hw/isa/Kconfig: Add missing dependency VIA VT82C686 -> APM
[qemu/ar7.git] / hw / ppc / e500.c
blob79467ac5123755e55be3003002de9ad42f34b336
1 /*
2 * QEMU PowerPC e500-based platforms
4 * Copyright (C) 2009 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
6 * Author: Yu Liu, <yu.liu@freescale.com>
8 * This file is derived from hw/ppc440_bamboo.c,
9 * the copyright for that material belongs to the original owners.
11 * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
12 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
13 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
14 * (at your option) any later version.
17 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
18 #include "qemu-common.h"
19 #include "qemu/datadir.h"
20 #include "qemu/units.h"
21 #include "qapi/error.h"
22 #include "e500.h"
23 #include "e500-ccsr.h"
24 #include "net/net.h"
25 #include "qemu/config-file.h"
26 #include "hw/char/serial.h"
27 #include "hw/pci/pci.h"
28 #include "hw/boards.h"
29 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
30 #include "sysemu/kvm.h"
31 #include "sysemu/reset.h"
32 #include "sysemu/runstate.h"
33 #include "kvm_ppc.h"
34 #include "sysemu/device_tree.h"
35 #include "hw/ppc/openpic.h"
36 #include "hw/ppc/openpic_kvm.h"
37 #include "hw/ppc/ppc.h"
38 #include "hw/qdev-properties.h"
39 #include "hw/loader.h"
40 #include "elf.h"
41 #include "hw/sysbus.h"
42 #include "exec/address-spaces.h"
43 #include "qemu/host-utils.h"
44 #include "qemu/option.h"
45 #include "hw/pci-host/ppce500.h"
46 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
47 #include "hw/platform-bus.h"
48 #include "hw/net/fsl_etsec/etsec.h"
49 #include "hw/i2c/i2c.h"
50 #include "hw/irq.h"
52 #define EPAPR_MAGIC (0x45504150)
53 #define BINARY_DEVICE_TREE_FILE "mpc8544ds.dtb"
54 #define DTC_LOAD_PAD 0x1800000
55 #define DTC_PAD_MASK 0xFFFFF
56 #define DTB_MAX_SIZE (8 * MiB)
57 #define INITRD_LOAD_PAD 0x2000000
58 #define INITRD_PAD_MASK 0xFFFFFF
60 #define RAM_SIZES_ALIGN (64 * MiB)
62 /* TODO: parameterize */
63 #define MPC8544_CCSRBAR_SIZE 0x00100000ULL
64 #define MPC8544_MPIC_REGS_OFFSET 0x40000ULL
65 #define MPC8544_MSI_REGS_OFFSET 0x41600ULL
66 #define MPC8544_SERIAL0_REGS_OFFSET 0x4500ULL
67 #define MPC8544_SERIAL1_REGS_OFFSET 0x4600ULL
68 #define MPC8544_PCI_REGS_OFFSET 0x8000ULL
69 #define MPC8544_PCI_REGS_SIZE 0x1000ULL
70 #define MPC8544_UTIL_OFFSET 0xe0000ULL
71 #define MPC8XXX_GPIO_OFFSET 0x000FF000ULL
72 #define MPC8544_I2C_REGS_OFFSET 0x3000ULL
73 #define MPC8XXX_GPIO_IRQ 47
74 #define MPC8544_I2C_IRQ 43
75 #define RTC_REGS_OFFSET 0x68
77 #define PLATFORM_CLK_FREQ_HZ (400 * 1000 * 1000)
79 struct boot_info
81 uint32_t dt_base;
82 uint32_t dt_size;
83 uint32_t entry;
86 static uint32_t *pci_map_create(void *fdt, uint32_t mpic, int first_slot,
87 int nr_slots, int *len)
89 int i = 0;
90 int slot;
91 int pci_irq;
92 int host_irq;
93 int last_slot = first_slot + nr_slots;
94 uint32_t *pci_map;
96 *len = nr_slots * 4 * 7 * sizeof(uint32_t);
97 pci_map = g_malloc(*len);
99 for (slot = first_slot; slot < last_slot; slot++) {
100 for (pci_irq = 0; pci_irq < 4; pci_irq++) {
101 pci_map[i++] = cpu_to_be32(slot << 11);
102 pci_map[i++] = cpu_to_be32(0x0);
103 pci_map[i++] = cpu_to_be32(0x0);
104 pci_map[i++] = cpu_to_be32(pci_irq + 1);
105 pci_map[i++] = cpu_to_be32(mpic);
106 host_irq = ppce500_pci_map_irq_slot(slot, pci_irq);
107 pci_map[i++] = cpu_to_be32(host_irq + 1);
108 pci_map[i++] = cpu_to_be32(0x1);
112 assert((i * sizeof(uint32_t)) == *len);
114 return pci_map;
117 static void dt_serial_create(void *fdt, unsigned long long offset,
118 const char *soc, const char *mpic,
119 const char *alias, int idx, bool defcon)
121 char *ser;
123 ser = g_strdup_printf("%s/serial@%llx", soc, offset);
124 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, ser);
125 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, ser, "device_type", "serial");
126 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, ser, "compatible", "ns16550");
127 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, ser, "reg", offset, 0x100);
128 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, ser, "cell-index", idx);
129 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, ser, "clock-frequency", PLATFORM_CLK_FREQ_HZ);
130 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, ser, "interrupts", 42, 2);
131 qemu_fdt_setprop_phandle(fdt, ser, "interrupt-parent", mpic);
132 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/aliases", alias, ser);
134 if (defcon) {
136 * "linux,stdout-path" and "stdout" properties are deprecated by linux
137 * kernel. New platforms should only use the "stdout-path" property. Set
138 * the new property and continue using older property to remain
139 * compatible with the existing firmware.
141 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/chosen", "linux,stdout-path", ser);
142 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/chosen", "stdout-path", ser);
144 g_free(ser);
147 static void create_dt_mpc8xxx_gpio(void *fdt, const char *soc, const char *mpic)
149 hwaddr mmio0 = MPC8XXX_GPIO_OFFSET;
150 int irq0 = MPC8XXX_GPIO_IRQ;
151 gchar *node = g_strdup_printf("%s/gpio@%"PRIx64, soc, mmio0);
152 gchar *poweroff = g_strdup_printf("%s/power-off", soc);
153 int gpio_ph;
155 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, node);
156 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, node, "compatible", "fsl,qoriq-gpio");
157 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, node, "reg", mmio0, 0x1000);
158 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, node, "interrupts", irq0, 0x2);
159 qemu_fdt_setprop_phandle(fdt, node, "interrupt-parent", mpic);
160 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, node, "#gpio-cells", 2);
161 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, node, "gpio-controller", NULL, 0);
162 gpio_ph = qemu_fdt_alloc_phandle(fdt);
163 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, node, "phandle", gpio_ph);
164 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, node, "linux,phandle", gpio_ph);
166 /* Power Off Pin */
167 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, poweroff);
168 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, poweroff, "compatible", "gpio-poweroff");
169 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, poweroff, "gpios", gpio_ph, 0, 0);
171 g_free(node);
172 g_free(poweroff);
175 static void dt_rtc_create(void *fdt, const char *i2c, const char *alias)
177 int offset = RTC_REGS_OFFSET;
179 gchar *rtc = g_strdup_printf("%s/rtc@%"PRIx32, i2c, offset);
180 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, rtc);
181 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, rtc, "compatible", "pericom,pt7c4338");
182 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, rtc, "reg", offset);
183 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/aliases", alias, rtc);
185 g_free(rtc);
188 static void dt_i2c_create(void *fdt, const char *soc, const char *mpic,
189 const char *alias)
191 hwaddr mmio0 = MPC8544_I2C_REGS_OFFSET;
192 int irq0 = MPC8544_I2C_IRQ;
194 gchar *i2c = g_strdup_printf("%s/i2c@%"PRIx64, soc, mmio0);
195 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, i2c);
196 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, i2c, "device_type", "i2c");
197 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, i2c, "compatible", "fsl-i2c");
198 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, i2c, "reg", mmio0, 0x14);
199 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, i2c, "cell-index", 0);
200 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, i2c, "interrupts", irq0, 0x2);
201 qemu_fdt_setprop_phandle(fdt, i2c, "interrupt-parent", mpic);
202 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/aliases", alias, i2c);
204 g_free(i2c);
208 typedef struct PlatformDevtreeData {
209 void *fdt;
210 const char *mpic;
211 int irq_start;
212 const char *node;
213 PlatformBusDevice *pbus;
214 } PlatformDevtreeData;
216 static int create_devtree_etsec(SysBusDevice *sbdev, PlatformDevtreeData *data)
218 eTSEC *etsec = ETSEC_COMMON(sbdev);
219 PlatformBusDevice *pbus = data->pbus;
220 hwaddr mmio0 = platform_bus_get_mmio_addr(pbus, sbdev, 0);
221 int irq0 = platform_bus_get_irqn(pbus, sbdev, 0);
222 int irq1 = platform_bus_get_irqn(pbus, sbdev, 1);
223 int irq2 = platform_bus_get_irqn(pbus, sbdev, 2);
224 gchar *node = g_strdup_printf("/platform/ethernet@%"PRIx64, mmio0);
225 gchar *group = g_strdup_printf("%s/queue-group", node);
226 void *fdt = data->fdt;
228 assert((int64_t)mmio0 >= 0);
229 assert(irq0 >= 0);
230 assert(irq1 >= 0);
231 assert(irq2 >= 0);
233 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, node);
234 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, node, "ranges", NULL, 0);
235 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, node, "device_type", "network");
236 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, node, "compatible", "fsl,etsec2");
237 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, node, "model", "eTSEC");
238 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, node, "local-mac-address", etsec->conf.macaddr.a, 6);
239 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, node, "fixed-link", 0, 1, 1000, 0, 0);
240 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, node, "#size-cells", 1);
241 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, node, "#address-cells", 1);
243 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, group);
244 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, group, "reg", mmio0, 0x1000);
245 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, group, "interrupts",
246 data->irq_start + irq0, 0x2,
247 data->irq_start + irq1, 0x2,
248 data->irq_start + irq2, 0x2);
250 g_free(node);
251 g_free(group);
253 return 0;
256 static void sysbus_device_create_devtree(SysBusDevice *sbdev, void *opaque)
258 PlatformDevtreeData *data = opaque;
259 bool matched = false;
261 if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(sbdev), TYPE_ETSEC_COMMON)) {
262 create_devtree_etsec(sbdev, data);
263 matched = true;
266 if (!matched) {
267 error_report("Device %s is not supported by this machine yet.",
268 qdev_fw_name(DEVICE(sbdev)));
269 exit(1);
273 static void platform_bus_create_devtree(PPCE500MachineState *pms,
274 void *fdt, const char *mpic)
276 const PPCE500MachineClass *pmc = PPCE500_MACHINE_GET_CLASS(pms);
277 gchar *node = g_strdup_printf("/platform@%"PRIx64, pmc->platform_bus_base);
278 const char platcomp[] = "qemu,platform\0simple-bus";
279 uint64_t addr = pmc->platform_bus_base;
280 uint64_t size = pmc->platform_bus_size;
281 int irq_start = pmc->platform_bus_first_irq;
283 /* Create a /platform node that we can put all devices into */
285 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, node);
286 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, node, "compatible", platcomp, sizeof(platcomp));
288 /* Our platform bus region is less than 32bit big, so 1 cell is enough for
289 address and size */
290 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, node, "#size-cells", 1);
291 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, node, "#address-cells", 1);
292 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, node, "ranges", 0, addr >> 32, addr, size);
294 qemu_fdt_setprop_phandle(fdt, node, "interrupt-parent", mpic);
296 /* Create dt nodes for dynamic devices */
297 PlatformDevtreeData data = {
298 .fdt = fdt,
299 .mpic = mpic,
300 .irq_start = irq_start,
301 .node = node,
302 .pbus = pms->pbus_dev,
305 /* Loop through all dynamic sysbus devices and create nodes for them */
306 foreach_dynamic_sysbus_device(sysbus_device_create_devtree, &data);
308 g_free(node);
311 static int ppce500_load_device_tree(PPCE500MachineState *pms,
312 hwaddr addr,
313 hwaddr initrd_base,
314 hwaddr initrd_size,
315 hwaddr kernel_base,
316 hwaddr kernel_size,
317 bool dry_run)
319 MachineState *machine = MACHINE(pms);
320 unsigned int smp_cpus = machine->smp.cpus;
321 const PPCE500MachineClass *pmc = PPCE500_MACHINE_GET_CLASS(pms);
322 CPUPPCState *env = first_cpu->env_ptr;
323 int ret = -1;
324 uint64_t mem_reg_property[] = { 0, cpu_to_be64(machine->ram_size) };
325 int fdt_size;
326 void *fdt;
327 uint8_t hypercall[16];
328 uint32_t clock_freq = PLATFORM_CLK_FREQ_HZ;
329 uint32_t tb_freq = PLATFORM_CLK_FREQ_HZ;
330 int i;
331 char compatible_sb[] = "fsl,mpc8544-immr\0simple-bus";
332 char *soc;
333 char *mpic;
334 uint32_t mpic_ph;
335 uint32_t msi_ph;
336 char *gutil;
337 char *pci;
338 char *msi;
339 uint32_t *pci_map = NULL;
340 int len;
341 uint32_t pci_ranges[14] =
343 0x2000000, 0x0, pmc->pci_mmio_bus_base,
344 pmc->pci_mmio_base >> 32, pmc->pci_mmio_base,
345 0x0, 0x20000000,
347 0x1000000, 0x0, 0x0,
348 pmc->pci_pio_base >> 32, pmc->pci_pio_base,
349 0x0, 0x10000,
351 const char *dtb_file = machine->dtb;
352 const char *toplevel_compat = machine->dt_compatible;
354 if (dtb_file) {
355 char *filename;
356 filename = qemu_find_file(QEMU_FILE_TYPE_BIOS, dtb_file);
357 if (!filename) {
358 goto out;
361 fdt = load_device_tree(filename, &fdt_size);
362 g_free(filename);
363 if (!fdt) {
364 goto out;
366 goto done;
369 fdt = create_device_tree(&fdt_size);
370 if (fdt == NULL) {
371 goto out;
374 /* Manipulate device tree in memory. */
375 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/", "#address-cells", 2);
376 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/", "#size-cells", 2);
378 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, "/memory");
379 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/memory", "device_type", "memory");
380 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, "/memory", "reg", mem_reg_property,
381 sizeof(mem_reg_property));
383 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, "/chosen");
384 if (initrd_size) {
385 ret = qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/chosen", "linux,initrd-start",
386 initrd_base);
387 if (ret < 0) {
388 fprintf(stderr, "couldn't set /chosen/linux,initrd-start\n");
391 ret = qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/chosen", "linux,initrd-end",
392 (initrd_base + initrd_size));
393 if (ret < 0) {
394 fprintf(stderr, "couldn't set /chosen/linux,initrd-end\n");
399 if (kernel_base != -1ULL) {
400 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, "/chosen", "qemu,boot-kernel",
401 kernel_base >> 32, kernel_base,
402 kernel_size >> 32, kernel_size);
405 ret = qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/chosen", "bootargs",
406 machine->kernel_cmdline);
407 if (ret < 0)
408 fprintf(stderr, "couldn't set /chosen/bootargs\n");
410 if (kvm_enabled()) {
411 /* Read out host's frequencies */
412 clock_freq = kvmppc_get_clockfreq();
413 tb_freq = kvmppc_get_tbfreq();
415 /* indicate KVM hypercall interface */
416 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, "/hypervisor");
417 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/hypervisor", "compatible",
418 "linux,kvm");
419 kvmppc_get_hypercall(env, hypercall, sizeof(hypercall));
420 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, "/hypervisor", "hcall-instructions",
421 hypercall, sizeof(hypercall));
422 /* if KVM supports the idle hcall, set property indicating this */
423 if (kvmppc_get_hasidle(env)) {
424 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, "/hypervisor", "has-idle", NULL, 0);
428 /* Create CPU nodes */
429 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, "/cpus");
430 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/cpus", "#address-cells", 1);
431 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/cpus", "#size-cells", 0);
433 /* We need to generate the cpu nodes in reverse order, so Linux can pick
434 the first node as boot node and be happy */
435 for (i = smp_cpus - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
436 CPUState *cpu;
437 char *cpu_name;
438 uint64_t cpu_release_addr = pmc->spin_base + (i * 0x20);
440 cpu = qemu_get_cpu(i);
441 if (cpu == NULL) {
442 continue;
444 env = cpu->env_ptr;
446 cpu_name = g_strdup_printf("/cpus/PowerPC,8544@%x", i);
447 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, cpu_name);
448 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, cpu_name, "clock-frequency", clock_freq);
449 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, cpu_name, "timebase-frequency", tb_freq);
450 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, cpu_name, "device_type", "cpu");
451 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, cpu_name, "reg", i);
452 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, cpu_name, "d-cache-line-size",
453 env->dcache_line_size);
454 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, cpu_name, "i-cache-line-size",
455 env->icache_line_size);
456 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, cpu_name, "d-cache-size", 0x8000);
457 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, cpu_name, "i-cache-size", 0x8000);
458 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, cpu_name, "bus-frequency", 0);
459 if (cpu->cpu_index) {
460 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, cpu_name, "status", "disabled");
461 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, cpu_name, "enable-method",
462 "spin-table");
463 qemu_fdt_setprop_u64(fdt, cpu_name, "cpu-release-addr",
464 cpu_release_addr);
465 } else {
466 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, cpu_name, "status", "okay");
468 g_free(cpu_name);
471 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, "/aliases");
472 /* XXX These should go into their respective devices' code */
473 soc = g_strdup_printf("/soc@%"PRIx64, pmc->ccsrbar_base);
474 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, soc);
475 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, soc, "device_type", "soc");
476 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, soc, "compatible", compatible_sb,
477 sizeof(compatible_sb));
478 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, soc, "#address-cells", 1);
479 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, soc, "#size-cells", 1);
480 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, soc, "ranges", 0x0,
481 pmc->ccsrbar_base >> 32, pmc->ccsrbar_base,
482 MPC8544_CCSRBAR_SIZE);
483 /* XXX should contain a reasonable value */
484 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, soc, "bus-frequency", 0);
486 mpic = g_strdup_printf("%s/pic@%llx", soc, MPC8544_MPIC_REGS_OFFSET);
487 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, mpic);
488 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, mpic, "device_type", "open-pic");
489 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, mpic, "compatible", "fsl,mpic");
490 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, mpic, "reg", MPC8544_MPIC_REGS_OFFSET,
491 0x40000);
492 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, mpic, "#address-cells", 0);
493 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, mpic, "#interrupt-cells", 2);
494 mpic_ph = qemu_fdt_alloc_phandle(fdt);
495 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, mpic, "phandle", mpic_ph);
496 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, mpic, "linux,phandle", mpic_ph);
497 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, mpic, "interrupt-controller", NULL, 0);
500 * We have to generate ser1 first, because Linux takes the first
501 * device it finds in the dt as serial output device. And we generate
502 * devices in reverse order to the dt.
504 if (serial_hd(1)) {
505 dt_serial_create(fdt, MPC8544_SERIAL1_REGS_OFFSET,
506 soc, mpic, "serial1", 1, false);
509 if (serial_hd(0)) {
510 dt_serial_create(fdt, MPC8544_SERIAL0_REGS_OFFSET,
511 soc, mpic, "serial0", 0, true);
514 /* i2c */
515 dt_i2c_create(fdt, soc, mpic, "i2c");
517 dt_rtc_create(fdt, "i2c", "rtc");
520 gutil = g_strdup_printf("%s/global-utilities@%llx", soc,
521 MPC8544_UTIL_OFFSET);
522 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, gutil);
523 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, gutil, "compatible", "fsl,mpc8544-guts");
524 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, gutil, "reg", MPC8544_UTIL_OFFSET, 0x1000);
525 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, gutil, "fsl,has-rstcr", NULL, 0);
526 g_free(gutil);
528 msi = g_strdup_printf("/%s/msi@%llx", soc, MPC8544_MSI_REGS_OFFSET);
529 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, msi);
530 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, msi, "compatible", "fsl,mpic-msi");
531 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, msi, "reg", MPC8544_MSI_REGS_OFFSET, 0x200);
532 msi_ph = qemu_fdt_alloc_phandle(fdt);
533 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, msi, "msi-available-ranges", 0x0, 0x100);
534 qemu_fdt_setprop_phandle(fdt, msi, "interrupt-parent", mpic);
535 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, msi, "interrupts",
536 0xe0, 0x0,
537 0xe1, 0x0,
538 0xe2, 0x0,
539 0xe3, 0x0,
540 0xe4, 0x0,
541 0xe5, 0x0,
542 0xe6, 0x0,
543 0xe7, 0x0);
544 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, msi, "phandle", msi_ph);
545 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, msi, "linux,phandle", msi_ph);
546 g_free(msi);
548 pci = g_strdup_printf("/pci@%llx",
549 pmc->ccsrbar_base + MPC8544_PCI_REGS_OFFSET);
550 qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, pci);
551 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, pci, "cell-index", 0);
552 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, pci, "compatible", "fsl,mpc8540-pci");
553 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, pci, "device_type", "pci");
554 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, pci, "interrupt-map-mask", 0xf800, 0x0,
555 0x0, 0x7);
556 pci_map = pci_map_create(fdt, qemu_fdt_get_phandle(fdt, mpic),
557 pmc->pci_first_slot, pmc->pci_nr_slots,
558 &len);
559 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, pci, "interrupt-map", pci_map, len);
560 qemu_fdt_setprop_phandle(fdt, pci, "interrupt-parent", mpic);
561 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, pci, "interrupts", 24, 2);
562 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, pci, "bus-range", 0, 255);
563 for (i = 0; i < 14; i++) {
564 pci_ranges[i] = cpu_to_be32(pci_ranges[i]);
566 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, pci, "fsl,msi", msi_ph);
567 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, pci, "ranges", pci_ranges, sizeof(pci_ranges));
568 qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, pci, "reg",
569 (pmc->ccsrbar_base + MPC8544_PCI_REGS_OFFSET) >> 32,
570 (pmc->ccsrbar_base + MPC8544_PCI_REGS_OFFSET),
571 0, 0x1000);
572 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, pci, "clock-frequency", 66666666);
573 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, pci, "#interrupt-cells", 1);
574 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, pci, "#size-cells", 2);
575 qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, pci, "#address-cells", 3);
576 qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/aliases", "pci0", pci);
577 g_free(pci);
579 if (pmc->has_mpc8xxx_gpio) {
580 create_dt_mpc8xxx_gpio(fdt, soc, mpic);
582 g_free(soc);
584 if (pms->pbus_dev) {
585 platform_bus_create_devtree(pms, fdt, mpic);
587 g_free(mpic);
589 pmc->fixup_devtree(fdt);
591 if (toplevel_compat) {
592 qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, "/", "compatible", toplevel_compat,
593 strlen(toplevel_compat) + 1);
596 done:
597 if (!dry_run) {
598 qemu_fdt_dumpdtb(fdt, fdt_size);
599 cpu_physical_memory_write(addr, fdt, fdt_size);
601 ret = fdt_size;
602 g_free(fdt);
604 out:
605 g_free(pci_map);
607 return ret;
610 typedef struct DeviceTreeParams {
611 PPCE500MachineState *machine;
612 hwaddr addr;
613 hwaddr initrd_base;
614 hwaddr initrd_size;
615 hwaddr kernel_base;
616 hwaddr kernel_size;
617 Notifier notifier;
618 } DeviceTreeParams;
620 static void ppce500_reset_device_tree(void *opaque)
622 DeviceTreeParams *p = opaque;
623 ppce500_load_device_tree(p->machine, p->addr, p->initrd_base,
624 p->initrd_size, p->kernel_base, p->kernel_size,
625 false);
628 static void ppce500_init_notify(Notifier *notifier, void *data)
630 DeviceTreeParams *p = container_of(notifier, DeviceTreeParams, notifier);
631 ppce500_reset_device_tree(p);
634 static int ppce500_prep_device_tree(PPCE500MachineState *machine,
635 hwaddr addr,
636 hwaddr initrd_base,
637 hwaddr initrd_size,
638 hwaddr kernel_base,
639 hwaddr kernel_size)
641 DeviceTreeParams *p = g_new(DeviceTreeParams, 1);
642 p->machine = machine;
643 p->addr = addr;
644 p->initrd_base = initrd_base;
645 p->initrd_size = initrd_size;
646 p->kernel_base = kernel_base;
647 p->kernel_size = kernel_size;
649 qemu_register_reset(ppce500_reset_device_tree, p);
650 p->notifier.notify = ppce500_init_notify;
651 qemu_add_machine_init_done_notifier(&p->notifier);
653 /* Issue the device tree loader once, so that we get the size of the blob */
654 return ppce500_load_device_tree(machine, addr, initrd_base, initrd_size,
655 kernel_base, kernel_size, true);
658 /* Create -kernel TLB entries for BookE. */
659 hwaddr booke206_page_size_to_tlb(uint64_t size)
661 return 63 - clz64(size / KiB);
664 static int booke206_initial_map_tsize(CPUPPCState *env)
666 struct boot_info *bi = env->load_info;
667 hwaddr dt_end;
668 int ps;
670 /* Our initial TLB entry needs to cover everything from 0 to
671 the device tree top */
672 dt_end = bi->dt_base + bi->dt_size;
673 ps = booke206_page_size_to_tlb(dt_end) + 1;
674 if (ps & 1) {
675 /* e500v2 can only do even TLB size bits */
676 ps++;
678 return ps;
681 static uint64_t mmubooke_initial_mapsize(CPUPPCState *env)
683 int tsize;
685 tsize = booke206_initial_map_tsize(env);
686 return (1ULL << 10 << tsize);
689 static void mmubooke_create_initial_mapping(CPUPPCState *env)
691 ppcmas_tlb_t *tlb = booke206_get_tlbm(env, 1, 0, 0);
692 hwaddr size;
693 int ps;
695 ps = booke206_initial_map_tsize(env);
696 size = (ps << MAS1_TSIZE_SHIFT);
697 tlb->mas1 = MAS1_VALID | size;
698 tlb->mas2 = 0;
699 tlb->mas7_3 = 0;
700 tlb->mas7_3 |= MAS3_UR | MAS3_UW | MAS3_UX | MAS3_SR | MAS3_SW | MAS3_SX;
702 env->tlb_dirty = true;
705 static void ppce500_cpu_reset_sec(void *opaque)
707 PowerPCCPU *cpu = opaque;
708 CPUState *cs = CPU(cpu);
710 cpu_reset(cs);
712 cs->exception_index = EXCP_HLT;
715 static void ppce500_cpu_reset(void *opaque)
717 PowerPCCPU *cpu = opaque;
718 CPUState *cs = CPU(cpu);
719 CPUPPCState *env = &cpu->env;
720 struct boot_info *bi = env->load_info;
722 cpu_reset(cs);
724 /* Set initial guest state. */
725 cs->halted = 0;
726 env->gpr[1] = (16 * MiB) - 8;
727 env->gpr[3] = bi->dt_base;
728 env->gpr[4] = 0;
729 env->gpr[5] = 0;
730 env->gpr[6] = EPAPR_MAGIC;
731 env->gpr[7] = mmubooke_initial_mapsize(env);
732 env->gpr[8] = 0;
733 env->gpr[9] = 0;
734 env->nip = bi->entry;
735 mmubooke_create_initial_mapping(env);
738 static DeviceState *ppce500_init_mpic_qemu(PPCE500MachineState *pms,
739 IrqLines *irqs)
741 DeviceState *dev;
742 SysBusDevice *s;
743 int i, j, k;
744 MachineState *machine = MACHINE(pms);
745 unsigned int smp_cpus = machine->smp.cpus;
746 const PPCE500MachineClass *pmc = PPCE500_MACHINE_GET_CLASS(pms);
748 dev = qdev_new(TYPE_OPENPIC);
749 object_property_add_child(OBJECT(machine), "pic", OBJECT(dev));
750 qdev_prop_set_uint32(dev, "model", pmc->mpic_version);
751 qdev_prop_set_uint32(dev, "nb_cpus", smp_cpus);
753 s = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev);
754 sysbus_realize_and_unref(s, &error_fatal);
756 k = 0;
757 for (i = 0; i < smp_cpus; i++) {
758 for (j = 0; j < OPENPIC_OUTPUT_NB; j++) {
759 sysbus_connect_irq(s, k++, irqs[i].irq[j]);
763 return dev;
766 static DeviceState *ppce500_init_mpic_kvm(const PPCE500MachineClass *pmc,
767 IrqLines *irqs, Error **errp)
769 DeviceState *dev;
770 CPUState *cs;
772 dev = qdev_new(TYPE_KVM_OPENPIC);
773 qdev_prop_set_uint32(dev, "model", pmc->mpic_version);
775 if (!sysbus_realize_and_unref(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev), errp)) {
776 object_unparent(OBJECT(dev));
777 return NULL;
780 CPU_FOREACH(cs) {
781 if (kvm_openpic_connect_vcpu(dev, cs)) {
782 fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to connect vcpu to irqchip\n",
783 __func__);
784 abort();
788 return dev;
791 static DeviceState *ppce500_init_mpic(PPCE500MachineState *pms,
792 MemoryRegion *ccsr,
793 IrqLines *irqs)
795 const PPCE500MachineClass *pmc = PPCE500_MACHINE_GET_CLASS(pms);
796 DeviceState *dev = NULL;
797 SysBusDevice *s;
799 if (kvm_enabled()) {
800 Error *err = NULL;
802 if (kvm_kernel_irqchip_allowed()) {
803 dev = ppce500_init_mpic_kvm(pmc, irqs, &err);
805 if (kvm_kernel_irqchip_required() && !dev) {
806 error_reportf_err(err,
807 "kernel_irqchip requested but unavailable: ");
808 exit(1);
812 if (!dev) {
813 dev = ppce500_init_mpic_qemu(pms, irqs);
816 s = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev);
817 memory_region_add_subregion(ccsr, MPC8544_MPIC_REGS_OFFSET,
818 s->mmio[0].memory);
820 return dev;
823 static void ppce500_power_off(void *opaque, int line, int on)
825 if (on) {
826 qemu_system_shutdown_request(SHUTDOWN_CAUSE_GUEST_SHUTDOWN);
830 void ppce500_init(MachineState *machine)
832 MemoryRegion *address_space_mem = get_system_memory();
833 PPCE500MachineState *pms = PPCE500_MACHINE(machine);
834 const PPCE500MachineClass *pmc = PPCE500_MACHINE_GET_CLASS(machine);
835 PCIBus *pci_bus;
836 CPUPPCState *env = NULL;
837 uint64_t loadaddr;
838 hwaddr kernel_base = -1LL;
839 int kernel_size = 0;
840 hwaddr dt_base = 0;
841 hwaddr initrd_base = 0;
842 int initrd_size = 0;
843 hwaddr cur_base = 0;
844 char *filename;
845 const char *payload_name;
846 bool kernel_as_payload;
847 hwaddr bios_entry = 0;
848 target_long payload_size;
849 struct boot_info *boot_info;
850 int dt_size;
851 int i;
852 unsigned int smp_cpus = machine->smp.cpus;
853 /* irq num for pin INTA, INTB, INTC and INTD is 1, 2, 3 and
854 * 4 respectively */
855 unsigned int pci_irq_nrs[PCI_NUM_PINS] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
856 IrqLines *irqs;
857 DeviceState *dev, *mpicdev;
858 CPUPPCState *firstenv = NULL;
859 MemoryRegion *ccsr_addr_space;
860 SysBusDevice *s;
861 PPCE500CCSRState *ccsr;
862 I2CBus *i2c;
864 irqs = g_new0(IrqLines, smp_cpus);
865 for (i = 0; i < smp_cpus; i++) {
866 PowerPCCPU *cpu;
867 CPUState *cs;
868 qemu_irq *input;
870 cpu = POWERPC_CPU(object_new(machine->cpu_type));
871 env = &cpu->env;
872 cs = CPU(cpu);
874 if (env->mmu_model != POWERPC_MMU_BOOKE206) {
875 error_report("MMU model %i not supported by this machine",
876 env->mmu_model);
877 exit(1);
881 * Secondary CPU starts in halted state for now. Needs to change
882 * when implementing non-kernel boot.
884 object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(cs), "start-powered-off", i != 0,
885 &error_fatal);
886 qdev_realize_and_unref(DEVICE(cs), NULL, &error_fatal);
888 if (!firstenv) {
889 firstenv = env;
892 input = (qemu_irq *)env->irq_inputs;
893 irqs[i].irq[OPENPIC_OUTPUT_INT] = input[PPCE500_INPUT_INT];
894 irqs[i].irq[OPENPIC_OUTPUT_CINT] = input[PPCE500_INPUT_CINT];
895 env->spr_cb[SPR_BOOKE_PIR].default_value = cs->cpu_index = i;
896 env->mpic_iack = pmc->ccsrbar_base + MPC8544_MPIC_REGS_OFFSET + 0xa0;
898 ppc_booke_timers_init(cpu, PLATFORM_CLK_FREQ_HZ, PPC_TIMER_E500);
900 /* Register reset handler */
901 if (!i) {
902 /* Primary CPU */
903 struct boot_info *boot_info;
904 boot_info = g_malloc0(sizeof(struct boot_info));
905 qemu_register_reset(ppce500_cpu_reset, cpu);
906 env->load_info = boot_info;
907 } else {
908 /* Secondary CPUs */
909 qemu_register_reset(ppce500_cpu_reset_sec, cpu);
913 env = firstenv;
915 if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(machine->ram_size, RAM_SIZES_ALIGN)) {
916 error_report("RAM size must be multiple of %" PRIu64, RAM_SIZES_ALIGN);
917 exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
920 /* Register Memory */
921 memory_region_add_subregion(address_space_mem, 0, machine->ram);
923 dev = qdev_new("e500-ccsr");
924 object_property_add_child(qdev_get_machine(), "e500-ccsr",
925 OBJECT(dev));
926 sysbus_realize_and_unref(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev), &error_fatal);
927 ccsr = CCSR(dev);
928 ccsr_addr_space = &ccsr->ccsr_space;
929 memory_region_add_subregion(address_space_mem, pmc->ccsrbar_base,
930 ccsr_addr_space);
932 mpicdev = ppce500_init_mpic(pms, ccsr_addr_space, irqs);
933 g_free(irqs);
935 /* Serial */
936 if (serial_hd(0)) {
937 serial_mm_init(ccsr_addr_space, MPC8544_SERIAL0_REGS_OFFSET,
938 0, qdev_get_gpio_in(mpicdev, 42), 399193,
939 serial_hd(0), DEVICE_BIG_ENDIAN);
942 if (serial_hd(1)) {
943 serial_mm_init(ccsr_addr_space, MPC8544_SERIAL1_REGS_OFFSET,
944 0, qdev_get_gpio_in(mpicdev, 42), 399193,
945 serial_hd(1), DEVICE_BIG_ENDIAN);
947 /* I2C */
948 dev = qdev_new("mpc-i2c");
949 s = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev);
950 sysbus_realize_and_unref(s, &error_fatal);
951 sysbus_connect_irq(s, 0, qdev_get_gpio_in(mpicdev, MPC8544_I2C_IRQ));
952 memory_region_add_subregion(ccsr_addr_space, MPC8544_I2C_REGS_OFFSET,
953 sysbus_mmio_get_region(s, 0));
954 i2c = (I2CBus *)qdev_get_child_bus(dev, "i2c");
955 i2c_slave_create_simple(i2c, "ds1338", RTC_REGS_OFFSET);
958 /* General Utility device */
959 dev = qdev_new("mpc8544-guts");
960 s = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev);
961 sysbus_realize_and_unref(s, &error_fatal);
962 memory_region_add_subregion(ccsr_addr_space, MPC8544_UTIL_OFFSET,
963 sysbus_mmio_get_region(s, 0));
965 /* PCI */
966 dev = qdev_new("e500-pcihost");
967 object_property_add_child(qdev_get_machine(), "pci-host", OBJECT(dev));
968 qdev_prop_set_uint32(dev, "first_slot", pmc->pci_first_slot);
969 qdev_prop_set_uint32(dev, "first_pin_irq", pci_irq_nrs[0]);
970 s = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev);
971 sysbus_realize_and_unref(s, &error_fatal);
972 for (i = 0; i < PCI_NUM_PINS; i++) {
973 sysbus_connect_irq(s, i, qdev_get_gpio_in(mpicdev, pci_irq_nrs[i]));
976 memory_region_add_subregion(ccsr_addr_space, MPC8544_PCI_REGS_OFFSET,
977 sysbus_mmio_get_region(s, 0));
979 pci_bus = (PCIBus *)qdev_get_child_bus(dev, "pci.0");
980 if (!pci_bus)
981 printf("couldn't create PCI controller!\n");
983 if (pci_bus) {
984 /* Register network interfaces. */
985 for (i = 0; i < nb_nics; i++) {
986 pci_nic_init_nofail(&nd_table[i], pci_bus, "virtio-net-pci", NULL);
990 /* Register spinning region */
991 sysbus_create_simple("e500-spin", pmc->spin_base, NULL);
993 if (pmc->has_mpc8xxx_gpio) {
994 qemu_irq poweroff_irq;
996 dev = qdev_new("mpc8xxx_gpio");
997 s = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev);
998 sysbus_realize_and_unref(s, &error_fatal);
999 sysbus_connect_irq(s, 0, qdev_get_gpio_in(mpicdev, MPC8XXX_GPIO_IRQ));
1000 memory_region_add_subregion(ccsr_addr_space, MPC8XXX_GPIO_OFFSET,
1001 sysbus_mmio_get_region(s, 0));
1003 /* Power Off GPIO at Pin 0 */
1004 poweroff_irq = qemu_allocate_irq(ppce500_power_off, NULL, 0);
1005 qdev_connect_gpio_out(dev, 0, poweroff_irq);
1008 /* Platform Bus Device */
1009 if (pmc->has_platform_bus) {
1010 dev = qdev_new(TYPE_PLATFORM_BUS_DEVICE);
1011 dev->id = TYPE_PLATFORM_BUS_DEVICE;
1012 qdev_prop_set_uint32(dev, "num_irqs", pmc->platform_bus_num_irqs);
1013 qdev_prop_set_uint32(dev, "mmio_size", pmc->platform_bus_size);
1014 sysbus_realize_and_unref(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev), &error_fatal);
1015 pms->pbus_dev = PLATFORM_BUS_DEVICE(dev);
1017 s = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(pms->pbus_dev);
1018 for (i = 0; i < pmc->platform_bus_num_irqs; i++) {
1019 int irqn = pmc->platform_bus_first_irq + i;
1020 sysbus_connect_irq(s, i, qdev_get_gpio_in(mpicdev, irqn));
1023 memory_region_add_subregion(address_space_mem,
1024 pmc->platform_bus_base,
1025 sysbus_mmio_get_region(s, 0));
1029 * Smart firmware defaults ahead!
1031 * We follow the following table to select which payload we execute.
1033 * -kernel | -bios | payload
1034 * ---------+-------+---------
1035 * N | Y | u-boot
1036 * N | N | u-boot
1037 * Y | Y | u-boot
1038 * Y | N | kernel
1040 * This ensures backwards compatibility with how we used to expose
1041 * -kernel to users but allows them to run through u-boot as well.
1043 kernel_as_payload = false;
1044 if (machine->firmware == NULL) {
1045 if (machine->kernel_filename) {
1046 payload_name = machine->kernel_filename;
1047 kernel_as_payload = true;
1048 } else {
1049 payload_name = "u-boot.e500";
1051 } else {
1052 payload_name = machine->firmware;
1055 filename = qemu_find_file(QEMU_FILE_TYPE_BIOS, payload_name);
1056 if (!filename) {
1057 error_report("could not find firmware/kernel file '%s'", payload_name);
1058 exit(1);
1061 payload_size = load_elf(filename, NULL, NULL, NULL,
1062 &bios_entry, &loadaddr, NULL, NULL,
1063 1, PPC_ELF_MACHINE, 0, 0);
1064 if (payload_size < 0) {
1066 * Hrm. No ELF image? Try a uImage, maybe someone is giving us an
1067 * ePAPR compliant kernel
1069 loadaddr = LOAD_UIMAGE_LOADADDR_INVALID;
1070 payload_size = load_uimage(filename, &bios_entry, &loadaddr, NULL,
1071 NULL, NULL);
1072 if (payload_size < 0) {
1073 error_report("could not load firmware '%s'", filename);
1074 exit(1);
1078 g_free(filename);
1080 if (kernel_as_payload) {
1081 kernel_base = loadaddr;
1082 kernel_size = payload_size;
1085 cur_base = loadaddr + payload_size;
1086 if (cur_base < 32 * MiB) {
1087 /* u-boot occupies memory up to 32MB, so load blobs above */
1088 cur_base = 32 * MiB;
1091 /* Load bare kernel only if no bios/u-boot has been provided */
1092 if (machine->kernel_filename && !kernel_as_payload) {
1093 kernel_base = cur_base;
1094 kernel_size = load_image_targphys(machine->kernel_filename,
1095 cur_base,
1096 machine->ram_size - cur_base);
1097 if (kernel_size < 0) {
1098 error_report("could not load kernel '%s'",
1099 machine->kernel_filename);
1100 exit(1);
1103 cur_base += kernel_size;
1106 /* Load initrd. */
1107 if (machine->initrd_filename) {
1108 initrd_base = (cur_base + INITRD_LOAD_PAD) & ~INITRD_PAD_MASK;
1109 initrd_size = load_image_targphys(machine->initrd_filename, initrd_base,
1110 machine->ram_size - initrd_base);
1112 if (initrd_size < 0) {
1113 error_report("could not load initial ram disk '%s'",
1114 machine->initrd_filename);
1115 exit(1);
1118 cur_base = initrd_base + initrd_size;
1122 * Reserve space for dtb behind the kernel image because Linux has a bug
1123 * where it can only handle the dtb if it's within the first 64MB of where
1124 * <kernel> starts. dtb cannot not reach initrd_base because INITRD_LOAD_PAD
1125 * ensures enough space between kernel and initrd.
1127 dt_base = (loadaddr + payload_size + DTC_LOAD_PAD) & ~DTC_PAD_MASK;
1128 if (dt_base + DTB_MAX_SIZE > machine->ram_size) {
1129 error_report("not enough memory for device tree");
1130 exit(1);
1133 dt_size = ppce500_prep_device_tree(pms, dt_base,
1134 initrd_base, initrd_size,
1135 kernel_base, kernel_size);
1136 if (dt_size < 0) {
1137 error_report("couldn't load device tree");
1138 exit(1);
1140 assert(dt_size < DTB_MAX_SIZE);
1142 boot_info = env->load_info;
1143 boot_info->entry = bios_entry;
1144 boot_info->dt_base = dt_base;
1145 boot_info->dt_size = dt_size;
1148 static void e500_ccsr_initfn(Object *obj)
1150 PPCE500CCSRState *ccsr = CCSR(obj);
1151 memory_region_init(&ccsr->ccsr_space, obj, "e500-ccsr",
1152 MPC8544_CCSRBAR_SIZE);
1155 static const TypeInfo e500_ccsr_info = {
1156 .name = TYPE_CCSR,
1157 .parent = TYPE_SYS_BUS_DEVICE,
1158 .instance_size = sizeof(PPCE500CCSRState),
1159 .instance_init = e500_ccsr_initfn,
1162 static const TypeInfo ppce500_info = {
1163 .name = TYPE_PPCE500_MACHINE,
1164 .parent = TYPE_MACHINE,
1165 .abstract = true,
1166 .instance_size = sizeof(PPCE500MachineState),
1167 .class_size = sizeof(PPCE500MachineClass),
1170 static void e500_register_types(void)
1172 type_register_static(&e500_ccsr_info);
1173 type_register_static(&ppce500_info);
1176 type_init(e500_register_types)