1 .. _client authorization:
6 When configuring a QEMU network backend with either TLS certificates or SASL
7 authentication, access will be granted if the client successfully proves
8 their identity. If the authorization identity database is scoped to the QEMU
9 client this may be sufficient. It is common, however, for the identity database
10 to be much broader and thus authentication alone does not enable sufficient
11 access control. In this case QEMU provides a flexible system for enforcing
12 finer grained authorization on clients post-authentication.
17 At the time of writing there are two authentication frameworks used by QEMU
18 that emit an identity upon completion.
20 * TLS x509 certificate distinguished name.
22 When configuring the QEMU backend as a network server with TLS, there
23 are a choice of credentials to use. The most common scenario is to utilize
24 x509 certificates. The simplest configuration only involves issuing
25 certificates to the servers, allowing the client to avoid a MITM attack
26 against their intended server.
28 It is possible, however, to enable mutual verification by requiring that
29 the client provide a certificate to the server to prove its own identity.
30 This is done by setting the property ``verify-peer=yes`` on the
31 ``tls-creds-x509`` object, which is in fact the default.
33 When peer verification is enabled, client will need to be issued with a
34 certificate by the same certificate authority as the server. If this is
35 still not sufficiently strong access control the Distinguished Name of
36 the certificate can be used as an identity in the QEMU authorization
41 When configuring the QEMU backend as a network server with SASL, upon
42 completion of the SASL authentication mechanism, a username will be
43 provided. The format of this username will vary depending on the choice
44 of mechanism configured for SASL. It might be a simple UNIX style user
45 ``joebloggs``, while if using Kerberos/GSSAPI it can have a realm
46 attached ``joebloggs@QEMU.ORG``. Whatever format the username is presented
47 in, it can be used with the QEMU authorization framework.
52 The QEMU authorization framework is a general purpose design with choice of
53 user customizable drivers. These are provided as objects that can be
54 created at startup using the ``-object`` argument, or at runtime using the
55 ``object_add`` monitor command.
60 This authorization driver provides a simple mechanism for granting access
61 based on an exact match against a single identity. This is useful when it is
62 known that only a single client is to be allowed access.
64 A possible use case would be when configuring QEMU for an incoming live
65 migration. It is known exactly which source QEMU the migration is expected
66 to arrive from. The x509 certificate associated with this source QEMU would
67 thus be used as the identity to match against. Alternatively if the virtual
68 machine is dedicated to a specific tenant, then the VNC server would be
69 configured with SASL and the username of only that tenant listed.
71 To create an instance of this driver via QMP:
76 "execute": "object-add",
78 "qom-type": "authz-simple",
85 Or via the command line
89 -object authz-simple,id=authz0,identity=fred
95 In some network backends it will be desirable to grant access to a range of
96 clients. This authorization driver provides a list mechanism for granting
97 access by matching identities against a list of permitted one. Each match
98 rule has an associated policy and a catch all policy applies if no rule
99 matches. The match can either be done as an exact string comparison, or can
100 use the shell-like glob syntax, which allows for use of wildcards.
102 To create an instance of this class via QMP:
107 "execute": "object-add",
109 "qom-type": "authz-list",
112 { "match": "fred", "policy": "allow", "format": "exact" },
113 { "match": "bob", "policy": "allow", "format": "exact" },
114 { "match": "danb", "policy": "deny", "format": "exact" },
115 { "match": "dan*", "policy": "allow", "format": "glob" }
122 Due to the way this driver requires setting nested properties, creating
123 it on the command line will require use of the JSON syntax for ``-object``.
124 In most cases, however, the next driver will be more suitable.
129 This is a variant on the previous driver that allows for a more dynamic
130 access control policy by storing the match rules in a standalone file
131 that can be reloaded automatically upon change.
133 To create an instance of this class via QMP:
138 "execute": "object-add",
140 "qom-type": "authz-list-file",
142 "filename": "/etc/qemu/myvm-vnc.acl",
148 If ``refresh`` is ``yes``, inotify is used to monitor for changes
149 to the file and auto-reload the rules.
151 The ``myvm-vnc.acl`` file should contain the match rules in a format that
152 closely matches the previous driver:
158 { "match": "fred", "policy": "allow", "format": "exact" },
159 { "match": "bob", "policy": "allow", "format": "exact" },
160 { "match": "danb", "policy": "deny", "format": "exact" },
161 { "match": "dan*", "policy": "allow", "format": "glob" }
167 The object can be created on the command line using
171 -object authz-list-file,id=authz0,\
172 filename=/etc/qemu/myvm-vnc.acl,refresh=on
178 In some scenarios it might be desirable to integrate with authorization
179 mechanisms that are implemented outside of QEMU. In order to allow maximum
180 flexibility, QEMU provides a driver that uses the ``PAM`` framework.
182 To create an instance of this class via QMP:
187 "execute": "object-add",
189 "qom-type": "authz-pam",
192 "service": "qemu-vnc-tls"
198 The driver only uses the PAM "account" verification
199 subsystem. The above config would require a config
200 file /etc/pam.d/qemu-vnc-tls. For a simple file
201 lookup it would contain
205 account requisite pam_listfile.so item=user sense=allow \
206 file=/etc/qemu/vnc.allow
209 The external file would then contain a list of usernames.
210 If x509 cert was being used as the username, a suitable
211 entry would match the distinguished name:
215 CN=laptop.berrange.com,O=Berrange Home,L=London,ST=London,C=GB
218 On the command line it can be created using
222 -object authz-pam,id=authz0,service=qemu-vnc-tls
225 There are a variety of PAM plugins that can be used which are not illustrated
226 here, and it is possible to implement brand new plugins using the PAM API.
232 The authorization driver is created using the ``-object`` argument and then
233 needs to be associated with a network service. The authorization driver object
234 will be given a unique ID that needs to be referenced.
236 The property to set in the network service will vary depending on the type of
237 identity to verify. By convention, any network server backend that uses TLS
238 will provide ``tls-authz`` property, while any server using SASL will provide
239 a ``sasl-authz`` property.
241 Thus an example using SASL and authorization for the VNC server would look
246 $QEMU --object authz-simple,id=authz0,identity=fred \
247 --vnc 0.0.0.0:1,sasl,sasl-authz=authz0
249 While to validate both the x509 certificate and SASL username:
253 echo "CN=laptop.qemu.org,O=QEMU Project,L=London,ST=London,C=GB" >> tls.acl
254 $QEMU --object authz-simple,id=authz0,identity=fred \
255 --object authz-list-file,id=authz1,filename=tls.acl \
256 --object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/qemu/tls,verify-peer=yes \
257 --vnc 0.0.0.0:1,sasl,sasl-authz=auth0,tls-creds=tls0,tls-authz=authz1