1 = How to use the QAPI code generator =
3 * Note: as of this writing, QMP does not use QAPI. Eventually QMP
4 commands will be converted to use QAPI internally. The following
5 information describes QMP/QAPI as it will exist after the
8 QAPI is a native C API within QEMU which provides management-level
9 functionality to internal/external users. For external
10 users/processes, this interface is made available by a JSON-based
11 QEMU Monitor protocol that is provided by the QMP server.
13 To map QMP-defined interfaces to the native C QAPI implementations,
14 a JSON-based schema is used to define types and function
15 signatures, and a set of scripts is used to generate types/signatures,
16 and marshaling/dispatch code. The QEMU Guest Agent also uses these
17 scripts, paired with a separate schema, to generate
18 marshaling/dispatch code for the guest agent server running in the
21 This document will describe how the schemas, scripts, and resulting
25 == QMP/Guest agent schema ==
27 This file defines the types, commands, and events used by QMP. It should
28 fully describe the interface used by QMP.
30 This file is designed to be loosely based on JSON although it's technically
31 executable Python. While dictionaries are used, they are parsed as
32 OrderedDicts so that ordering is preserved.
34 There are two basic syntaxes used, type definitions and command definitions.
36 The first syntax defines a type and is represented by a dictionary. There are
37 three kinds of user-defined types that are supported: complex types,
38 enumeration types and union types.
40 Generally speaking, types definitions should always use CamelCase for the type
41 names. Command names should be all lower case with words separated by a hyphen.
45 A complex type is a dictionary containing a single key whose value is a
46 dictionary. This corresponds to a struct in C or an Object in JSON. An
47 example of a complex type is:
50 'data': { 'member1': 'str', 'member2': 'int', '*member3': 'str' } }
52 The use of '*' as a prefix to the name means the member is optional. Optional
53 members should always be added to the end of the dictionary to preserve
54 backwards compatibility.
57 A complex type definition can specify another complex type as its base.
58 In this case, the fields of the base type are included as top-level fields
59 of the new complex type's dictionary in the QMP wire format. An example
62 { 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat', 'data': { 'file': 'str' } }
63 { 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat',
64 'base': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
65 'data': { '*backing': 'str' } }
67 An example BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat object on the wire could use
68 both fields like this:
70 { "file": "/some/place/my-image",
71 "backing": "/some/place/my-backing-file" }
73 === Enumeration types ===
75 An enumeration type is a dictionary containing a single key whose value is a
76 list of strings. An example enumeration is:
78 { 'enum': 'MyEnum', 'data': [ 'value1', 'value2', 'value3' ] }
82 Union types are used to let the user choose between several different data
83 types. A union type is defined using a dictionary as explained in the
87 A simple union type defines a mapping from discriminator values to data types
90 { 'type': 'FileOptions', 'data': { 'filename': 'str' } }
91 { 'type': 'Qcow2Options',
92 'data': { 'backing-file': 'str', 'lazy-refcounts': 'bool' } }
94 { 'union': 'BlockdevOptions',
95 'data': { 'file': 'FileOptions',
96 'qcow2': 'Qcow2Options' } }
98 In the QMP wire format, a simple union is represented by a dictionary that
99 contains the 'type' field as a discriminator, and a 'data' field that is of the
100 specified data type corresponding to the discriminator value:
102 { "type": "qcow2", "data" : { "backing-file": "/some/place/my-image",
103 "lazy-refcounts": true } }
106 A union definition can specify a complex type as its base. In this case, the
107 fields of the complex type are included as top-level fields of the union
108 dictionary in the QMP wire format. An example definition is:
110 { 'type': 'BlockdevCommonOptions', 'data': { 'readonly': 'bool' } }
111 { 'union': 'BlockdevOptions',
112 'base': 'BlockdevCommonOptions',
113 'data': { 'raw': 'RawOptions',
114 'qcow2': 'Qcow2Options' } }
116 And it looks like this on the wire:
120 "data" : { "backing-file": "/some/place/my-image",
121 "lazy-refcounts": true } }
124 Flat union types avoid the nesting on the wire. They are used whenever a
125 specific field of the base type is declared as the discriminator ('type' is
126 then no longer generated). The discriminator must be of enumeration type.
127 The above example can then be modified as follows:
129 { 'enum': 'BlockdevDriver', 'data': [ 'raw', 'qcow2' ] }
130 { 'type': 'BlockdevCommonOptions',
131 'data': { 'driver': 'BlockdevDriver', 'readonly': 'bool' } }
132 { 'union': 'BlockdevOptions',
133 'base': 'BlockdevCommonOptions',
134 'discriminator': 'driver',
135 'data': { 'raw': 'RawOptions',
136 'qcow2': 'Qcow2Options' } }
138 Resulting in this JSON object:
142 "backing-file": "/some/place/my-image",
143 "lazy-refcounts": true }
146 A special type of unions are anonymous unions. They don't form a dictionary in
147 the wire format but allow the direct use of different types in their place. As
148 they aren't structured, they don't have any explicit discriminator but use
149 the (QObject) data type of their value as an implicit discriminator. This means
150 that they are restricted to using only one discriminator value per QObject
151 type. For example, you cannot have two different complex types in an anonymous
152 union, or two different integer types.
154 Anonymous unions are declared using an empty dictionary as their discriminator.
155 The discriminator values never appear on the wire, they are only used in the
156 generated C code. Anonymous unions cannot have a base type.
158 { 'union': 'BlockRef',
160 'data': { 'definition': 'BlockdevOptions',
161 'reference': 'str' } }
163 This example allows using both of the following example objects:
165 { "file": "my_existing_block_device_id" }
166 { "file": { "driver": "file",
168 "filename": "/tmp/mydisk.qcow2" } }
173 Commands are defined by using a list containing three members. The first
174 member is the command name, the second member is a dictionary containing
175 arguments, and the third member is the return type.
177 An example command is:
179 { 'command': 'my-command',
180 'data': { 'arg1': 'str', '*arg2': 'str' },
184 == Code generation ==
186 Schemas are fed into 3 scripts to generate all the code/files that, paired
187 with the core QAPI libraries, comprise everything required to take JSON
188 commands read in by a QMP/guest agent server, unmarshal the arguments into
189 the underlying C types, call into the corresponding C function, and map the
190 response back to a QMP/guest agent response to be returned to the user.
192 As an example, we'll use the following schema, which describes a single
193 complex user-defined type (which will produce a C struct, along with a list
194 node structure that can be used to chain together a list of such types in
195 case we want to accept/return a list of this type with a command), and a
196 command which takes that type as a parameter and returns the same type:
198 mdroth@illuin:~/w/qemu2.git$ cat example-schema.json
199 { 'type': 'UserDefOne',
200 'data': { 'integer': 'int', 'string': 'str' } }
202 { 'command': 'my-command',
203 'data': {'arg1': 'UserDefOne'},
204 'returns': 'UserDefOne' }
205 mdroth@illuin:~/w/qemu2.git$
207 === scripts/qapi-types.py ===
209 Used to generate the C types defined by a schema. The following files are
212 $(prefix)qapi-types.h - C types corresponding to types defined in
213 the schema you pass in
214 $(prefix)qapi-types.c - Cleanup functions for the above C types
216 The $(prefix) is an optional parameter used as a namespace to keep the
217 generated code from one schema/code-generation separated from others so code
218 can be generated/used from multiple schemas without clobbering previously
223 mdroth@illuin:~/w/qemu2.git$ python scripts/qapi-types.py \
224 --output-dir="qapi-generated" --prefix="example-" < example-schema.json
225 mdroth@illuin:~/w/qemu2.git$ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-types.c
226 /* AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED, DO NOT MODIFY */
228 #include "qapi/qapi-dealloc-visitor.h"
229 #include "example-qapi-types.h"
230 #include "example-qapi-visit.h"
232 void qapi_free_UserDefOne(UserDefOne * obj)
234 QapiDeallocVisitor *md;
241 md = qapi_dealloc_visitor_new();
242 v = qapi_dealloc_get_visitor(md);
243 visit_type_UserDefOne(v, &obj, NULL, NULL);
244 qapi_dealloc_visitor_cleanup(md);
247 mdroth@illuin:~/w/qemu2.git$ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-types.h
248 /* AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED, DO NOT MODIFY */
249 #ifndef QAPI_GENERATED_EXAMPLE_QAPI_TYPES
250 #define QAPI_GENERATED_EXAMPLE_QAPI_TYPES
252 #include "qapi/qapi-types-core.h"
254 typedef struct UserDefOne UserDefOne;
256 typedef struct UserDefOneList
259 struct UserDefOneList *next;
268 void qapi_free_UserDefOne(UserDefOne * obj);
273 === scripts/qapi-visit.py ===
275 Used to generate the visitor functions used to walk through and convert
276 a QObject (as provided by QMP) to a native C data structure and
277 vice-versa, as well as the visitor function used to dealloc a complex
278 schema-defined C type.
280 The following files are generated:
282 $(prefix)qapi-visit.c: visitor function for a particular C type, used
283 to automagically convert QObjects into the
284 corresponding C type and vice-versa, as well
285 as for deallocating memory for an existing C
288 $(prefix)qapi-visit.h: declarations for previously mentioned visitor
293 mdroth@illuin:~/w/qemu2.git$ python scripts/qapi-visit.py \
294 --output-dir="qapi-generated" --prefix="example-" < example-schema.json
295 mdroth@illuin:~/w/qemu2.git$ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-visit.c
296 /* THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED, DO NOT MODIFY */
298 #include "example-qapi-visit.h"
300 void visit_type_UserDefOne(Visitor *m, UserDefOne ** obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
302 visit_start_struct(m, (void **)obj, "UserDefOne", name, sizeof(UserDefOne), errp);
303 visit_type_int(m, (obj && *obj) ? &(*obj)->integer : NULL, "integer", errp);
304 visit_type_str(m, (obj && *obj) ? &(*obj)->string : NULL, "string", errp);
305 visit_end_struct(m, errp);
308 void visit_type_UserDefOneList(Visitor *m, UserDefOneList ** obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
310 GenericList *i, **prev = (GenericList **)obj;
312 visit_start_list(m, name, errp);
314 for (; (i = visit_next_list(m, prev, errp)) != NULL; prev = &i) {
315 UserDefOneList *native_i = (UserDefOneList *)i;
316 visit_type_UserDefOne(m, &native_i->value, NULL, errp);
319 visit_end_list(m, errp);
321 mdroth@illuin:~/w/qemu2.git$ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-visit.h
322 /* THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED, DO NOT MODIFY */
324 #ifndef QAPI_GENERATED_EXAMPLE_QAPI_VISIT
325 #define QAPI_GENERATED_EXAMPLE_QAPI_VISIT
327 #include "qapi/qapi-visit-core.h"
328 #include "example-qapi-types.h"
330 void visit_type_UserDefOne(Visitor *m, UserDefOne ** obj, const char *name, Error **errp);
331 void visit_type_UserDefOneList(Visitor *m, UserDefOneList ** obj, const char *name, Error **errp);
334 mdroth@illuin:~/w/qemu2.git$
336 (The actual structure of the visit_type_* functions is a bit more complex
337 in order to propagate errors correctly and avoid leaking memory).
339 === scripts/qapi-commands.py ===
341 Used to generate the marshaling/dispatch functions for the commands defined
342 in the schema. The following files are generated:
344 $(prefix)qmp-marshal.c: command marshal/dispatch functions for each
345 QMP command defined in the schema. Functions
346 generated by qapi-visit.py are used to
347 convert QObjects received from the wire into
348 function parameters, and uses the same
349 visitor functions to convert native C return
350 values to QObjects from transmission back
353 $(prefix)qmp-commands.h: Function prototypes for the QMP commands
354 specified in the schema.
358 mdroth@illuin:~/w/qemu2.git$ cat qapi-generated/example-qmp-marshal.c
359 /* THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED, DO NOT MODIFY */
361 #include "qemu-objects.h"
362 #include "qapi/qmp-core.h"
363 #include "qapi/qapi-visit-core.h"
364 #include "qapi/qmp-output-visitor.h"
365 #include "qapi/qmp-input-visitor.h"
366 #include "qapi/qapi-dealloc-visitor.h"
367 #include "example-qapi-types.h"
368 #include "example-qapi-visit.h"
370 #include "example-qmp-commands.h"
371 static void qmp_marshal_output_my_command(UserDefOne * ret_in, QObject **ret_out, Error **errp)
373 QapiDeallocVisitor *md = qapi_dealloc_visitor_new();
374 QmpOutputVisitor *mo = qmp_output_visitor_new();
377 v = qmp_output_get_visitor(mo);
378 visit_type_UserDefOne(v, &ret_in, "unused", errp);
379 v = qapi_dealloc_get_visitor(md);
380 visit_type_UserDefOne(v, &ret_in, "unused", errp);
381 qapi_dealloc_visitor_cleanup(md);
384 *ret_out = qmp_output_get_qobject(mo);
387 static void qmp_marshal_input_my_command(QmpState *qmp__sess, QDict *args, QObject **ret, Error **errp)
389 UserDefOne * retval = NULL;
391 QapiDeallocVisitor *md;
393 UserDefOne * arg1 = NULL;
395 mi = qmp_input_visitor_new(QOBJECT(args));
396 v = qmp_input_get_visitor(mi);
397 visit_type_UserDefOne(v, &arg1, "arg1", errp);
399 if (error_is_set(errp)) {
402 retval = qmp_my_command(arg1, errp);
403 qmp_marshal_output_my_command(retval, ret, errp);
406 md = qapi_dealloc_visitor_new();
407 v = qapi_dealloc_get_visitor(md);
408 visit_type_UserDefOne(v, &arg1, "arg1", errp);
409 qapi_dealloc_visitor_cleanup(md);
413 static void qmp_init_marshal(void)
415 qmp_register_command("my-command", qmp_marshal_input_my_command);
418 qapi_init(qmp_init_marshal);
419 mdroth@illuin:~/w/qemu2.git$ cat qapi-generated/example-qmp-commands.h
420 /* THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED, DO NOT MODIFY */
422 #ifndef QAPI_GENERATED_EXAMPLE_QMP_COMMANDS
423 #define QAPI_GENERATED_EXAMPLE_QMP_COMMANDS
425 #include "example-qapi-types.h"
428 UserDefOne * qmp_my_command(UserDefOne * arg1, Error **errp);
431 mdroth@illuin:~/w/qemu2.git$