6 The doc proposes best practices on how to use PCI Express/PCI device
7 in PCI Express based machines and explains the reasoning behind them.
9 The following presentations accompany this document:
11 https://wiki.qemu.org/images/4/4e/Q35.pdf
12 (2) A comparison between PCI and PCI Express technologies.
13 https://wiki.qemu.org/images/f/f6/PCIvsPCIe.pdf
15 Note: The usage examples are not intended to replace the full
16 documentation, please use QEMU help to retrieve all options.
18 2. Device placement strategy
19 ============================
20 QEMU does not have a clear socket-device matching mechanism
21 and allows any PCI/PCI Express device to be plugged into any
23 Plugging a PCI device into a PCI Express slot might not always work and
24 is weird anyway since it cannot be done for "bare metal".
25 Plugging a PCI Express device into a PCI slot will hide the Extended
26 Configuration Space thus is also not recommended.
28 The recommendation is to separate the PCI Express and PCI hierarchies.
29 PCI Express devices should be plugged only into PCI Express Root Ports and
30 PCI Express Downstream ports.
34 Place only the following kinds of devices directly on the Root Complex:
35 (1) PCI Devices (e.g. network card, graphics card, IDE controller),
36 not controllers. Place only legacy PCI devices on
37 the Root Complex. These will be considered Integrated Endpoints.
38 Note: Integrated Endpoints are not hot-pluggable.
40 Although the PCI Express spec does not forbid PCI Express devices as
41 Integrated Endpoints, existing hardware mostly integrates legacy PCI
42 devices with the Root Complex. Guest OSes are suspected to behave
43 strangely when PCI Express devices are integrated
44 with the Root Complex.
46 (2) PCI Express Root Ports (ioh3420), for starting exclusively PCI Express
49 (3) PCI Express to PCI Bridge (pcie-pci-bridge), for starting legacy PCI
52 (4) Extra Root Complexes (pxb-pcie), if multiple PCI Express Root Buses
56 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
58 ----------- ------------------ ------------------- --------------
59 | PCI Dev | | PCIe Root Port | | PCIe-PCI Bridge | | pxb-pcie |
60 ----------- ------------------ ------------------- --------------
62 2.1.1 To plug a device into pcie.0 as a Root Complex Integrated Endpoint use:
63 -device <dev>[,bus=pcie.0]
64 2.1.2 To expose a new PCI Express Root Bus use:
65 -device pxb-pcie,id=pcie.1,bus_nr=x[,numa_node=y][,addr=z]
66 PCI Express Root Ports and PCI Express to PCI bridges can be
67 connected to the pcie.1 bus:
68 -device ioh3420,id=root_port1[,bus=pcie.1][,chassis=x][,slot=y][,addr=z] \
69 -device pcie-pci-bridge,id=pcie_pci_bridge1,bus=pcie.1
72 2.2 PCI Express only hierarchy
73 ==============================
74 Always use PCI Express Root Ports to start PCI Express hierarchies.
76 A PCI Express Root bus supports up to 32 devices. Since each
77 PCI Express Root Port is a function and a multi-function
78 device may support up to 8 functions, the maximum possible
79 number of PCI Express Root Ports per PCI Express Root Bus is 256.
81 Prefer grouping PCI Express Root Ports into multi-function devices
82 to keep a simple flat hierarchy that is enough for most scenarios.
83 Only use PCI Express Switches (x3130-upstream, xio3130-downstream)
84 if there is no more room for PCI Express Root Ports.
85 Please see section 4. for further justifications.
87 Plug only PCI Express devices into PCI Express Ports.
91 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
93 ------------- ------------- -------------
94 | Root Port | | Root Port | | Root Port |
95 ------------ ------------- -------------
96 | -------------------------|------------------------
97 ------------ | ----------------- |
98 | PCIe Dev | | PCI Express | Upstream Port | |
99 ------------ | Switch ----------------- |
101 | ------------------- ------------------- |
102 | | Downstream Port | | Downstream Port | |
103 | ------------------- ------------------- |
104 -------------|-----------------------|------------
109 2.2.1 Plugging a PCI Express device into a PCI Express Root Port:
110 -device ioh3420,id=root_port1,chassis=x,slot=y[,bus=pcie.0][,addr=z] \
111 -device <dev>,bus=root_port1
112 2.2.2 Using multi-function PCI Express Root Ports:
113 -device ioh3420,id=root_port1,multifunction=on,chassis=x,addr=z.0[,slot=y][,bus=pcie.0] \
114 -device ioh3420,id=root_port2,chassis=x1,addr=z.1[,slot=y1][,bus=pcie.0] \
115 -device ioh3420,id=root_port3,chassis=x2,addr=z.2[,slot=y2][,bus=pcie.0] \
116 2.2.3 Plugging a PCI Express device into a Switch:
117 -device ioh3420,id=root_port1,chassis=x,slot=y[,bus=pcie.0][,addr=z] \
118 -device x3130-upstream,id=upstream_port1,bus=root_port1[,addr=x] \
119 -device xio3130-downstream,id=downstream_port1,bus=upstream_port1,chassis=x1,slot=y1[,addr=z1]] \
120 -device <dev>,bus=downstream_port1
123 - (slot, chassis) pair is mandatory and must be unique for each
124 PCI Express Root Port. slot defaults to 0 when not specified.
125 - 'addr' parameter can be 0 for all the examples above.
128 2.3 PCI only hierarchy
129 ======================
130 Legacy PCI devices can be plugged into pcie.0 as Integrated Endpoints,
131 but, as mentioned in section 5, doing so means the legacy PCI
132 device in question will be incapable of hot-unplugging.
133 Besides that use PCI Express to PCI Bridges (pcie-pci-bridge) in
134 combination with PCI-PCI Bridges (pci-bridge) to start PCI hierarchies.
136 Prefer flat hierarchies. For most scenarios a single PCI Express to PCI Bridge
137 (having 32 slots) and several PCI-PCI Bridges attached to it
138 (each supporting also 32 slots) will support hundreds of legacy devices.
139 The recommendation is to populate one PCI-PCI Bridge under the
140 PCI Express to PCI Bridge until is full and then plug a new PCI-PCI Bridge...
143 ----------------------------------------------
145 ----------- -------------------
146 | PCI Dev | | PCIe-PCI Bridge |
147 ----------- -------------------
149 ------------------ ------------------
150 | PCI-PCI Bridge | | PCI-PCI Bridge |
151 ------------------ ------------------
153 ----------- -----------
154 | PCI Dev | | PCI Dev |
155 ----------- -----------
157 2.3.1 To plug a PCI device into pcie.0 as an Integrated Endpoint use:
158 -device <dev>[,bus=pcie.0]
159 2.3.2 Plugging a PCI device into a PCI-PCI Bridge:
160 -device pcie-pci-bridge,id=pcie_pci_bridge1[,bus=pcie.0] \
161 -device pci-bridge,id=pci_bridge1,bus=pcie_pci_bridge1[,chassis_nr=x][,addr=y] \
162 -device <dev>,bus=pci_bridge1[,addr=x]
163 Note that 'addr' cannot be 0 unless shpc=off parameter is passed to
164 the PCI Bridge/PCI Express to PCI Bridge.
168 The PCI Express Root Ports and PCI Express Downstream ports are seen by
169 Firmware/Guest OS as PCI-PCI Bridges. As required by the PCI spec, each
170 such Port should be reserved a 4K IO range for, even though only one
171 (multifunction) device can be plugged into each Port. This results in
172 poor IO space utilization.
174 The firmware used by QEMU (SeaBIOS/OVMF) may try further optimizations
175 by not allocating IO space for each PCI Express Root / PCI Express
177 (1) the port is empty, or
178 (2) the device behind the port has no IO BARs.
180 The IO space is very limited, to 65536 byte-wide IO ports, and may even be
181 fragmented by fixed IO ports owned by platform devices resulting in at most
182 10 PCI Express Root Ports or PCI Express Downstream Ports per system
183 if devices with IO BARs are used in the PCI Express hierarchy. Using the
184 proposed device placing strategy solves this issue by using only
185 PCI Express devices within PCI Express hierarchy.
187 The PCI Express spec requires that PCI Express devices work properly
188 without using IO ports. The PCI hierarchy has no such limitations.
191 4. Bus numbers issues
192 ======================
193 Each PCI domain can have up to only 256 buses and the QEMU PCI Express
194 machines do not support multiple PCI domains even if extra Root
195 Complexes (pxb-pcie) are used.
197 Each element of the PCI Express hierarchy (Root Complexes,
198 PCI Express Root Ports, PCI Express Downstream/Upstream ports)
199 uses one bus number. Since only one (multifunction) device
200 can be attached to a PCI Express Root Port or PCI Express Downstream
201 Port it is advised to plan in advance for the expected number of
202 devices to prevent bus number starvation.
204 Avoiding PCI Express Switches (and thereby striving for a 'flatter' PCI
205 Express hierarchy) enables the hierarchy to not spend bus numbers on
208 The bus_nr properties of the pxb-pcie devices partition the 0..255 bus
209 number space. All bus numbers assigned to the buses recursively behind a
210 given pxb-pcie device's root bus must fit between the bus_nr property of
211 that pxb-pcie device, and the lowest of the higher bus_nr properties
212 that the command line sets for other pxb-pcie devices.
217 The PCI Express root buses (pcie.0 and the buses exposed by pxb-pcie devices)
218 do not support hot-plug, so any devices plugged into Root Complexes
219 cannot be hot-plugged/hot-unplugged:
220 (1) PCI Express Integrated Endpoints
221 (2) PCI Express Root Ports
222 (3) PCI Express to PCI Bridges
225 Be aware that PCI Express Downstream Ports can't be hot-plugged into
226 an existing PCI Express Upstream Port.
228 PCI devices can be hot-plugged into PCI Express to PCI and PCI-PCI Bridges.
229 The PCI hot-plug into PCI-PCI bridge is ACPI based, whereas hot-plug into
230 PCI Express to PCI bridges is SHPC-based. They both can work side by side with
231 the PCI Express native hot-plug.
233 PCI Express devices can be natively hot-plugged/hot-unplugged into/from
234 PCI Express Root Ports (and PCI Express Downstream Ports).
236 5.1 Planning for hot-plug:
238 Leave enough PCI-PCI Bridge slots empty or add one
239 or more empty PCI-PCI Bridges to the PCI Express to PCI Bridge.
241 For each such PCI-PCI Bridge the Guest Firmware is expected to reserve
242 4K IO space and 2M MMIO range to be used for all devices behind it.
243 Appropriate PCI capability is designed, see pcie_pci_bridge.txt.
245 Because of the hard IO limit of around 10 PCI Bridges (~ 40K space)
246 per system don't use more than 9 PCI-PCI Bridges, leaving 4K for the
247 Integrated Endpoints. (The PCI Express Hierarchy needs no IO space).
249 (2) PCI Express hierarchy:
250 Leave enough PCI Express Root Ports empty. Use multifunction
251 PCI Express Root Ports (up to 8 ports per pcie.0 slot)
252 on the Root Complex(es), for keeping the
253 hierarchy as flat as possible, thereby saving PCI bus numbers.
254 Don't use PCI Express Switches if you don't have
255 to, each one of those uses an extra PCI bus (for its Upstream Port)
256 that could be put to better use with another Root Port or Downstream
257 Port, which may come handy for hot-plugging another device.
260 5.3 Hot-plug example:
261 Using HMP: (add -monitor stdio to QEMU command line)
262 device_add <dev>,id=<id>,bus=<PCI Express Root Port Id/PCI Express Downstream Port Id/PCI-PCI Bridge Id/>
267 Host devices are mostly PCI Express and should be plugged only into
268 PCI Express Root Ports or PCI Express Downstream Ports.
269 PCI-PCI Bridge slots can be used for legacy PCI host devices.
271 6.1 How to detect if a device is PCI Express:
272 > lspci -s 03:00.0 -v (as root)
274 03:00.0 Network controller: Intel Corporation Wireless 7260 (rev 83)
275 Subsystem: Intel Corporation Dual Band Wireless-AC 7260
276 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 50
277 Memory at f0400000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K]
278 Capabilities: [c8] Power Management version 3
279 Capabilities: [d0] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
280 Capabilities: [40] Express Endpoint, MSI 00
281 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
282 Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
283 Capabilities: [140] Device Serial Number 7c-7a-91-ff-ff-90-db-20
284 Capabilities: [14c] Latency Tolerance Reporting
285 Capabilities: [154] Vendor Specific Information: ID=cafe Rev=1 Len=014
287 If you can see the "Express Endpoint" capability in the
288 output, then the device is indeed PCI Express.
293 Virtio devices plugged into the PCI hierarchy or as Integrated Endpoints
294 will remain PCI and have transitional behaviour as default.
295 Transitional virtio devices work in both IO and MMIO modes depending on
296 the guest support. The Guest firmware will assign both IO and MMIO resources
297 to transitional virtio devices.
299 Virtio devices plugged into PCI Express ports are PCI Express devices and
300 have "1.0" behavior by default without IO support.
301 In both cases disable-legacy and disable-modern properties can be used
302 to override the behaviour.
304 Note that setting disable-legacy=off will enable legacy mode (enabling
305 legacy behavior) for PCI Express virtio devices causing them to
306 require IO space, which, given the limited available IO space, may quickly
307 lead to resource exhaustion, and is therefore strongly discouraged.
312 The proposal offers a usage model that is easy to understand and follow
313 and at the same time overcomes the PCI Express architecture limitations.