. 'flags' contains the QEMU memory index (selects user or
356 kernel access) for example.
358 Note 1: Some shortcuts are defined when the last operand is known to be
359 a constant (e.g. addi for add, movi for mov).
361 Note 2: When using TCG, the opcodes must never be generated directly
362 as some of them may not be available as "real" opcodes. Always use the
363 function tcg_gen_xxx(args).
367 tcg-target.h contains the target specific definitions. tcg-target.c
368 contains the target specific code.
372 The target word size (TCG_TARGET_REG_BITS) is expected to be 32 bit or
373 64 bit. It is expected that the pointer has the same size as the word.
375 On a 32 bit target, all 64 bit operations are converted to 32 bits. A
376 few specific operations must be implemented to allow it (see add2_i32,
377 sub2_i32, brcond2_i32).
379 Floating point operations are not supported in this version. A
380 previous incarnation of the code generator had full support of them,
381 but it is better to concentrate on integer operations first.
383 On a 64 bit target, no assumption is made in TCG about the storage of
384 the 32 bit values in 64 bit registers.
388 GCC like constraints are used to define the constraints of every
389 instruction. Memory constraints are not supported in this
390 version. Aliases are specified in the input operands as for GCC.
392 The same register may be used for both an input and an output, even when
393 they are not explicitly aliased. If an op expands to multiple target
394 instructions then care must be taken to avoid clobbering input values.
395 GCC style "early clobber" outputs are not currently supported.
397 A target can define specific register or constant constraints. If an
398 operation uses a constant input constraint which does not allow all
399 constants, it must also accept registers in order to have a fallback.
401 The movi_i32 and movi_i64 operations must accept any constants.
403 The mov_i32 and mov_i64 operations must accept any registers of the
406 The ld/st instructions must accept signed 32 bit constant offsets. It
407 can be implemented by reserving a specific register to compute the
408 address if the offset is too big.
410 The ld/st instructions must accept any destination (ld) or source (st)
413 4.3) Function call assumptions
415 - The only supported types for parameters and return value are: 32 and
416 64 bit integers and pointer.
417 - The stack grows downwards.
418 - The first N parameters are passed in registers.
419 - The next parameters are passed on the stack by storing them as words.
420 - Some registers are clobbered during the call.
421 - The function can return 0 or 1 value in registers. On a 32 bit
422 target, functions must be able to return 2 values in registers for
425 5) Recommended coding rules for best performance
427 - Use globals to represent the parts of the QEMU CPU state which are
428 often modified, e.g. the integer registers and the condition
429 codes. TCG will be able to use host registers to store them.
431 - Avoid globals stored in fixed registers. They must be used only to
432 store the pointer to the CPU state and possibly to store a pointer
433 to a register window.
435 - Use temporaries. Use local temporaries only when really needed,
436 e.g. when you need to use a value after a jump. Local temporaries
437 introduce a performance hit in the current TCG implementation: their
438 content is saved to memory at end of each basic block.
440 - Free temporaries and local temporaries when they are no longer used
441 (tcg_temp_free). Since tcg_const_x() also creates a temporary, you
442 should free it after it is used. Freeing temporaries does not yield
443 a better generated code, but it reduces the memory usage of TCG and
444 the speed of the translation.
446 - Don't hesitate to use helpers for complicated or seldom used target
447 intructions. There is little performance advantage in using TCG to
448 implement target instructions taking more than about twenty TCG
451 - Use the 'discard' instruction if you know that TCG won't be able to
452 prove that a given global is "dead" at a given program point. The
453 x86 target uses it to improve the condition codes optimisation.