3 A qcow2 image file is organized in units of constant size, which are called
4 (host) clusters. A cluster is the unit in which all allocations are done,
5 both for actual guest data and for image metadata.
7 Likewise, the virtual disk as seen by the guest is divided into (guest)
8 clusters of the same size.
10 All numbers in qcow2 are stored in Big Endian byte order.
15 The first cluster of a qcow2 image contains the file header:
18 QCOW magic string ("QFI\xfb")
21 Version number (valid values are 2 and 3)
23 8 - 15: backing_file_offset
24 Offset into the image file at which the backing file name
25 is stored (NB: The string is not null terminated). 0 if the
26 image doesn't have a backing file.
28 16 - 19: backing_file_size
29 Length of the backing file name in bytes. Must not be
30 longer than 1023 bytes. Undefined if the image doesn't have
34 Number of bits that are used for addressing an offset
35 within a cluster (1 << cluster_bits is the cluster size).
36 Must not be less than 9 (i.e. 512 byte clusters).
38 Note: qemu as of today has an implementation limit of 2 MB
39 as the maximum cluster size and won't be able to open images
40 with larger cluster sizes.
43 Virtual disk size in bytes
50 Number of entries in the active L1 table
52 40 - 47: l1_table_offset
53 Offset into the image file at which the active L1 table
54 starts. Must be aligned to a cluster boundary.
56 48 - 55: refcount_table_offset
57 Offset into the image file at which the refcount table
58 starts. Must be aligned to a cluster boundary.
60 56 - 59: refcount_table_clusters
61 Number of clusters that the refcount table occupies
64 Number of snapshots contained in the image
66 64 - 71: snapshots_offset
67 Offset into the image file at which the snapshot table
68 starts. Must be aligned to a cluster boundary.
70 If the version is 3 or higher, the header has the following additional fields.
71 For version 2, the values are assumed to be zero, unless specified otherwise
72 in the description of a field.
74 72 - 79: incompatible_features
75 Bitmask of incompatible features. An implementation must
76 fail to open an image if an unknown bit is set.
78 Bit 0: Dirty bit. If this bit is set then refcounts
79 may be inconsistent, make sure to scan L1/L2
80 tables to repair refcounts before accessing the
83 Bit 1: Corrupt bit. If this bit is set then any data
84 structure may be corrupt and the image must not
85 be written to (unless for regaining
88 Bits 2-63: Reserved (set to 0)
90 80 - 87: compatible_features
91 Bitmask of compatible features. An implementation can
92 safely ignore any unknown bits that are set.
94 Bit 0: Lazy refcounts bit. If this bit is set then
95 lazy refcount updates can be used. This means
96 marking the image file dirty and postponing
97 refcount metadata updates.
99 Bits 1-63: Reserved (set to 0)
101 88 - 95: autoclear_features
102 Bitmask of auto-clear features. An implementation may only
103 write to an image with unknown auto-clear features if it
104 clears the respective bits from this field first.
106 Bit 0: Bitmaps extension bit
107 This bit indicates consistency for the bitmaps
110 It is an error if this bit is set without the
111 bitmaps extension present.
113 If the bitmaps extension is present but this
114 bit is unset, the bitmaps extension data must be
115 considered inconsistent.
117 Bits 1-63: Reserved (set to 0)
119 96 - 99: refcount_order
120 Describes the width of a reference count block entry (width
121 in bits: refcount_bits = 1 << refcount_order). For version 2
122 images, the order is always assumed to be 4
123 (i.e. refcount_bits = 16).
124 This value may not exceed 6 (i.e. refcount_bits = 64).
126 100 - 103: header_length
127 Length of the header structure in bytes. For version 2
128 images, the length is always assumed to be 72 bytes.
130 Directly after the image header, optional sections called header extensions can
131 be stored. Each extension has a structure like the following:
133 Byte 0 - 3: Header extension type:
134 0x00000000 - End of the header extension area
135 0xE2792ACA - Backing file format name
136 0x6803f857 - Feature name table
137 0x23852875 - Bitmaps extension
138 other - Unknown header extension, can be safely
141 4 - 7: Length of the header extension data
143 8 - n: Header extension data
145 n - m: Padding to round up the header extension size to the next
148 Unless stated otherwise, each header extension type shall appear at most once
151 If the image has a backing file then the backing file name should be stored in
152 the remaining space between the end of the header extension area and the end of
153 the first cluster. It is not allowed to store other data here, so that an
154 implementation can safely modify the header and add extensions without harming
155 data of compatible features that it doesn't support. Compatible features that
156 need space for additional data can use a header extension.
159 == Feature name table ==
161 The feature name table is an optional header extension that contains the name
162 for features used by the image. It can be used by applications that don't know
163 the respective feature (e.g. because the feature was introduced only later) to
164 display a useful error message.
166 The number of entries in the feature name table is determined by the length of
167 the header extension data. Each entry look like this:
169 Byte 0: Type of feature (select feature bitmap)
170 0: Incompatible feature
171 1: Compatible feature
174 1: Bit number within the selected feature bitmap (valid
177 2 - 47: Feature name (padded with zeros, but not necessarily null
178 terminated if it has full length)
181 == Bitmaps extension ==
183 The bitmaps extension is an optional header extension. It provides the ability
184 to store bitmaps related to a virtual disk. For now, there is only one bitmap
185 type: the dirty tracking bitmap, which tracks virtual disk changes from some
188 The data of the extension should be considered consistent only if the
189 corresponding auto-clear feature bit is set, see autoclear_features above.
191 The fields of the bitmaps extension are:
193 Byte 0 - 3: nb_bitmaps
194 The number of bitmaps contained in the image. Must be
195 greater than or equal to 1.
197 Note: Qemu currently only supports up to 65535 bitmaps per
200 4 - 7: Reserved, must be zero.
202 8 - 15: bitmap_directory_size
203 Size of the bitmap directory in bytes. It is the cumulative
204 size of all (nb_bitmaps) bitmap headers.
206 16 - 23: bitmap_directory_offset
207 Offset into the image file at which the bitmap directory
208 starts. Must be aligned to a cluster boundary.
211 == Host cluster management ==
213 qcow2 manages the allocation of host clusters by maintaining a reference count
214 for each host cluster. A refcount of 0 means that the cluster is free, 1 means
215 that it is used, and >= 2 means that it is used and any write access must
216 perform a COW (copy on write) operation.
218 The refcounts are managed in a two-level table. The first level is called
219 refcount table and has a variable size (which is stored in the header). The
220 refcount table can cover multiple clusters, however it needs to be contiguous
223 It contains pointers to the second level structures which are called refcount
224 blocks and are exactly one cluster in size.
226 Given a offset into the image file, the refcount of its cluster can be obtained
229 refcount_block_entries = (cluster_size * 8 / refcount_bits)
231 refcount_block_index = (offset / cluster_size) % refcount_block_entries
232 refcount_table_index = (offset / cluster_size) / refcount_block_entries
234 refcount_block = load_cluster(refcount_table[refcount_table_index]);
235 return refcount_block[refcount_block_index];
237 Refcount table entry:
239 Bit 0 - 8: Reserved (set to 0)
241 9 - 63: Bits 9-63 of the offset into the image file at which the
242 refcount block starts. Must be aligned to a cluster
245 If this is 0, the corresponding refcount block has not yet
246 been allocated. All refcounts managed by this refcount block
249 Refcount block entry (x = refcount_bits - 1):
251 Bit 0 - x: Reference count of the cluster. If refcount_bits implies a
252 sub-byte width, note that bit 0 means the least significant
256 == Cluster mapping ==
258 Just as for refcounts, qcow2 uses a two-level structure for the mapping of
259 guest clusters to host clusters. They are called L1 and L2 table.
261 The L1 table has a variable size (stored in the header) and may use multiple
262 clusters, however it must be contiguous in the image file. L2 tables are
263 exactly one cluster in size.
265 Given a offset into the virtual disk, the offset into the image file can be
268 l2_entries = (cluster_size / sizeof(uint64_t))
270 l2_index = (offset / cluster_size) % l2_entries
271 l1_index = (offset / cluster_size) / l2_entries
273 l2_table = load_cluster(l1_table[l1_index]);
274 cluster_offset = l2_table[l2_index];
276 return cluster_offset + (offset % cluster_size)
280 Bit 0 - 8: Reserved (set to 0)
282 9 - 55: Bits 9-55 of the offset into the image file at which the L2
283 table starts. Must be aligned to a cluster boundary. If the
284 offset is 0, the L2 table and all clusters described by this
285 L2 table are unallocated.
287 56 - 62: Reserved (set to 0)
289 63: 0 for an L2 table that is unused or requires COW, 1 if its
290 refcount is exactly one. This information is only accurate
291 in the active L1 table.
295 Bit 0 - 61: Cluster descriptor
297 62: 0 for standard clusters
298 1 for compressed clusters
300 63: 0 for a cluster that is unused or requires COW, 1 if its
301 refcount is exactly one. This information is only accurate
302 in L2 tables that are reachable from the active L1
305 Standard Cluster Descriptor:
307 Bit 0: If set to 1, the cluster reads as all zeros. The host
308 cluster offset can be used to describe a preallocation,
309 but it won't be used for reading data from this cluster,
310 nor is data read from the backing file if the cluster is
313 With version 2, this is always 0.
315 1 - 8: Reserved (set to 0)
317 9 - 55: Bits 9-55 of host cluster offset. Must be aligned to a
318 cluster boundary. If the offset is 0, the cluster is
321 56 - 61: Reserved (set to 0)
324 Compressed Clusters Descriptor (x = 62 - (cluster_bits - 8)):
326 Bit 0 - x: Host cluster offset. This is usually _not_ aligned to a
329 x+1 - 61: Compressed size of the images in sectors of 512 bytes
331 If a cluster is unallocated, read requests shall read the data from the backing
332 file (except if bit 0 in the Standard Cluster Descriptor is set). If there is
333 no backing file or the backing file is smaller than the image, they shall read
334 zeros for all parts that are not covered by the backing file.
339 qcow2 supports internal snapshots. Their basic principle of operation is to
340 switch the active L1 table, so that a different set of host clusters are
341 exposed to the guest.
343 When creating a snapshot, the L1 table should be copied and the refcount of all
344 L2 tables and clusters reachable from this L1 table must be increased, so that
345 a write causes a COW and isn't visible in other snapshots.
347 When loading a snapshot, bit 63 of all entries in the new active L1 table and
348 all L2 tables referenced by it must be reconstructed from the refcount table
349 as it doesn't need to be accurate in inactive L1 tables.
351 A directory of all snapshots is stored in the snapshot table, a contiguous area
352 in the image file, whose starting offset and length are given by the header
353 fields snapshots_offset and nb_snapshots. The entries of the snapshot table
354 have variable length, depending on the length of ID, name and extra data.
356 Snapshot table entry:
358 Byte 0 - 7: Offset into the image file at which the L1 table for the
359 snapshot starts. Must be aligned to a cluster boundary.
361 8 - 11: Number of entries in the L1 table of the snapshots
363 12 - 13: Length of the unique ID string describing the snapshot
365 14 - 15: Length of the name of the snapshot
367 16 - 19: Time at which the snapshot was taken in seconds since the
370 20 - 23: Subsecond part of the time at which the snapshot was taken
373 24 - 31: Time that the guest was running until the snapshot was
376 32 - 35: Size of the VM state in bytes. 0 if no VM state is saved.
377 If there is VM state, it starts at the first cluster
378 described by first L1 table entry that doesn't describe a
379 regular guest cluster (i.e. VM state is stored like guest
380 disk content, except that it is stored at offsets that are
381 larger than the virtual disk presented to the guest)
383 36 - 39: Size of extra data in the table entry (used for future
384 extensions of the format)
386 variable: Extra data for future extensions. Unknown fields must be
387 ignored. Currently defined are (offset relative to snapshot
390 Byte 40 - 47: Size of the VM state in bytes. 0 if no VM
391 state is saved. If this field is present,
392 the 32-bit value in bytes 32-35 is ignored.
394 Byte 48 - 55: Virtual disk size of the snapshot in bytes
396 Version 3 images must include extra data at least up to
399 variable: Unique ID string for the snapshot (not null terminated)
401 variable: Name of the snapshot (not null terminated)
403 variable: Padding to round up the snapshot table entry size to the
409 As mentioned above, the bitmaps extension provides the ability to store bitmaps
410 related to a virtual disk. This section describes how these bitmaps are stored.
412 All stored bitmaps are related to the virtual disk stored in the same image, so
413 each bitmap size is equal to the virtual disk size.
415 Each bit of the bitmap is responsible for strictly defined range of the virtual
416 disk. For bit number bit_nr the corresponding range (in bytes) will be:
418 [bit_nr * bitmap_granularity .. (bit_nr + 1) * bitmap_granularity - 1]
420 Granularity is a property of the concrete bitmap, see below.
423 === Bitmap directory ===
425 Each bitmap saved in the image is described in a bitmap directory entry. The
426 bitmap directory is a contiguous area in the image file, whose starting offset
427 and length are given by the header extension fields bitmap_directory_offset and
428 bitmap_directory_size. The entries of the bitmap directory have variable
429 length, depending on the lengths of the bitmap name and extra data. These
430 entries are also called bitmap headers.
432 Structure of a bitmap directory entry:
434 Byte 0 - 7: bitmap_table_offset
435 Offset into the image file at which the bitmap table
436 (described below) for the bitmap starts. Must be aligned to
439 8 - 11: bitmap_table_size
440 Number of entries in the bitmap table of the bitmap.
445 The bitmap was not saved correctly and may be
449 The bitmap must reflect all changes of the virtual
450 disk by any application that would write to this qcow2
451 file (including writes, snapshot switching, etc.). The
452 type of this bitmap must be 'dirty tracking bitmap'.
454 2: extra_data_compatible
455 This flags is meaningful when the extra data is
456 unknown to the software (currently any extra data is
458 If it is set, the bitmap may be used as expected, extra
459 data must be left as is.
460 If it is not set, the bitmap must not be used, but
461 both it and its extra data be left as is.
463 Bits 3 - 31 are reserved and must be 0.
466 This field describes the sort of the bitmap.
468 1: Dirty tracking bitmap
470 Values 0, 2 - 255 are reserved.
473 Granularity bits. Valid values: 0 - 63.
475 Note: Qemu currently doesn't support granularity_bits
478 Granularity is calculated as
479 granularity = 1 << granularity_bits
481 A bitmap's granularity is how many bytes of the image
482 accounts for one bit of the bitmap.
485 Size of the bitmap name. Must be non-zero.
487 Note: Qemu currently doesn't support values greater than
490 20 - 23: extra_data_size
491 Size of type-specific extra data.
493 For now, as no extra data is defined, extra_data_size is
494 reserved and should be zero. If it is non-zero the
495 behavior is defined by extra_data_compatible flag.
498 Extra data for the bitmap, occupying extra_data_size bytes.
499 Extra data must never contain references to clusters or in
500 some other way allocate additional clusters.
503 The name of the bitmap (not null terminated), occupying
504 name_size bytes. Must be unique among all bitmap names
505 within the bitmaps extension.
507 variable: Padding to round up the bitmap directory entry size to the
508 next multiple of 8. All bytes of the padding must be zero.
513 Each bitmap is stored using a one-level structure (as opposed to two-level
514 structures like for refcounts and guest clusters mapping) for the mapping of
515 bitmap data to host clusters. This structure is called the bitmap table.
517 Each bitmap table has a variable size (stored in the bitmap directory entry)
518 and may use multiple clusters, however, it must be contiguous in the image
521 Structure of a bitmap table entry:
523 Bit 0: Reserved and must be zero if bits 9 - 55 are non-zero.
524 If bits 9 - 55 are zero:
525 0: Cluster should be read as all zeros.
526 1: Cluster should be read as all ones.
528 1 - 8: Reserved and must be zero.
530 9 - 55: Bits 9 - 55 of the host cluster offset. Must be aligned to
531 a cluster boundary. If the offset is 0, the cluster is
532 unallocated; in that case, bit 0 determines how this
533 cluster should be treated during reads.
535 56 - 63: Reserved and must be zero.
540 As noted above, bitmap data is stored in separate clusters, described by the
541 bitmap table. Given an offset (in bytes) into the bitmap data, the offset into
542 the image file can be obtained as follows:
544 image_offset(bitmap_data_offset) =
545 bitmap_table[bitmap_data_offset / cluster_size] +
546 (bitmap_data_offset % cluster_size)
548 This offset is not defined if bits 9 - 55 of bitmap table entry are zero (see
551 Given an offset byte_nr into the virtual disk and the bitmap's granularity, the
552 bit offset into the image file to the corresponding bit of the bitmap can be
553 calculated like this:
555 bit_offset(byte_nr) =
556 image_offset(byte_nr / granularity / 8) * 8 +
557 (byte_nr / granularity) % 8
559 If the size of the bitmap data is not a multiple of the cluster size then the
560 last cluster of the bitmap data contains some unused tail bits. These bits must
564 === Dirty tracking bitmaps ===
566 Bitmaps with 'type' field equal to one are dirty tracking bitmaps.
568 When the virtual disk is in use dirty tracking bitmap may be 'enabled' or
569 'disabled'. While the bitmap is 'enabled', all writes to the virtual disk
570 should be reflected in the bitmap. A set bit in the bitmap means that the
571 corresponding range of the virtual disk (see above) was written to while the
572 bitmap was 'enabled'. An unset bit means that this range was not written to.
574 The software doesn't have to sync the bitmap in the image file with its
575 representation in RAM after each write. Flag 'in_use' should be set while the
576 bitmap is not synced.
578 In the image file the 'enabled' state is reflected by the 'auto' flag. If this
579 flag is set, the software must consider the bitmap as 'enabled' and start
580 tracking virtual disk changes to this bitmap from the first write to the
581 virtual disk. If this flag is not set then the bitmap is disabled.