3 A qcow2 image file is organized in units of constant size, which are called
4 (host) clusters. A cluster is the unit in which all allocations are done,
5 both for actual guest data and for image metadata.
7 Likewise, the virtual disk as seen by the guest is divided into (guest)
8 clusters of the same size.
10 All numbers in qcow2 are stored in Big Endian byte order.
15 The first cluster of a qcow2 image contains the file header:
18 QCOW magic string ("QFI\xfb")
21 Version number (only valid value is 2)
23 8 - 15: backing_file_offset
24 Offset into the image file at which the backing file name
25 is stored (NB: The string is not null terminated). 0 if the
26 image doesn't have a backing file.
28 16 - 19: backing_file_size
29 Length of the backing file name in bytes. Must not be
30 longer than 1023 bytes. Undefined if the image doesn't have
34 Number of bits that are used for addressing an offset
35 within a cluster (1 << cluster_bits is the cluster size).
36 Must not be less than 9 (i.e. 512 byte clusters).
38 Note: qemu as of today has an implementation limit of 2 MB
39 as the maximum cluster size and won't be able to open images
40 with larger cluster sizes.
43 Virtual disk size in bytes
50 Number of entries in the active L1 table
52 40 - 47: l1_table_offset
53 Offset into the image file at which the active L1 table
54 starts. Must be aligned to a cluster boundary.
56 48 - 55: refcount_table_offset
57 Offset into the image file at which the refcount table
58 starts. Must be aligned to a cluster boundary.
60 56 - 59: refcount_table_clusters
61 Number of clusters that the refcount table occupies
64 Number of snapshots contained in the image
66 64 - 71: snapshots_offset
67 Offset into the image file at which the snapshot table
68 starts. Must be aligned to a cluster boundary.
70 Directly after the image header, optional sections called header extensions can
71 be stored. Each extension has a structure like the following:
73 Byte 0 - 3: Header extension type:
74 0x00000000 - End of the header extension area
75 0xE2792ACA - Backing file format name
76 other - Unknown header extension, can be safely
79 4 - 7: Length of the header extension data
81 8 - n: Header extension data
83 n - m: Padding to round up the header extension size to the next
86 The remaining space between the end of the header extension area and the end of
87 the first cluster can be used for other data. Usually, the backing file name is
91 == Host cluster management ==
93 qcow2 manages the allocation of host clusters by maintaining a reference count
94 for each host cluster. A refcount of 0 means that the cluster is free, 1 means
95 that it is used, and >= 2 means that it is used and any write access must
96 perform a COW (copy on write) operation.
98 The refcounts are managed in a two-level table. The first level is called
99 refcount table and has a variable size (which is stored in the header). The
100 refcount table can cover multiple clusters, however it needs to be contiguous
103 It contains pointers to the second level structures which are called refcount
104 blocks and are exactly one cluster in size.
106 Given a offset into the image file, the refcount of its cluster can be obtained
109 refcount_block_entries = (cluster_size / sizeof(uint16_t))
111 refcount_block_index = (offset / cluster_size) % refcount_block_entries
112 refcount_table_index = (offset / cluster_size) / refcount_block_entries
114 refcount_block = load_cluster(refcount_table[refcount_table_index]);
115 return refcount_block[refcount_block_index];
117 Refcount table entry:
119 Bit 0 - 8: Reserved (set to 0)
121 9 - 63: Bits 9-63 of the offset into the image file at which the
122 refcount block starts. Must be aligned to a cluster
125 If this is 0, the corresponding refcount block has not yet
126 been allocated. All refcounts managed by this refcount block
129 Refcount block entry:
131 Bit 0 - 15: Reference count of the cluster
134 == Cluster mapping ==
136 Just as for refcounts, qcow2 uses a two-level structure for the mapping of
137 guest clusters to host clusters. They are called L1 and L2 table.
139 The L1 table has a variable size (stored in the header) and may use multiple
140 clusters, however it must be contiguous in the image file. L2 tables are
141 exactly one cluster in size.
143 Given a offset into the virtual disk, the offset into the image file can be
146 l2_entries = (cluster_size / sizeof(uint64_t))
148 l2_index = (offset / cluster_size) % l2_entries
149 l1_index = (offset / cluster_size) / l2_entries
151 l2_table = load_cluster(l1_table[l1_index]);
152 cluster_offset = l2_table[l2_index];
154 return cluster_offset + (offset % cluster_size)
158 Bit 0 - 8: Reserved (set to 0)
160 9 - 55: Bits 9-55 of the offset into the image file at which the L2
161 table starts. Must be aligned to a cluster boundary. If the
162 offset is 0, the L2 table and all clusters described by this
163 L2 table are unallocated.
165 56 - 62: Reserved (set to 0)
167 63: 0 for an L2 table that is unused or requires COW, 1 if its
168 refcount is exactly one. This information is only accurate
169 in the active L1 table.
171 L2 table entry (for normal clusters):
173 Bit 0 - 8: Reserved (set to 0)
175 9 - 55: Bits 9-55 of host cluster offset. Must be aligned to a
176 cluster boundary. If the offset is 0, the cluster is
179 56 - 61: Reserved (set to 0)
181 62: 0 (this cluster is not compressed)
183 63: 0 for a cluster that is unused or requires COW, 1 if its
184 refcount is exactly one. This information is only accurate
185 in L2 tables that are reachable from the the active L1
188 L2 table entry (for compressed clusters; x = 62 - (cluster_size - 8)):
190 Bit 0 - x: Host cluster offset. This is usually _not_ aligned to a
193 x+1 - 61: Compressed size of the images in sectors of 512 bytes
195 62: 1 (this cluster is compressed using zlib)
197 63: 0 for a cluster that is unused or requires COW, 1 if its
198 refcount is exactly one. This information is only accurate
199 in L2 tables that are reachable from the the active L1
202 If a cluster is unallocated, read requests shall read the data from the backing
203 file. If there is no backing file or the backing file is smaller than the image,
204 they shall read zeros for all parts that are not covered by the backing file.
209 qcow2 supports internal snapshots. Their basic principle of operation is to
210 switch the active L1 table, so that a different set of host clusters are
211 exposed to the guest.
213 When creating a snapshot, the L1 table should be copied and the refcount of all
214 L2 tables and clusters reachable from this L1 table must be increased, so that
215 a write causes a COW and isn't visible in other snapshots.
217 When loading a snapshot, bit 63 of all entries in the new active L1 table and
218 all L2 tables referenced by it must be reconstructed from the refcount table
219 as it doesn't need to be accurate in inactive L1 tables.
221 A directory of all snapshots is stored in the snapshot table, a contiguous area
222 in the image file, whose starting offset and length are given by the header
223 fields snapshots_offset and nb_snapshots. The entries of the snapshot table
224 have variable length, depending on the length of ID, name and extra data.
226 Snapshot table entry:
228 Byte 0 - 7: Offset into the image file at which the L1 table for the
229 snapshot starts. Must be aligned to a cluster boundary.
231 8 - 11: Number of entries in the L1 table of the snapshots
233 12 - 13: Length of the unique ID string describing the snapshot
235 14 - 15: Length of the name of the snapshot
237 16 - 19: Time at which the snapshot was taken in seconds since the
240 20 - 23: Subsecond part of the time at which the snapshot was taken
243 24 - 31: Time that the guest was running until the snapshot was
246 32 - 35: Size of the VM state in bytes. 0 if no VM state is saved.
247 If there is VM state, it starts at the first cluster
248 described by first L1 table entry that doesn't describe a
249 regular guest cluster (i.e. VM state is stored like guest
250 disk content, except that it is stored at offsets that are
251 larger than the virtual disk presented to the guest)
253 36 - 39: Size of extra data in the table entry (used for future
254 extensions of the format)
256 variable: Extra data for future extensions. Must be ignored.
258 variable: Unique ID string for the snapshot (not null terminated)
260 variable: Name of the snapshot (not null terminated)