1 [See the end of this file for ** TIPS ** on using IDLE !!]
3 Click on the dotted line at the top of a menu to "tear it off": a
4 separate window containing the menu is created.
8 New Window -- Create a new editing window
9 Open... -- Open an existing file
10 Recent Files... -- Open a list of recent files
11 Open Module... -- Open an existing module (searches sys.path)
12 Class Browser -- Show classes and methods in current file
13 Path Browser -- Show sys.path directories, modules, classes
16 Save -- Save current window to the associated file (unsaved
17 windows have a * before and after the window title)
19 Save As... -- Save current window to new file, which becomes
21 Save Copy As... -- Save current window to different file
22 without changing the associated file
24 Print Window -- Print the current window
26 Close -- Close current window (asks to save if unsaved)
27 Exit -- Close all windows, quit (asks to save if unsaved)
31 Undo -- Undo last change to current window
32 (A maximum of 1000 changes may be undone)
33 Redo -- Redo last undone change to current window
35 Cut -- Copy a selection into system-wide clipboard,
36 then delete the selection
37 Copy -- Copy selection into system-wide clipboard
38 Paste -- Insert system-wide clipboard into window
39 Select All -- Select the entire contents of the edit buffer
41 Find... -- Open a search dialog box with many options
42 Find Again -- Repeat last search
43 Find Selection -- Search for the string in the selection
44 Find in Files... -- Open a search dialog box for searching files
45 Replace... -- Open a search-and-replace dialog box
46 Go to Line -- Ask for a line number and show that line
47 Show Calltip -- Open a small window with function param hints
48 Show Completions -- Open a scroll window allowing selection keywords
49 and attributes. (see '*TIPS*', below)
50 Show Parens -- Highlight the surrounding parenthesis
51 Expand Word -- Expand the word you have typed to match another
52 word in the same buffer; repeat to get a
55 Format Menu (only in Edit window):
57 Indent Region -- Shift selected lines right 4 spaces
58 Dedent Region -- Shift selected lines left 4 spaces
59 Comment Out Region -- Insert ## in front of selected lines
60 Uncomment Region -- Remove leading # or ## from selected lines
61 Tabify Region -- Turns *leading* stretches of spaces into tabs
62 (Note: We recommend using 4 space blocks to indent Python code.)
63 Untabify Region -- Turn *all* tabs into the right number of spaces
64 New Indent Width... -- Open dialog to change indent width
65 Format Paragraph -- Reformat the current blank-line-separated
68 Run Menu (only in Edit window):
70 Python Shell -- Open or wake up the Python shell window
72 Check Module -- Run a syntax check on the module
73 Run Module -- Execute the current file in the __main__ namespace
75 Shell Menu (only in Shell window):
77 View Last Restart -- Scroll the shell window to the last restart
78 Restart Shell -- Restart the interpreter with a fresh environment
80 Debug Menu (only in Shell window):
82 Go to File/Line -- look around the insert point for a filename
83 and linenumber, open the file, and show the line
84 Debugger (toggle) -- Run commands in the shell under the debugger
85 Stack Viewer -- Show the stack traceback of the last exception
86 Auto-open Stack Viewer (toggle) -- Open stack viewer on traceback
90 Configure IDLE -- Open a configuration dialog. Fonts, indentation,
91 keybindings, and color themes may be altered.
92 Startup Preferences may be set, and Additional Help
93 Sources can be specified.
95 On MacOS X this menu is not present, use
96 menu 'IDLE -> Preferences...' instead.
98 Code Context -- Open a pane at the top of the edit window which
99 shows the block context of the section of code
100 which is scrolling off the top or the window.
101 (Not present in Shell window.)
105 Zoom Height -- toggles the window between configured size
108 The rest of this menu lists the names of all open windows;
109 select one to bring it to the foreground (deiconifying it if
114 About IDLE -- Version, copyright, license, credits
115 IDLE Readme -- Background discussion and change details
117 IDLE Help -- Display this file
118 Python Docs -- Access local Python documentation, if
119 installed. Otherwise, access www.python.org.
121 (Additional Help Sources may be added here)
127 Additional Help Sources:
129 Windows users can Google on zopeshelf.chm to access Zope help files in
130 the Windows help format. The Additional Help Sources feature of the
131 configuration GUI supports .chm, along with any other filetypes
132 supported by your browser. Supply a Menu Item title, and enter the
133 location in the Help File Path slot of the New Help Source dialog. Use
134 http:// and/or www. to identify external URLs, or download the file and
135 browse for its path on your machine using the Browse button.
137 All users can access the extensive sources of help, including
138 tutorials, available at www.python.org/doc. Selected URLs can be added
139 or removed from the Help menu at any time using Configure IDLE.
141 Basic editing and navigation:
143 Backspace deletes char to the left; DEL deletes char to the right.
144 Control-backspace deletes word left, Control-DEL deletes word right.
145 Arrow keys and Page Up/Down move around.
146 Control-left/right Arrow moves by words in a strange but useful way.
147 Home/End go to begin/end of line.
148 Control-Home/End go to begin/end of file.
149 Some useful Emacs bindings are inherited from Tcl/Tk:
150 Control-a beginning of line
151 Control-e end of line
152 Control-k kill line (but doesn't put it in clipboard)
153 Control-l center window around the insertion point
154 Standard Windows bindings may work on that platform.
155 Keybindings are selected in the Settings Dialog, look there.
157 Automatic indentation:
159 After a block-opening statement, the next line is indented by 4 spaces
160 (in the Python Shell window by one tab). After certain keywords
161 (break, return etc.) the next line is dedented. In leading
162 indentation, Backspace deletes up to 4 spaces if they are there. Tab
163 inserts spaces (in the Python Shell window one tab), number depends on
164 Indent Width. (N.B. Currently tabs are restricted to four spaces due
167 See also the indent/dedent region commands in the edit menu.
171 Completions are supplied for functions, classes, and attributes of
172 classes, both built-in and user-defined. Completions are also provided
175 The AutoCompleteWindow (ACW) will open after a predefined delay
176 (default is two seconds) after a '.' or (in a string) an os.sep is
177 typed. If after one of those characters (plus zero or more other
178 characters) you type a Tab the ACW will open immediately if a possible
179 continuation is found.
181 If there is only one possible completion for the characters entered, a
182 Tab will supply that completion without opening the ACW.
184 'Show Completions' will force open a completions window. In an empty
185 string, this will contain the files in the current directory. On a
186 blank line, it will contain the built-in and user-defined functions and
187 classes in the current name spaces, plus any modules imported. If some
188 characters have been entered, the ACW will attempt to be more specific.
190 If string of characters is typed, the ACW selection will jump to the
191 entry most closely matching those characters. Entering a Tab will cause
192 the longest non-ambiguous match to be entered in the Edit window or
193 Shell. Two Tabs in a row will supply the current ACW selection, as
194 will Return or a double click. Cursor keys, Page Up/Down, mouse
195 selection, and the scrollwheel all operate on the ACW.
197 'Hidden' attributes can be accessed by typing the beginning of hidden
198 name after a '.'. e.g. '_'. This allows access to modules with
199 '__all__' set, or to class-private attributes.
201 Completions and the 'Expand Word' facility can save a lot of typing!
203 Completions are currently limited to those in the namespaces. Names in
204 an Edit window which are not via __main__ or sys.modules will not be
205 found. Run the module once with your imports to correct this
206 situation. Note that IDLE itself places quite a few modules in
207 sys.modules, so much can be found by default, e.g. the re module.
209 If you don't like the ACW popping up unbidden, simply make the delay
210 longer or disable the extension. OTOH, you could make the delay zero.
212 You could also switch off the CallTips extension. (We will be adding
213 a delay to the call tip window.)
217 Control-c interrupts executing command.
218 Control-d sends end-of-file; closes window if typed at >>> prompt
219 (this is Control-z on Windows).
223 Alt-p retrieves previous command matching what you have typed.
224 Alt-n retrieves next.
225 (These are Control-p, Control-n on the Mac)
226 Return while cursor is on a previous command retrieves that command.
227 Expand word is also useful to reduce typing.
231 The coloring is applied in a background "thread", so you may
232 occasionally see uncolorized text. To change the color
233 scheme, use the Configure IDLE / Highlighting dialog.
235 Python default syntax colors:
238 Builtins royal purple
243 Shell default colors:
252 The font preferences, keybinding, and startup preferences can
253 be changed using the Settings dialog.
257 Enter idle -h at the command prompt to get a usage message.
259 Running without a subprocess:
261 If IDLE is started with the -n command line switch it will run in a
262 single process and will not create the subprocess which runs the RPC
263 Python execution server. This can be useful if Python cannot create
264 the subprocess or the RPC socket interface on your platform. However,
265 in this mode user code is not isolated from IDLE itself. Also, the
266 environment is not restarted when Run/Run Module (F5) is selected. If
267 your code has been modified, you must reload() the affected modules and
268 re-import any specific items (e.g. from foo import baz) if the changes
269 are to take effect. For these reasons, it is preferable to run IDLE
270 with the default subprocess if at all possible.
274 IDLE contains an extension facility. See the beginning of
275 config-extensions.def in the idlelib directory for further information.
276 The default extensions are currently: