1 =====================================
2 QEMU Disk Network Block Device Server
3 =====================================
8 **qemu-nbd** [*OPTION*]... *filename*
10 **qemu-nbd** -L [*OPTION*]...
17 Export a QEMU disk image using the NBD protocol.
21 - Bind a /dev/nbdX block device to a QEMU server (on Linux).
22 - As a client to query exports of a remote NBD server.
29 *filename* is a disk image filename, or a set of block
30 driver options if ``--image-opts`` is specified.
32 *dev* is an NBD device.
34 .. option:: --object type,id=ID,...
36 Define a new instance of the *type* object class identified by *ID*.
37 See the :manpage:`qemu(1)` manual page for full details of the properties
38 supported. The common object types that it makes sense to define are the
39 ``secret`` object, which is used to supply passwords and/or encryption
40 keys, and the ``tls-creds`` object, which is used to supply TLS
41 credentials for the ``qemu-nbd`` server or client.
43 .. option:: -p, --port=PORT
45 TCP port to listen on as a server, or connect to as a client
48 .. option:: -o, --offset=OFFSET
50 The offset into the image.
52 .. option:: -b, --bind=IFACE
54 The interface to bind to as a server, or connect to as a client
55 (default ``0.0.0.0``).
57 .. option:: -k, --socket=PATH
59 Use a unix socket with path *PATH*.
61 .. option:: --image-opts
63 Treat *filename* as a set of image options, instead of a plain
64 filename. If this flag is specified, the ``-f`` flag should
65 not be used, instead the :option:`format=` option should be set.
67 .. option:: -f, --format=FMT
69 Force the use of the block driver for format *FMT* instead of
72 .. option:: -r, --read-only
74 Export the disk as read-only.
76 .. option:: -A, --allocation-depth
78 Expose allocation depth information via the
79 ``qemu:allocation-depth`` metadata context accessible through
80 NBD_OPT_SET_META_CONTEXT.
82 .. option:: -B, --bitmap=NAME
84 If *filename* has a qcow2 persistent bitmap *NAME*, expose
85 that bitmap via the ``qemu:dirty-bitmap:NAME`` metadata context
86 accessible through NBD_OPT_SET_META_CONTEXT.
88 .. option:: -s, --snapshot
90 Use *filename* as an external snapshot, create a temporary
91 file with ``backing_file=``\ *filename*, redirect the write to
94 .. option:: -l, --load-snapshot=SNAPSHOT_PARAM
96 Load an internal snapshot inside *filename* and export it
97 as an read-only device, SNAPSHOT_PARAM format is
98 ``snapshot.id=[ID],snapshot.name=[NAME]`` or ``[ID_OR_NAME]``
100 .. option:: --cache=CACHE
102 The cache mode to be used with the file. Valid values are:
103 ``none``, ``writeback`` (the default), ``writethrough``,
104 ``directsync`` and ``unsafe``. See the documentation of
105 the emulator's ``-drive cache=...`` option for more info.
107 .. option:: -n, --nocache
109 Equivalent to :option:`--cache=none`.
111 .. option:: --aio=AIO
113 Set the asynchronous I/O mode between ``threads`` (the default),
114 ``native`` (Linux only), and ``io_uring`` (Linux 5.1+).
116 .. option:: --discard=DISCARD
118 Control whether ``discard`` (also known as ``trim`` or ``unmap``)
119 requests are ignored or passed to the filesystem. *DISCARD* is one of
120 ``ignore`` (or ``off``), ``unmap`` (or ``on``). The default is
123 .. option:: --detect-zeroes=DETECT_ZEROES
125 Control the automatic conversion of plain zero writes by the OS to
126 driver-specific optimized zero write commands. *DETECT_ZEROES* is one of
127 ``off``, ``on``, or ``unmap``. ``unmap``
128 converts a zero write to an unmap operation and can only be used if
129 *DISCARD* is set to ``unmap``. The default is ``off``.
131 .. option:: -c, --connect=DEV
133 Connect *filename* to NBD device *DEV* (Linux only).
135 .. option:: -d, --disconnect
137 Disconnect the device *DEV* (Linux only).
139 .. option:: -e, --shared=NUM
141 Allow up to *NUM* clients to share the device (default
142 ``1``), 0 for unlimited. Safe for readers, but for now,
143 consistency is not guaranteed between multiple writers.
145 .. option:: -t, --persistent
147 Don't exit on the last connection.
149 .. option:: -x, --export-name=NAME
151 Set the NBD volume export name (default of a zero-length string).
153 .. option:: -D, --description=DESCRIPTION
155 Set the NBD volume export description, as a human-readable
158 .. option:: -L, --list
160 Connect as a client and list all details about the exports exposed by
161 a remote NBD server. This enables list mode, and is incompatible
162 with options that change behavior related to a specific export (such as
163 :option:`--export-name`, :option:`--offset`, ...).
165 .. option:: --tls-creds=ID
167 Enable mandatory TLS encryption for the server by setting the ID
168 of the TLS credentials object previously created with the --object
169 option; or provide the credentials needed for connecting as a client
174 Fork off the server process and exit the parent once the server is running.
176 .. option:: --pid-file=PATH
178 Store the server's process ID in the given file.
180 .. option:: --tls-authz=ID
182 Specify the ID of a qauthz object previously created with the
183 :option:`--object` option. This will be used to authorize connecting users
184 against their x509 distinguished name.
186 .. option:: -v, --verbose
188 Display extra debugging information.
190 .. option:: -h, --help
192 Display this help and exit.
194 .. option:: -V, --version
196 Display version information and exit.
198 .. option:: -T, --trace [[enable=]PATTERN][,events=FILE][,file=FILE]
200 .. include:: ../qemu-option-trace.rst.inc
205 Start a server listening on port 10809 that exposes only the
206 guest-visible contents of a qcow2 file, with no TLS encryption, and
207 with the default export name (an empty string). The command is
208 one-shot, and will block until the first successful client
213 qemu-nbd -f qcow2 file.qcow2
215 Start a long-running server listening with encryption on port 10810,
216 and whitelist clients with a specific X.509 certificate to connect to
217 a 1 megabyte subset of a raw file, using the export name 'subset':
222 --object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,endpoint=server,dir=/path/to/qemutls \
223 --object 'authz-simple,id=auth0,identity=CN=laptop.example.com,,\
224 O=Example Org,,L=London,,ST=London,,C=GB' \
225 --tls-creds tls0 --tls-authz auth0 \
226 -t -x subset -p 10810 \
227 --image-opts driver=raw,offset=1M,size=1M,file.driver=file,file.filename=file.raw
229 Serve a read-only copy of a guest image over a Unix socket with as
230 many as 5 simultaneous readers, with a persistent process forked as a
235 qemu-nbd --fork --persistent --shared=5 --socket=/path/to/sock \
236 --read-only --format=qcow2 file.qcow2
238 Expose the guest-visible contents of a qcow2 file via a block device
239 /dev/nbd0 (and possibly creating /dev/nbd0p1 and friends for
240 partitions found within), then disconnect the device when done.
241 Access to bind ``qemu-nbd`` to a /dev/nbd device generally requires root
242 privileges, and may also require the execution of ``modprobe nbd``
243 to enable the kernel NBD client module. *CAUTION*: Do not use
244 this method to mount filesystems from an untrusted guest image - a
245 malicious guest may have prepared the image to attempt to trigger
246 kernel bugs in partition probing or file system mounting.
250 qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 -f qcow2 file.qcow2
251 qemu-nbd -d /dev/nbd0
253 Query a remote server to see details about what export(s) it is
254 serving on port 10809, and authenticating via PSK:
259 --object tls-creds-psk,id=tls0,dir=/tmp/keys,username=eblake,endpoint=client \
260 --tls-creds tls0 -L -b remote.example.com
265 :manpage:`qemu(1)`, :manpage:`qemu-img(1)`