1 ========================
2 Decodetree Specification
3 ========================
5 A *decodetree* is built from instruction *patterns*. A pattern may
6 represent a single architectural instruction or a group of same, depending
7 on what is convenient for further processing.
9 Each pattern has both *fixedbits* and *fixedmask*, the combination of which
10 describes the condition under which the pattern is matched::
12 (insn & fixedmask) == fixedbits
14 Each pattern may have *fields*, which are extracted from the insn and
15 passed along to the translator. Examples of such are registers,
16 immediates, and sub-opcodes.
18 In support of patterns, one may declare *fields*, *argument sets*, and
19 *formats*, each of which may be re-used to simplify further definitions.
26 field_def := '%' identifier ( unnamed_field )* ( !function=identifier )?
27 unnamed_field := number ':' ( 's' ) number
29 For *unnamed_field*, the first number is the least-significant bit position
30 of the field and the second number is the length of the field. If the 's' is
31 present, the field is considered signed. If multiple ``unnamed_fields`` are
32 present, they are concatenated. In this way one can define disjoint fields.
34 If ``!function`` is specified, the concatenated result is passed through the
35 named function, taking and returning an integral value.
37 One may use ``!function`` with zero ``unnamed_fields``. This case is called
38 a *parameter*, and the named function is only passed the ``DisasContext``
39 and returns an integral value extracted from there.
41 A field with no ``unnamed_fields`` and no ``!function`` is in error.
45 +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
46 | Input | Generated code |
47 +===========================+=============================================+
48 | %disp 0:s16 | sextract(i, 0, 16) |
49 +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
50 | %imm9 16:6 10:3 | extract(i, 16, 6) << 3 | extract(i, 10, 3) |
51 +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
52 | %disp12 0:s1 1:1 2:10 | sextract(i, 0, 1) << 11 | |
53 | | extract(i, 1, 1) << 10 | |
54 | | extract(i, 2, 10) |
55 +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
56 | %shimm8 5:s8 13:1 | expand_shimm8(sextract(i, 5, 8) << 1 | |
57 | !function=expand_shimm8 | extract(i, 13, 1)) |
58 +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
65 args_def := '&' identifier ( args_elt )+ ( !extern )?
66 args_elt := identifier (':' identifier)?
68 Each *args_elt* defines an argument within the argument set.
69 If the form of the *args_elt* contains a colon, the first
70 identifier is the argument name and the second identifier is
71 the argument type. If the colon is missing, the argument
74 Each argument set will be rendered as a C structure "arg_$name"
75 with each of the fields being one of the member arguments.
77 If ``!extern`` is specified, the backing structure is assumed
78 to have been already declared, typically via a second decoder.
80 Argument sets are useful when one wants to define helper functions
81 for the translator functions that can perform operations on a common
82 set of arguments. This can ensure, for instance, that the ``AND``
83 pattern and the ``OR`` pattern put their operands into the same named
84 structure, so that a common ``gen_logic_insn`` may be able to handle
85 the operations common between the two.
87 Argument set examples::
90 &loadstore reg base offset
91 &longldst reg base offset:int64_t
99 fmt_def := '@' identifier ( fmt_elt )+
100 fmt_elt := fixedbit_elt | field_elt | field_ref | args_ref
101 fixedbit_elt := [01.-]+
102 field_elt := identifier ':' 's'? number
103 field_ref := '%' identifier | identifier '=' '%' identifier
104 args_ref := '&' identifier
106 Defining a format is a handy way to avoid replicating groups of fields
107 across many instruction patterns.
109 A *fixedbit_elt* describes a contiguous sequence of bits that must
110 be 1, 0, or don't care. The difference between '.' and '-'
111 is that '.' means that the bit will be covered with a field or a
112 final 0 or 1 from the pattern, and '-' means that the bit is really
113 ignored by the cpu and will not be specified.
115 A *field_elt* describes a simple field only given a width; the position of
116 the field is implied by its position with respect to other *fixedbit_elt*
119 If any *fixedbit_elt* or *field_elt* appear, then all bits must be defined.
120 Padding with a *fixedbit_elt* of all '.' is an easy way to accomplish that.
122 A *field_ref* incorporates a field by reference. This is the only way to
123 add a complex field to a format. A field may be renamed in the process
124 via assignment to another identifier. This is intended to allow the
125 same argument set be used with disjoint named fields.
127 A single *args_ref* may specify an argument set to use for the format.
128 The set of fields in the format must be a subset of the arguments in
129 the argument set. If an argument set is not specified, one will be
130 inferred from the set of fields.
132 It is recommended, but not required, that all *field_ref* and *args_ref*
133 appear at the end of the line, not interleaving with *fixedbit_elf* or
138 @opr ...... ra:5 rb:5 ... 0 ....... rc:5
139 @opi ...... ra:5 lit:8 1 ....... rc:5
146 pat_def := identifier ( pat_elt )+
147 pat_elt := fixedbit_elt | field_elt | field_ref | args_ref | fmt_ref | const_elt
148 fmt_ref := '@' identifier
149 const_elt := identifier '=' number
151 The *fixedbit_elt* and *field_elt* specifiers are unchanged from formats.
152 A pattern that does not specify a named format will have one inferred
153 from a referenced argument set (if present) and the set of fields.
155 A *const_elt* allows a argument to be set to a constant value. This may
156 come in handy when fields overlap between patterns and one has to
157 include the values in the *fixedbit_elt* instead.
159 The decoder will call a translator function for each pattern matched.
163 addl_r 010000 ..... ..... .... 0000000 ..... @opr
164 addl_i 010000 ..... ..... .... 0000000 ..... @opi
166 which will, in part, invoke::
168 trans_addl_r(ctx, &arg_opr, insn)
172 trans_addl_i(ctx, &arg_opi, insn)
179 group := overlap_group | no_overlap_group
180 overlap_group := '{' ( pat_def | group )+ '}'
181 no_overlap_group := '[' ( pat_def | group )+ ']'
183 A *group* begins with a lone open-brace or open-bracket, with all
184 subsequent lines indented two spaces, and ending with a lone
185 close-brace or close-bracket. Groups may be nested, increasing the
186 required indentation of the lines within the nested group to two
187 spaces per nesting level.
189 Patterns within overlap groups are allowed to overlap. Conflicts are
190 resolved by selecting the patterns in order. If all of the fixedbits
191 for a pattern match, its translate function will be called. If the
192 translate function returns false, then subsequent patterns within the
193 group will be matched.
195 Patterns within no-overlap groups are not allowed to overlap, just
196 the same as ungrouped patterns. Thus no-overlap groups are intended
197 to be nested inside overlap groups.
199 The following example from PA-RISC shows specialization of the *or*
204 nop 000010 ----- ----- 0000 001001 0 00000
205 copy 000010 00000 r1:5 0000 001001 0 rt:5
207 or 000010 rt2:5 r1:5 cf:4 001001 0 rt:5
210 When the *cf* field is zero, the instruction has no side effects,
211 and may be specialized. When the *rt* field is zero, the output
212 is discarded and so the instruction has no effect. When the *rt2*
213 field is zero, the operation is ``reg[r1] | 0`` and so encodes
214 the canonical register copy operation.
216 The output from the generator might look like::
218 switch (insn & 0xfc000fe0) {
220 /* 000010.. ........ ....0010 010..... */
221 if ((insn & 0x0000f000) == 0x00000000) {
222 /* 000010.. ........ 00000010 010..... */
223 if ((insn & 0x0000001f) == 0x00000000) {
224 /* 000010.. ........ 00000010 01000000 */
225 extract_decode_Fmt_0(&u.f_decode0, insn);
226 if (trans_nop(ctx, &u.f_decode0)) return true;
228 if ((insn & 0x03e00000) == 0x00000000) {
229 /* 00001000 000..... 00000010 010..... */
230 extract_decode_Fmt_1(&u.f_decode1, insn);
231 if (trans_copy(ctx, &u.f_decode1)) return true;
234 extract_decode_Fmt_2(&u.f_decode2, insn);
235 if (trans_or(ctx, &u.f_decode2)) return true;