4 This document explains the usage of virtual NVDIMM (vNVDIMM) feature
5 which is available since QEMU v2.6.0.
7 The current QEMU only implements the persistent memory mode of vNVDIMM
8 device and not the block window mode.
13 The storage of a vNVDIMM device in QEMU is provided by the memory
14 backend (i.e. memory-backend-file and memory-backend-ram). A simple
15 way to create a vNVDIMM device at startup time is done via the
16 following command line options:
19 -m $RAM_SIZE,slots=$N,maxmem=$MAX_SIZE
20 -object memory-backend-file,id=mem1,share=on,mem-path=$PATH,size=$NVDIMM_SIZE,readonly=off
21 -device nvdimm,id=nvdimm1,memdev=mem1,unarmed=off
25 - the "nvdimm" machine option enables vNVDIMM feature.
27 - "slots=$N" should be equal to or larger than the total amount of
28 normal RAM devices and vNVDIMM devices, e.g. $N should be >= 2 here.
30 - "maxmem=$MAX_SIZE" should be equal to or larger than the total size
31 of normal RAM devices and vNVDIMM devices, e.g. $MAX_SIZE should be
32 >= $RAM_SIZE + $NVDIMM_SIZE here.
34 - "object memory-backend-file,id=mem1,share=on,mem-path=$PATH,
35 size=$NVDIMM_SIZE,readonly=off" creates a backend storage of size
36 $NVDIMM_SIZE on a file $PATH. All accesses to the virtual NVDIMM device go
39 "share=on/off" controls the visibility of guest writes. If
40 "share=on", then guest writes will be applied to the backend
41 file. If another guest uses the same backend file with option
42 "share=on", then above writes will be visible to it as well. If
43 "share=off", then guest writes won't be applied to the backend
44 file and thus will be invisible to other guests.
46 "readonly=on/off" controls whether the file $PATH is opened read-only or
49 - "device nvdimm,id=nvdimm1,memdev=mem1,unarmed=off" creates a read/write
50 virtual NVDIMM device whose storage is provided by above memory backend
53 "unarmed" controls the ACPI NFIT NVDIMM Region Mapping Structure "NVDIMM
54 State Flags" Bit 3 indicating that the device is "unarmed" and cannot accept
55 persistent writes. Linux guest drivers set the device to read-only when this
56 bit is present. Set unarmed to on when the memdev has readonly=on.
58 Multiple vNVDIMM devices can be created if multiple pairs of "-object"
59 and "-device" are provided.
61 For above command line options, if the guest OS has the proper NVDIMM
62 driver (e.g. "CONFIG_ACPI_NFIT=y" under Linux), it should be able to
63 detect a NVDIMM device which is in the persistent memory mode and whose
68 1. Prior to QEMU v2.8.0, if memory-backend-file is used and the actual
69 backend file size is not equal to the size given by "size" option,
70 QEMU will truncate the backend file by ftruncate(2), which will
71 corrupt the existing data in the backend file, especially for the
74 QEMU v2.8.0 and later check the backend file size and the "size"
75 option. If they do not match, QEMU will report errors and abort in
76 order to avoid the data corruption.
78 2. QEMU v2.6.0 only puts a basic alignment requirement on the "size"
79 option of memory-backend-file, e.g. 4KB alignment on x86. However,
80 QEMU v.2.7.0 puts an additional alignment requirement, which may
81 require a larger value than the basic one, e.g. 2MB on x86. This
82 change breaks the usage of memory-backend-file that only satisfies
85 QEMU v2.8.0 and later remove the additional alignment on non-s390x
86 architectures, so the broken memory-backend-file can work again.
91 QEMU v2.7.0 and later implement the label support for vNVDIMM devices.
92 To enable label on vNVDIMM devices, users can simply add
93 "label-size=$SZ" option to "-device nvdimm", e.g.
95 -device nvdimm,id=nvdimm1,memdev=mem1,label-size=128K
99 1. The minimal label size is 128KB.
101 2. QEMU v2.7.0 and later store labels at the end of backend storage.
102 If a memory backend file, which was previously used as the backend
103 of a vNVDIMM device without labels, is now used for a vNVDIMM
104 device with label, the data in the label area at the end of file
105 will be inaccessible to the guest. If any useful data (e.g. the
106 meta-data of the file system) was stored there, the latter usage
107 may result guest data corruption (e.g. breakage of guest file
113 QEMU v2.8.0 and later implement the hotplug support for vNVDIMM
114 devices. Similarly to the RAM hotplug, the vNVDIMM hotplug is
115 accomplished by two monitor commands "object_add" and "device_add".
117 For example, the following commands add another 4GB vNVDIMM device to
120 (qemu) object_add memory-backend-file,id=mem2,share=on,mem-path=new_nvdimm.img,size=4G
121 (qemu) device_add nvdimm,id=nvdimm2,memdev=mem2
125 1. Each hotplugged vNVDIMM device consumes one memory slot. Users
126 should always ensure the memory option "-m ...,slots=N" specifies
127 enough number of slots, i.e.
128 N >= number of RAM devices +
129 number of statically plugged vNVDIMM devices +
130 number of hotplugged vNVDIMM devices
132 2. The similar is required for the memory option "-m ...,maxmem=M", i.e.
133 M >= size of RAM devices +
134 size of statically plugged vNVDIMM devices +
135 size of hotplugged vNVDIMM devices
140 QEMU uses mmap(2) to maps vNVDIMM backends and aligns the mapping
141 address to the page size (getpagesize(2)) by default. However, some
142 types of backends may require an alignment different than the page
143 size. In that case, QEMU v2.12.0 and later provide 'align' option to
144 memory-backend-file to allow users to specify the proper alignment.
145 For device dax (e.g., /dev/dax0.0), this alignment needs to match the
146 alignment requirement of the device dax. The NUM of 'align=NUM' option
147 must be larger than or equal to the 'align' of device dax.
148 We can use one of the following commands to show the 'align' of device dax.
153 In order to get the proper 'align' of device dax, you need to install
154 the library 'libdaxctl'.
156 For example, device dax require the 2 MB alignment, so we can use
157 following QEMU command line options to use it (/dev/dax0.0) as the
160 -object memory-backend-file,id=mem1,share=on,mem-path=/dev/dax0.0,size=4G,align=2M
161 -device nvdimm,id=nvdimm1,memdev=mem1
163 Guest Data Persistence
164 ----------------------
166 Though QEMU supports multiple types of vNVDIMM backends on Linux,
167 the only backend that can guarantee the guest write persistence is:
169 A. DAX device (e.g., /dev/dax0.0, ) or
170 B. DAX file(mounted with dax option)
172 When using B (A file supporting direct mapping of persistent memory)
173 as a backend, write persistence is guaranteed if the host kernel has
174 support for the MAP_SYNC flag in the mmap system call (available
175 since Linux 4.15 and on certain distro kernels) and additionally
176 both 'pmem' and 'share' flags are set to 'on' on the backend.
178 If these conditions are not satisfied i.e. if either 'pmem' or 'share'
179 are not set, if the backend file does not support DAX or if MAP_SYNC
180 is not supported by the host kernel, write persistence is not
181 guaranteed after a system crash. For compatibility reasons, these
182 conditions are ignored if not satisfied. Currently, no way is
183 provided to test for them.
184 For more details, please reference mmap(2) man page:
185 http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mmap.2.html.
187 When using other types of backends, it's suggested to set 'unarmed'
188 option of '-device nvdimm' to 'on', which sets the unarmed flag of the
189 guest NVDIMM region mapping structure. This unarmed flag indicates
190 guest software that this vNVDIMM device contains a region that cannot
191 accept persistent writes. In result, for example, the guest Linux
192 NVDIMM driver, marks such vNVDIMM device as read-only.
194 Backend File Setup Example
195 --------------------------
197 Here are two examples showing how to setup these persistent backends on
198 linux using the tool ndctl [3].
202 Use the following command to set up /dev/dax0.0 so that the entirety of
203 namespace0.0 can be exposed as an emulated NVDIMM to the guest:
205 ndctl create-namespace -f -e namespace0.0 -m devdax
207 The /dev/dax0.0 could be used directly in "mem-path" option.
211 Individual files on a DAX host file system can be exposed as emulated
212 NVDIMMS. First an fsdax block device is created, partitioned, and then
213 mounted with the "dax" mount option:
215 ndctl create-namespace -f -e namespace0.0 -m fsdax
216 (partition /dev/pmem0 with name pmem0p1)
217 mount -o dax /dev/pmem0p1 /mnt
218 (create or copy a disk image file with qemu-img(1), cp(1), or dd(1)
221 Then the new file in /mnt could be used in "mem-path" option.
226 ACPI 6.2 Errata A added support for a new Platform Capabilities Structure
227 which allows the platform to communicate what features it supports related to
228 NVDIMM data persistence. Users can provide a persistence value to a guest via
229 the optional "nvdimm-persistence" machine command line option:
231 -machine pc,accel=kvm,nvdimm,nvdimm-persistence=cpu
233 There are currently two valid values for this option:
235 "mem-ctrl" - The platform supports flushing dirty data from the memory
236 controller to the NVDIMMs in the event of power loss.
238 "cpu" - The platform supports flushing dirty data from the CPU cache to
239 the NVDIMMs in the event of power loss. This implies that the
240 platform also supports flushing dirty data through the memory
241 controller on power loss.
243 If the vNVDIMM backend is in host persistent memory that can be accessed in
244 SNIA NVM Programming Model [1] (e.g., Intel NVDIMM), it's suggested to set
245 the 'pmem' option of memory-backend-file to 'on'. When 'pmem' is 'on' and QEMU
246 is built with libpmem [2] support (configured with --enable-libpmem), QEMU
247 will take necessary operations to guarantee the persistence of its own writes
248 to the vNVDIMM backend(e.g., in vNVDIMM label emulation and live migration).
249 If 'pmem' is 'on' while there is no libpmem support, qemu will exit and report
250 a "lack of libpmem support" message to ensure the persistence is available.
251 For example, if we want to ensure the persistence for some backend file,
252 use the QEMU command line:
254 -object memory-backend-file,id=nv_mem,mem-path=/XXX/yyy,size=4G,pmem=on
259 [1] NVM Programming Model (NPM)
261 https://www.snia.org/sites/default/files/technical_work/final/NVMProgrammingModel_v1.2.pdf
262 [2] Persistent Memory Development Kit (PMDK), formerly known as NVML project, home page:
264 [3] ndctl-create-namespace - provision or reconfigure a namespace
265 http://pmem.io/ndctl/ndctl-create-namespace.html