4 The memory API models the memory and I/O buses and controllers of a QEMU
5 machine. It attempts to allow modelling of:
8 - memory-mapped I/O (MMIO)
9 - memory controllers that can dynamically reroute physical memory regions
10 to different destinations
12 The memory model provides support for
14 - tracking RAM changes by the guest
15 - setting up coalesced memory for kvm
16 - setting up ioeventfd regions for kvm
18 Memory is modelled as a tree (really acyclic graph) of MemoryRegion objects.
19 The root of the tree is memory as seen from the CPU's viewpoint (the system
20 bus). Nodes in the tree represent other buses, memory controllers, and
21 memory regions that have been rerouted. Leaves are RAM and MMIO regions.
26 There are four types of memory regions (all represented by a single C type
29 - RAM: a RAM region is simply a range of host memory that can be made available
32 - MMIO: a range of guest memory that is implemented by host callbacks;
33 each read or write causes a callback to be called on the host.
35 - container: a container simply includes other memory regions, each at
36 a different offset. Containers are useful for grouping several regions
37 into one unit. For example, a PCI BAR may be composed of a RAM region
40 A container's subregions are usually non-overlapping. In some cases it is
41 useful to have overlapping regions; for example a memory controller that
42 can overlay a subregion of RAM with MMIO or ROM, or a PCI controller
43 that does not prevent card from claiming overlapping BARs.
45 - alias: a subsection of another region. Aliases allow a region to be
46 split apart into discontiguous regions. Examples of uses are memory banks
47 used when the guest address space is smaller than the amount of RAM
48 addressed, or a memory controller that splits main memory to expose a "PCI
49 hole". Aliases may point to any type of region, including other aliases,
50 but an alias may not point back to itself, directly or indirectly.
56 Regions are assigned names by the constructor. For most regions these are
57 only used for debugging purposes, but RAM regions also use the name to identify
58 live migration sections. This means that RAM region names need to have ABI
64 A region is created by one of the constructor functions (memory_region_init*())
65 and destroyed by the destructor (memory_region_destroy()). In between,
66 a region can be added to an address space by using memory_region_add_subregion()
67 and removed using memory_region_del_subregion(). Region attributes may be
68 changed at any point; they take effect once the region becomes exposed to the
71 Overlapping regions and priority
72 --------------------------------
73 Usually, regions may not overlap each other; a memory address decodes into
74 exactly one target. In some cases it is useful to allow regions to overlap,
75 and sometimes to control which of an overlapping regions is visible to the
76 guest. This is done with memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(), which
77 allows the region to overlap any other region in the same container, and
78 specifies a priority that allows the core to decide which of two regions at
79 the same address are visible (highest wins).
83 The memory core uses the following rules to select a memory region when the
84 guest accesses an address:
86 - all direct subregions of the root region are matched against the address, in
87 descending priority order
88 - if the address lies outside the region offset/size, the subregion is
90 - if the subregion is a leaf (RAM or MMIO), the search terminates
91 - if the subregion is a container, the same algorithm is used within the
92 subregion (after the address is adjusted by the subregion offset)
93 - if the subregion is an alias, the search is continues at the alias target
94 (after the address is adjusted by the subregion offset and alias offset)
99 system_memory: container@0-2^48-1
101 +---- lomem: alias@0-0xdfffffff ---> #ram (0-0xdfffffff)
103 +---- himem: alias@0x100000000-0x11fffffff ---> #ram (0xe0000000-0xffffffff)
105 +---- vga-window: alias@0xa0000-0xbfffff ---> #pci (0xa0000-0xbffff)
108 +---- pci-hole: alias@0xe0000000-0xffffffff ---> #pci (0xe0000000-0xffffffff)
112 +--- vga-area: container@0xa0000-0xbffff
114 | +--- alias@0x00000-0x7fff ---> #vram (0x010000-0x017fff)
116 | +--- alias@0x08000-0xffff ---> #vram (0x020000-0x027fff)
118 +---- vram: ram@0xe1000000-0xe1ffffff
120 +---- vga-mmio: mmio@0xe2000000-0xe200ffff
122 ram: ram@0x00000000-0xffffffff
124 The is a (simplified) PC memory map. The 4GB RAM block is mapped into the
125 system address space via two aliases: "lomem" is a 1:1 mapping of the first
126 3.5GB; "himem" maps the last 0.5GB at address 4GB. This leaves 0.5GB for the
127 so-called PCI hole, that allows a 32-bit PCI bus to exist in a system with
130 The memory controller diverts addresses in the range 640K-768K to the PCI
131 address space. This is modelled using the "vga-window" alias, mapped at a
132 higher priority so it obscures the RAM at the same addresses. The vga window
133 can be removed by programming the memory controller; this is modelled by
134 removing the alias and exposing the RAM underneath.
136 The pci address space is not a direct child of the system address space, since
137 we only want parts of it to be visible (we accomplish this using aliases).
138 It has two subregions: vga-area models the legacy vga window and is occupied
139 by two 32K memory banks pointing at two sections of the framebuffer.
140 In addition the vram is mapped as a BAR at address e1000000, and an additional
141 BAR containing MMIO registers is mapped after it.
143 Note that if the guest maps a BAR outside the PCI hole, it would not be
144 visible as the pci-hole alias clips it to a 0.5GB range.
149 Various region attributes (read-only, dirty logging, coalesced mmio, ioeventfd)
150 can be changed during the region lifecycle. They take effect once the region
151 is made visible (which can be immediately, later, or never).
156 MMIO regions are provided with ->read() and ->write() callbacks; in addition
157 various constraints can be supplied to control how these callbacks are called:
159 - .valid.min_access_size, .valid.max_access_size define the access sizes
160 (in bytes) which the device accepts; accesses outside this range will
161 have device and bus specific behaviour (ignored, or machine check)
162 - .valid.aligned specifies that the device only accepts naturally aligned
163 accesses. Unaligned accesses invoke device and bus specific behaviour.
164 - .impl.min_access_size, .impl.max_access_size define the access sizes
165 (in bytes) supported by the *implementation*; other access sizes will be
166 emulated using the ones available. For example a 4-byte write will be
167 emulated using four 1-byte write, if .impl.max_access_size = 1.
168 - .impl.valid specifies that the *implementation* only supports unaligned
169 accesses; unaligned accesses will be emulated by two aligned accesses.
170 - .old_portio and .old_mmio can be used to ease porting from code using
171 cpu_register_io_memory() and register_ioport(). They should not be used