1 This is Python version 3.1.1
2 ============================
4 Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
5 Python Software Foundation.
8 Python 3.x is a new version of the language, which is incompatible with the
9 2.x line of releases. The language is mostly the same, but many details,
10 especially how built-in objects like dictionaries and strings work, have
11 changed considerably, and a lot of deprecated features have finally been
18 On Unix, Linux, BSD, OSX, and Cygwin:
25 This will install Python as python3.
27 You can pass many options to the configure script; run "./configure
28 --help" to find out more. On OSX and Cygwin, the executable is called
29 python.exe; elsewhere it's just python.
31 On Mac OS X, if you have configured Python with --enable-framework,
32 you should use "make frameworkinstall" to do the installation. Note
33 that this installs the Python executable in a place that is not
34 normally on your PATH, you may want to set up a symlink in
37 On Windows, see PCbuild/readme.txt.
39 If you wish, you can create a subdirectory and invoke configure from
44 ../configure --with-pydebug
48 (This will fail if you *also* built at the top-level directory. You
49 should do a "make clean" at the toplevel first.)
55 We try to have a comprehensive overview of the changes in the "What's New in
56 Python 3.1" document, found at
58 http://docs.python.org/dev/3.1/whatsnew/3.1.html
60 For a more detailed change log, read Misc/NEWS (though this file, too,
61 is incomplete, and also doesn't list anything merged in from the 2.7
62 release under development).
64 If you want to install multiple versions of Python see the section below
65 entitled "Installing multiple versions".
71 Documentation for Python 3.1 is online, updated twice a day:
73 http://docs.python.org/dev/3.1/
75 All documentation is also available online at the Python web site
76 (http://docs.python.org/, see below). It is available online for
77 occasional reference, or can be downloaded in many formats for faster
78 access. The documentation is downloadable in HTML, PostScript, PDF,
79 LaTeX (through 2.5), and reStructuredText (2.6+) formats; the LaTeX and
80 reStructuredText versions are primarily for documentation authors,
81 translators, and people with special formatting requirements.
84 Converting From Python 2.x to 3.x
85 ---------------------------------
87 Python starting with 2.6 will contain features to help locating code that
88 needs to be changed, such as optional warnings when deprecated features are
89 used, and backported versions of certain key Python 3.x features.
91 A source-to-source translation tool, "2to3", can take care of the mundane task
92 of converting large amounts of source code. It is not a complete solution but
93 is complemented by the deprecation warnings in 2.6. See
94 http://docs.python.org/dev/py3k/library/2to3.html for more information.
100 To test the interpreter, type "make test" in the top-level directory.
101 This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with
102 the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set
103 produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
104 skipped tests due to optional features which can't be imported.
105 If a message is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core
106 dump is produced, something is wrong. On some Linux systems (those
107 that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a
108 non-standard implementation of strftime() in the C library. Please
109 ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6.
111 By default, tests are prevented from overusing resources like disk space and
112 memory. To enable these tests, run "make testall".
114 IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report,
115 *don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the
116 failing test manually, as follows:
118 ./python Lib/test/regrtest.py -v test_whatever
120 (substituting the top of the source tree for '.' if you built in a
121 different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode.
124 Installing multiple versions
125 ----------------------------
127 On Unix and Mac systems if you intend to install multiple versions of Python
128 using the same installation prefix (--prefix argument to the configure
129 script) you must take care that your primary python executable is not
130 overwritten by the installation of a different version. All files and
131 directories installed using "make altinstall" contain the major and minor
132 version and can thus live side-by-side. "make install" also creates
133 ${prefix}/bin/python3 which refers to ${prefix}/bin/pythonX.Y. If you intend
134 to install multiple versions using the same prefix you must decide which
135 version (if any) is your "primary" version. Install that version using
136 "make install". Install all other versions using "make altinstall".
138 For example, if you want to install Python 2.5, 2.6 and 3.0 with 2.6 being
139 the primary version, you would execute "make install" in your 2.6 build
140 directory and "make altinstall" in the others.
143 Issue Tracker and Mailing List
144 ------------------------------
146 We're soliciting bug reports about all aspects of the language. Fixes
147 are also welcome, preferable in unified diff format. Please use the
150 http://bugs.python.org/
152 If you're not sure whether you're dealing with a bug or a feature, use
155 python-dev@python.org
157 To subscribe to the list, use the mailman form:
159 http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-dev/
162 Proposals for enhancement
163 -------------------------
165 If you have a proposal to change Python, you may want to send an email to the
166 comp.lang.python or python-ideas mailing lists for inital feedback. A Python
167 Enhancement Proposal (PEP) may be submitted if your idea gains ground. All
168 current PEPs, as well as guidelines for submitting a new PEP, are listed at
169 http://www.python.org/dev/peps/.
175 See PEP 375 for release details: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0375/
178 Copyright and License Information
179 ---------------------------------
181 Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
182 Python Software Foundation.
185 Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
188 Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
191 Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum.
194 See the file "LICENSE" for information on the history of this
195 software, terms & conditions for usage, and a DISCLAIMER OF ALL
198 This Python distribution contains *no* GNU General Public License
199 (GPL) code, so it may be used in proprietary projects. There are
200 interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely optional.
202 All trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective