3 QEMU has code to load/save the state of the guest that it is running.
4 These are two complementary operations. Saving the state just does
5 that, saves the state for each device that the guest is running.
6 Restoring a guest is just the opposite operation: we need to load the
9 For this to work, QEMU has to be launched with the same arguments the
10 two times. I.e. it can only restore the state in one guest that has
11 the same devices that the one it was saved (this last requirement can
12 be relaxed a bit, but for now we can consider that configuration has
13 to be exactly the same).
15 Once that we are able to save/restore a guest, a new functionality is
16 requested: migration. This means that QEMU is able to start in one
17 machine and being "migrated" to another machine. I.e. being moved to
20 Next was the "live migration" functionality. This is important
21 because some guests run with a lot of state (specially RAM), and it
22 can take a while to move all state from one machine to another. Live
23 migration allows the guest to continue running while the state is
24 transferred. Only while the last part of the state is transferred has
25 the guest to be stopped. Typically the time that the guest is
26 unresponsive during live migration is the low hundred of milliseconds
27 (notice that this depends on a lot of things).
29 === Types of migration ===
31 Now that we have talked about live migration, there are several ways
34 - tcp migration: do the migration using tcp sockets
35 - unix migration: do the migration using unix sockets
36 - exec migration: do the migration using the stdin/stdout through a process.
37 - fd migration: do the migration using an file descriptor that is
38 passed to QEMU. QEMU doesn't care how this file descriptor is opened.
40 All these four migration protocols use the same infrastructure to
41 save/restore state devices. This infrastructure is shared with the
42 savevm/loadvm functionality.
44 === State Live Migration ==
46 This is used for RAM and block devices. It is not yet ported to vmstate.
47 <Fill more information here>
49 === What is the common infrastructure ===
51 QEMU uses a QEMUFile abstraction to be able to do migration. Any type
52 of migration that wants to use QEMU infrastructure has to create a
55 QEMUFile *qemu_fopen_ops(void *opaque,
56 QEMUFilePutBufferFunc *put_buffer,
57 QEMUFileGetBufferFunc *get_buffer,
58 QEMUFileCloseFunc *close,
59 QEMUFileRateLimit *rate_limit,
60 QEMUFileSetRateLimit *set_rate_limit,
61 QEMUFileGetRateLimit *get_rate_limit);
63 The functions have the following functionality:
65 This function writes a chunk of data to a file at the given position.
66 The pos argument can be ignored if the file is only used for
67 streaming. The handler should try to write all of the data it can.
69 typedef int (QEMUFilePutBufferFunc)(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf,
70 int64_t pos, int size);
72 Read a chunk of data from a file at the given position. The pos argument
73 can be ignored if the file is only be used for streaming. The number of
74 bytes actually read should be returned.
76 typedef int (QEMUFileGetBufferFunc)(void *opaque, uint8_t *buf,
77 int64_t pos, int size);
79 Close a file and return an error code.
81 typedef int (QEMUFileCloseFunc)(void *opaque);
83 Called to determine if the file has exceeded its bandwidth allocation. The
84 bandwidth capping is a soft limit, not a hard limit.
86 typedef int (QEMUFileRateLimit)(void *opaque);
88 Called to change the current bandwidth allocation. This function must return
89 the new actual bandwidth. It should be new_rate if everything goes OK, and
90 the old rate otherwise.
92 typedef size_t (QEMUFileSetRateLimit)(void *opaque, size_t new_rate);
93 typedef size_t (QEMUFileGetRateLimit)(void *opaque);
95 You can use any internal state that you need using the opaque void *
96 pointer that is passed to all functions.
98 The rate limiting functions are used to limit the bandwidth used by
101 The important functions for us are put_buffer()/get_buffer() that
102 allow to write/read a buffer into the QEMUFile.
104 === How to save the state of one device ==
106 The state of a device is saved using intermediate buffers. There are
107 some helper functions to assist this saving.
109 There is a new concept that we have to explain here: device state
110 version. When we migrate a device, we save/load the state as a series
111 of fields. Some times, due to bugs or new functionality, we need to
112 change the state to store more/different information. We use the
113 version to identify each time that we do a change. Each version is
114 associated with a series of fields saved. The save_state always saves
115 the state as the newer version. But load_state sometimes is able to
116 load state from an older version.
120 This way is going to disappear as soon as all current users are ported to VMSTATE.
122 Each device has to register two functions, one to save the state and
123 another to load the state back.
125 int register_savevm(DeviceState *dev,
129 SaveStateHandler *save_state,
130 LoadStateHandler *load_state,
133 typedef void SaveStateHandler(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque);
134 typedef int LoadStateHandler(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque, int version_id);
136 The important functions for the device state format are the save_state
137 and load_state. Notice that load_state receives a version_id
138 parameter to know what state format is receiving. save_state doesn't
139 have a version_id parameter because it always uses the latest version.
143 The legacy way of saving/loading state of the device had the problem
144 that we have to maintain two functions in sync. If we did one change
145 in one of them and not in the other, we would get a failed migration.
147 VMState changed the way that state is saved/loaded. Instead of using
148 a function to save the state and another to load it, it was changed to
149 a declarative way of what the state consisted of. Now VMState is able
150 to interpret that definition to be able to load/save the state. As
151 the state is declared only once, it can't go out of sync in the
154 An example (from hw/pckbd.c)
156 static const VMStateDescription vmstate_kbd = {
159 .minimum_version_id = 3,
160 .minimum_version_id_old = 3,
161 .fields = (VMStateField []) {
162 VMSTATE_UINT8(write_cmd, KBDState),
163 VMSTATE_UINT8(status, KBDState),
164 VMSTATE_UINT8(mode, KBDState),
165 VMSTATE_UINT8(pending, KBDState),
166 VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST()
170 We are declaring the state with name "pckbd".
171 The version_id is 3, and the fields are 4 uint8_t in a KBDState structure.
172 We registered this with:
174 vmstate_register(NULL, 0, &vmstate_kbd, s);
176 Note: talk about how vmstate <-> qdev interact, and what the instance ids mean.
178 You can search for VMSTATE_* macros for lots of types used in QEMU in
181 === More about versions ==
183 You can see that there are several version fields:
185 - version_id: the maximum version_id supported by VMState for that device.
186 - minimum_version_id: the minimum version_id that VMState is able to understand
188 - minimum_version_id_old: For devices that were not able to port to vmstate, we can
189 assign a function that knows how to read this old state.
191 So, VMState is able to read versions from minimum_version_id to
192 version_id. And the function load_state_old() is able to load state
193 from minimum_version_id_old to minimum_version_id. This function is
194 deprecated and will be removed when no more users are left.
196 === Massaging functions ===
198 Sometimes, it is not enough to be able to save the state directly
199 from one structure, we need to fill the correct values there. One
200 example is when we are using kvm. Before saving the cpu state, we
201 need to ask kvm to copy to QEMU the state that it is using. And the
202 opposite when we are loading the state, we need a way to tell kvm to
203 load the state for the cpu that we have just loaded from the QEMUFile.
205 The functions to do that are inside a vmstate definition, and are called:
207 - int (*pre_load)(void *opaque);
209 This function is called before we load the state of one device.
211 - int (*post_load)(void *opaque, int version_id);
213 This function is called after we load the state of one device.
215 - void (*pre_save)(void *opaque);
217 This function is called before we save the state of one device.
219 Example: You can look at hpet.c, that uses the three function to
220 massage the state that is transferred.
224 The use of version_id allows to be able to migrate from older versions
225 to newer versions of a device. But not the other way around. This
226 makes very complicated to fix bugs in stable branches. If we need to
227 add anything to the state to fix a bug, we have to disable migration
228 to older versions that don't have that bug-fix (i.e. a new field).
230 But sometimes, that bug-fix is only needed sometimes, not always. For
231 instance, if the device is in the middle of a DMA operation, it is
232 using a specific functionality, ....
234 It is impossible to create a way to make migration from any version to
235 any other version to work. But we can do better than only allowing
236 migration from older versions no newer ones. For that fields that are
237 only needed sometimes, we add the idea of subsections. A subsection
238 is "like" a device vmstate, but with a particularity, it has a Boolean
239 function that tells if that values are needed to be sent or not. If
240 this functions returns false, the subsection is not sent.
242 On the receiving side, if we found a subsection for a device that we
243 don't understand, we just fail the migration. If we understand all
244 the subsections, then we load the state with success.
246 One important note is that the post_load() function is called "after"
247 loading all subsections, because a newer subsection could change same
252 static bool ide_drive_pio_state_needed(void *opaque)
254 IDEState *s = opaque;
256 return (s->status & DRQ_STAT) != 0;
259 const VMStateDescription vmstate_ide_drive_pio_state = {
260 .name = "ide_drive/pio_state",
262 .minimum_version_id = 1,
263 .minimum_version_id_old = 1,
264 .pre_save = ide_drive_pio_pre_save,
265 .post_load = ide_drive_pio_post_load,
266 .fields = (VMStateField []) {
267 VMSTATE_INT32(req_nb_sectors, IDEState),
268 VMSTATE_VARRAY_INT32(io_buffer, IDEState, io_buffer_total_len, 1,
269 vmstate_info_uint8, uint8_t),
270 VMSTATE_INT32(cur_io_buffer_offset, IDEState),
271 VMSTATE_INT32(cur_io_buffer_len, IDEState),
272 VMSTATE_UINT8(end_transfer_fn_idx, IDEState),
273 VMSTATE_INT32(elementary_transfer_size, IDEState),
274 VMSTATE_INT32(packet_transfer_size, IDEState),
275 VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST()
279 const VMStateDescription vmstate_ide_drive = {
282 .minimum_version_id = 0,
283 .minimum_version_id_old = 0,
284 .post_load = ide_drive_post_load,
285 .fields = (VMStateField []) {
286 .... several fields ....
287 VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST()
289 .subsections = (VMStateSubsection []) {
291 .vmsd = &vmstate_ide_drive_pio_state,
292 .needed = ide_drive_pio_state_needed,
299 Here we have a subsection for the pio state. We only need to
300 save/send this state when we are in the middle of a pio operation
301 (that is what ide_drive_pio_state_needed() checks). If DRQ_STAT is
302 not enabled, the values on that fields are garbage and don't need to