4 This document explains the usage of virtual NVDIMM (vNVDIMM) feature
5 which is available since QEMU v2.6.0.
7 The current QEMU only implements the persistent memory mode of vNVDIMM
8 device and not the block window mode.
13 The storage of a vNVDIMM device in QEMU is provided by the memory
14 backend (i.e. memory-backend-file and memory-backend-ram). A simple
15 way to create a vNVDIMM device at startup time is done via the
16 following command line options:
19 -m $RAM_SIZE,slots=$N,maxmem=$MAX_SIZE
20 -object memory-backend-file,id=mem1,share=on,mem-path=$PATH,size=$NVDIMM_SIZE
21 -device nvdimm,id=nvdimm1,memdev=mem1
25 - the "nvdimm" machine option enables vNVDIMM feature.
27 - "slots=$N" should be equal to or larger than the total amount of
28 normal RAM devices and vNVDIMM devices, e.g. $N should be >= 2 here.
30 - "maxmem=$MAX_SIZE" should be equal to or larger than the total size
31 of normal RAM devices and vNVDIMM devices, e.g. $MAX_SIZE should be
32 >= $RAM_SIZE + $NVDIMM_SIZE here.
34 - "object memory-backend-file,id=mem1,share=on,mem-path=$PATH,size=$NVDIMM_SIZE"
35 creates a backend storage of size $NVDIMM_SIZE on a file $PATH. All
36 accesses to the virtual NVDIMM device go to the file $PATH.
38 "share=on/off" controls the visibility of guest writes. If
39 "share=on", then guest writes will be applied to the backend
40 file. If another guest uses the same backend file with option
41 "share=on", then above writes will be visible to it as well. If
42 "share=off", then guest writes won't be applied to the backend
43 file and thus will be invisible to other guests.
45 - "device nvdimm,id=nvdimm1,memdev=mem1" creates a virtual NVDIMM
46 device whose storage is provided by above memory backend device.
48 Multiple vNVDIMM devices can be created if multiple pairs of "-object"
49 and "-device" are provided.
51 For above command line options, if the guest OS has the proper NVDIMM
52 driver (e.g. "CONFIG_ACPI_NFIT=y" under Linux), it should be able to
53 detect a NVDIMM device which is in the persistent memory mode and whose
58 1. Prior to QEMU v2.8.0, if memory-backend-file is used and the actual
59 backend file size is not equal to the size given by "size" option,
60 QEMU will truncate the backend file by ftruncate(2), which will
61 corrupt the existing data in the backend file, especially for the
64 QEMU v2.8.0 and later check the backend file size and the "size"
65 option. If they do not match, QEMU will report errors and abort in
66 order to avoid the data corruption.
68 2. QEMU v2.6.0 only puts a basic alignment requirement on the "size"
69 option of memory-backend-file, e.g. 4KB alignment on x86. However,
70 QEMU v.2.7.0 puts an additional alignment requirement, which may
71 require a larger value than the basic one, e.g. 2MB on x86. This
72 change breaks the usage of memory-backend-file that only satisfies
75 QEMU v2.8.0 and later remove the additional alignment on non-s390x
76 architectures, so the broken memory-backend-file can work again.
81 QEMU v2.7.0 and later implement the label support for vNVDIMM devices.
82 To enable label on vNVDIMM devices, users can simply add
83 "label-size=$SZ" option to "-device nvdimm", e.g.
85 -device nvdimm,id=nvdimm1,memdev=mem1,label-size=128K
89 1. The minimal label size is 128KB.
91 2. QEMU v2.7.0 and later store labels at the end of backend storage.
92 If a memory backend file, which was previously used as the backend
93 of a vNVDIMM device without labels, is now used for a vNVDIMM
94 device with label, the data in the label area at the end of file
95 will be inaccessible to the guest. If any useful data (e.g. the
96 meta-data of the file system) was stored there, the latter usage
97 may result guest data corruption (e.g. breakage of guest file
103 QEMU v2.8.0 and later implement the hotplug support for vNVDIMM
104 devices. Similarly to the RAM hotplug, the vNVDIMM hotplug is
105 accomplished by two monitor commands "object_add" and "device_add".
107 For example, the following commands add another 4GB vNVDIMM device to
110 (qemu) object_add memory-backend-file,id=mem2,share=on,mem-path=new_nvdimm.img,size=4G
111 (qemu) device_add nvdimm,id=nvdimm2,memdev=mem2
115 1. Each hotplugged vNVDIMM device consumes one memory slot. Users
116 should always ensure the memory option "-m ...,slots=N" specifies
117 enough number of slots, i.e.
118 N >= number of RAM devices +
119 number of statically plugged vNVDIMM devices +
120 number of hotplugged vNVDIMM devices
122 2. The similar is required for the memory option "-m ...,maxmem=M", i.e.
123 M >= size of RAM devices +
124 size of statically plugged vNVDIMM devices +
125 size of hotplugged vNVDIMM devices
130 QEMU uses mmap(2) to maps vNVDIMM backends and aligns the mapping
131 address to the page size (getpagesize(2)) by default. However, some
132 types of backends may require an alignment different than the page
133 size. In that case, QEMU v2.12.0 and later provide 'align' option to
134 memory-backend-file to allow users to specify the proper alignment.
136 For example, device dax require the 2 MB alignment, so we can use
137 following QEMU command line options to use it (/dev/dax0.0) as the
140 -object memory-backend-file,id=mem1,share=on,mem-path=/dev/dax0.0,size=4G,align=2M
141 -device nvdimm,id=nvdimm1,memdev=mem1
143 Guest Data Persistence
144 ----------------------
146 Though QEMU supports multiple types of vNVDIMM backends on Linux,
147 the only backend that can guarantee the guest write persistence is:
149 A. DAX device (e.g., /dev/dax0.0, ) or
150 B. DAX file(mounted with dax option)
152 When using B (A file supporting direct mapping of persistent memory)
153 as a backend, write persistence is guaranteed if the host kernel has
154 support for the MAP_SYNC flag in the mmap system call (available
155 since Linux 4.15 and on certain distro kernels) and additionally
156 both 'pmem' and 'share' flags are set to 'on' on the backend.
158 If these conditions are not satisfied i.e. if either 'pmem' or 'share'
159 are not set, if the backend file does not support DAX or if MAP_SYNC
160 is not supported by the host kernel, write persistence is not
161 guaranteed after a system crash. For compatibility reasons, these
162 conditions are ignored if not satisfied. Currently, no way is
163 provided to test for them.
164 For more details, please reference mmap(2) man page:
165 http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mmap.2.html.
167 When using other types of backends, it's suggested to set 'unarmed'
168 option of '-device nvdimm' to 'on', which sets the unarmed flag of the
169 guest NVDIMM region mapping structure. This unarmed flag indicates
170 guest software that this vNVDIMM device contains a region that cannot
171 accept persistent writes. In result, for example, the guest Linux
172 NVDIMM driver, marks such vNVDIMM device as read-only.
177 ACPI 6.2 Errata A added support for a new Platform Capabilities Structure
178 which allows the platform to communicate what features it supports related to
179 NVDIMM data persistence. Users can provide a persistence value to a guest via
180 the optional "nvdimm-persistence" machine command line option:
182 -machine pc,accel=kvm,nvdimm,nvdimm-persistence=cpu
184 There are currently two valid values for this option:
186 "mem-ctrl" - The platform supports flushing dirty data from the memory
187 controller to the NVDIMMs in the event of power loss.
189 "cpu" - The platform supports flushing dirty data from the CPU cache to
190 the NVDIMMs in the event of power loss. This implies that the
191 platform also supports flushing dirty data through the memory
192 controller on power loss.
194 If the vNVDIMM backend is in host persistent memory that can be accessed in
195 SNIA NVM Programming Model [1] (e.g., Intel NVDIMM), it's suggested to set
196 the 'pmem' option of memory-backend-file to 'on'. When 'pmem' is 'on' and QEMU
197 is built with libpmem [2] support (configured with --enable-libpmem), QEMU
198 will take necessary operations to guarantee the persistence of its own writes
199 to the vNVDIMM backend(e.g., in vNVDIMM label emulation and live migration).
200 If 'pmem' is 'on' while there is no libpmem support, qemu will exit and report
201 a "lack of libpmem support" message to ensure the persistence is available.
202 For example, if we want to ensure the persistence for some backend file,
203 use the QEMU command line:
205 -object memory-backend-file,id=nv_mem,mem-path=/XXX/yyy,size=4G,pmem=on
210 [1] NVM Programming Model (NPM)
212 https://www.snia.org/sites/default/files/technical_work/final/NVMProgrammingModel_v1.2.pdf
213 [2] Persistent Memory Development Kit (PMDK), formerly known as NVML project, home page: