1 Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Institute for System Programming
2 of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
4 This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
5 See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
10 Record/replay functions are used for the reverse execution and deterministic
11 replay of qemu execution. This implementation of deterministic replay can
12 be used for deterministic debugging of guest code through a gdb remote
15 Execution recording writes a non-deterministic events log, which can be later
16 used for replaying the execution anywhere and for unlimited number of times.
17 It also supports checkpointing for faster rewinding during reverse debugging.
18 Execution replaying reads the log and replays all non-deterministic events
19 including external input, hardware clocks, and interrupts.
21 Deterministic replay has the following features:
22 * Deterministically replays whole system execution and all contents of
23 the memory, state of the hardware devices, clocks, and screen of the VM.
24 * Writes execution log into the file for later replaying for multiple times
25 on different machines.
26 * Supports i386, x86_64, and ARM hardware platforms.
27 * Performs deterministic replay of all operations with keyboard and mouse
30 Usage of the record/replay:
31 * First, record the execution, by adding the following arguments to the command line:
32 '-icount shift=7,rr=record,rrfile=replay.bin -net none'.
33 Block devices' images are not actually changed in the recording mode,
34 because all of the changes are written to the temporary overlay file.
35 * Then you can replay it by using another command
36 line option: '-icount shift=7,rr=replay,rrfile=replay.bin -net none'
37 * '-net none' option should also be specified if network replay patches
40 Papers with description of deterministic replay implementation:
41 http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/csmr/2012/4666/00/4666a553-abs.html
42 http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2786805.2803179
44 Modifications of qemu include:
45 * wrappers for clock and time functions to save their return values in the log
46 * saving different asynchronous events (e.g. system shutdown) into the log
47 * synchronization of the bottom halves execution
48 * synchronization of the threads from thread pool
49 * recording/replaying user input (mouse and keyboard)
50 * adding internal checkpoints for cpu and io synchronization
52 Non-deterministic events
53 ------------------------
55 Our record/replay system is based on saving and replaying non-deterministic
56 events (e.g. keyboard input) and simulating deterministic ones (e.g. reading
57 from HDD or memory of the VM). Saving only non-deterministic events makes
58 log file smaller, simulation faster, and allows using reverse debugging even
59 for realtime applications.
61 The following non-deterministic data from peripheral devices is saved into
62 the log: mouse and keyboard input, network packets, audio controller input,
63 USB packets, serial port input, and hardware clocks (they are non-deterministic
64 too, because their values are taken from the host machine). Inputs from
65 simulated hardware, memory of VM, software interrupts, and execution of
66 instructions are not saved into the log, because they are deterministic and
67 can be replayed by simulating the behavior of virtual machine starting from
70 We had to solve three tasks to implement deterministic replay: recording
71 non-deterministic events, replaying non-deterministic events, and checking
72 that there is no divergence between record and replay modes.
74 We changed several parts of QEMU to make event log recording and replaying.
75 Devices' models that have non-deterministic input from external devices were
76 changed to write every external event into the execution log immediately.
77 E.g. network packets are written into the log when they arrive into the virtual
80 All non-deterministic events are coming from these devices. But to
81 replay them we need to know at which moments they occur. We specify
82 these moments by counting the number of instructions executed between
83 every pair of consecutive events.
88 QEMU should work in icount mode to use record/replay feature. icount was
89 designed to allow deterministic execution in absence of external inputs
90 of the virtual machine. We also use icount to control the occurrence of the
91 non-deterministic events. The number of instructions elapsed from the last event
92 is written to the log while recording the execution. In replay mode we
93 can predict when to inject that event using the instruction counter.
98 Timers are used to execute callbacks from different subsystems of QEMU
99 at the specified moments of time. There are several kinds of timers:
100 * Real time clock. Based on host time and used only for callbacks that
101 do not change the virtual machine state. For this reason real time
102 clock and timers does not affect deterministic replay at all.
103 * Virtual clock. These timers run only during the emulation. In icount
104 mode virtual clock value is calculated using executed instructions counter.
105 That is why it is completely deterministic and does not have to be recorded.
106 * Host clock. This clock is used by device models that simulate real time
107 sources (e.g. real time clock chip). Host clock is the one of the sources
108 of non-determinism. Host clock read operations should be logged to
109 make the execution deterministic.
110 * Virtual real time clock. This clock is similar to real time clock but
111 it is used only for increasing virtual clock while virtual machine is
112 sleeping. Due to its nature it is also non-deterministic as the host clock
113 and has to be logged too.
118 Replaying of the execution of virtual machine is bound by sources of
119 non-determinism. These are inputs from clock and peripheral devices,
120 and QEMU thread scheduling. Thread scheduling affect on processing events
121 from timers, asynchronous input-output, and bottom halves.
123 Invocations of timers are coupled with clock reads and changing the state
124 of the virtual machine. Reads produce non-deterministic data taken from
125 host clock. And VM state changes should preserve their order. Their relative
126 order in replay mode must replicate the order of callbacks in record mode.
127 To preserve this order we use checkpoints. When a specific clock is processed
128 in record mode we save to the log special "checkpoint" event.
129 Checkpoints here do not refer to virtual machine snapshots. They are just
130 record/replay events used for synchronization.
132 QEMU in replay mode will try to invoke timers processing in random moment
133 of time. That's why we do not process a group of timers until the checkpoint
134 event will be read from the log. Such an event allows synchronizing CPU
135 execution and timer events.
137 Two other checkpoints govern the "warping" of the virtual clock.
138 While the virtual machine is idle, the virtual clock increments at
139 1 ns per *real time* nanosecond. This is done by setting up a timer
140 (called the warp timer) on the virtual real time clock, so that the
141 timer fires at the next deadline of the virtual clock; the virtual clock
142 is then incremented (which is called "warping" the virtual clock) as
143 soon as the timer fires or the CPUs need to go out of the idle state.
144 Two functions are used for this purpose; because these actions change
145 virtual machine state and must be deterministic, each of them creates a
146 checkpoint. qemu_start_warp_timer checks if the CPUs are idle and if so
147 starts accounting real time to virtual clock. qemu_account_warp_timer
148 is called when the CPUs get an interrupt or when the warp timer fires,
149 and it warps the virtual clock by the amount of real time that has passed
150 since qemu_start_warp_timer.
155 Disk I/O events are completely deterministic in our model, because
156 in both record and replay modes we start virtual machine from the same
157 disk state. But callbacks that virtual disk controller uses for reading and
158 writing the disk may occur at different moments of time in record and replay
161 Reading and writing requests are created by CPU thread of QEMU. Later these
162 requests proceed to block layer which creates "bottom halves". Bottom
163 halves consist of callback and its parameters. They are processed when
164 main loop locks the global mutex. These locks are not synchronized with
165 replaying process because main loop also processes the events that do not
166 affect the virtual machine state (like user interaction with monitor).
168 That is why we had to implement saving and replaying bottom halves callbacks
169 synchronously to the CPU execution. When the callback is about to execute
170 it is added to the queue in the replay module. This queue is written to the
171 log when its callbacks are executed. In replay mode callbacks are not processed
172 until the corresponding event is read from the events log file.
174 Sometimes the block layer uses asynchronous callbacks for its internal purposes
175 (like reading or writing VM snapshots or disk image cluster tables). In this
176 case bottom halves are not marked as "replayable" and do not saved
182 Block devices record/replay module intercepts calls of
183 bdrv coroutine functions at the top of block drivers stack.
184 To record and replay block operations the drive must be configured
186 -drive file=disk.qcow,if=none,id=img-direct
187 -drive driver=blkreplay,if=none,image=img-direct,id=img-blkreplay
188 -device ide-hd,drive=img-blkreplay
190 blkreplay driver should be inserted between disk image and virtual driver
191 controller. Therefore all disk requests may be recorded and replayed.
193 All block completion operations are added to the queue in the coroutines.
194 Queue is flushed at checkpoints and information about processed requests
195 is recorded to the log. In replay phase the queue is matched with
196 events read from the log. Therefore block devices requests are processed