1 :mod:`email`: Representing character sets
2 -----------------------------------------
4 .. module:: email.charset
5 :synopsis: Character Sets
8 This module provides a class :class:`Charset` for representing character sets
9 and character set conversions in email messages, as well as a character set
10 registry and several convenience methods for manipulating this registry.
11 Instances of :class:`Charset` are used in several other modules within the
14 Import this class from the :mod:`email.charset` module.
16 .. versionadded:: 2.2.2
19 .. class:: Charset([input_charset])
21 Map character sets to their email properties.
23 This class provides information about the requirements imposed on email for a
24 specific character set. It also provides convenience routines for converting
25 between character sets, given the availability of the applicable codecs. Given
26 a character set, it will do its best to provide information on how to use that
27 character set in an email message in an RFC-compliant way.
29 Certain character sets must be encoded with quoted-printable or base64 when used
30 in email headers or bodies. Certain character sets must be converted outright,
31 and are not allowed in email.
33 Optional *input_charset* is as described below; it is always coerced to lower
34 case. After being alias normalized it is also used as a lookup into the
35 registry of character sets to find out the header encoding, body encoding, and
36 output conversion codec to be used for the character set. For example, if
37 *input_charset* is ``iso-8859-1``, then headers and bodies will be encoded using
38 quoted-printable and no output conversion codec is necessary. If
39 *input_charset* is ``euc-jp``, then headers will be encoded with base64, bodies
40 will not be encoded, but output text will be converted from the ``euc-jp``
41 character set to the ``iso-2022-jp`` character set.
43 :class:`Charset` instances have the following data attributes:
46 .. attribute:: input_charset
48 The initial character set specified. Common aliases are converted to
49 their *official* email names (e.g. ``latin_1`` is converted to
50 ``iso-8859-1``). Defaults to 7-bit ``us-ascii``.
53 .. attribute:: header_encoding
55 If the character set must be encoded before it can be used in an email
56 header, this attribute will be set to ``Charset.QP`` (for
57 quoted-printable), ``Charset.BASE64`` (for base64 encoding), or
58 ``Charset.SHORTEST`` for the shortest of QP or BASE64 encoding. Otherwise,
62 .. attribute:: body_encoding
64 Same as *header_encoding*, but describes the encoding for the mail
65 message's body, which indeed may be different than the header encoding.
66 ``Charset.SHORTEST`` is not allowed for *body_encoding*.
69 .. attribute:: output_charset
71 Some character sets must be converted before they can be used in email headers
72 or bodies. If the *input_charset* is one of them, this attribute will
73 contain the name of the character set output will be converted to. Otherwise, it will
77 .. attribute:: input_codec
79 The name of the Python codec used to convert the *input_charset* to
80 Unicode. If no conversion codec is necessary, this attribute will be
84 .. attribute:: output_codec
86 The name of the Python codec used to convert Unicode to the
87 *output_charset*. If no conversion codec is necessary, this attribute
88 will have the same value as the *input_codec*.
90 :class:`Charset` instances also have the following methods:
93 .. method:: get_body_encoding()
95 Return the content transfer encoding used for body encoding.
97 This is either the string ``quoted-printable`` or ``base64`` depending on
98 the encoding used, or it is a function, in which case you should call the
99 function with a single argument, the Message object being encoded. The
100 function should then set the :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding`
101 header itself to whatever is appropriate.
103 Returns the string ``quoted-printable`` if *body_encoding* is ``QP``,
104 returns the string ``base64`` if *body_encoding* is ``BASE64``, and
105 returns the string ``7bit`` otherwise.
108 .. method:: convert(s)
110 Convert the string *s* from the *input_codec* to the *output_codec*.
113 .. method:: to_splittable(s)
115 Convert a possibly multibyte string to a safely splittable format. *s* is
118 Uses the *input_codec* to try and convert the string to Unicode, so it can
119 be safely split on character boundaries (even for multibyte characters).
121 Returns the string as-is if it isn't known how to convert *s* to Unicode
122 with the *input_charset*.
124 Characters that could not be converted to Unicode will be replaced with
125 the Unicode replacement character ``'U+FFFD'``.
128 .. method:: from_splittable(ustr[, to_output])
130 Convert a splittable string back into an encoded string. *ustr* is a
131 Unicode string to "unsplit".
133 This method uses the proper codec to try and convert the string from
134 Unicode back into an encoded format. Return the string as-is if it is not
135 Unicode, or if it could not be converted from Unicode.
137 Characters that could not be converted from Unicode will be replaced with
138 an appropriate character (usually ``'?'``).
140 If *to_output* is ``True`` (the default), uses *output_codec* to convert
141 to an encoded format. If *to_output* is ``False``, it uses *input_codec*.
144 .. method:: get_output_charset()
146 Return the output character set.
148 This is the *output_charset* attribute if that is not ``None``, otherwise
149 it is *input_charset*.
152 .. method:: encoded_header_len()
154 Return the length of the encoded header string, properly calculating for
155 quoted-printable or base64 encoding.
158 .. method:: header_encode(s[, convert])
160 Header-encode the string *s*.
162 If *convert* is ``True``, the string will be converted from the input
163 charset to the output charset automatically. This is not useful for
164 multibyte character sets, which have line length issues (multibyte
165 characters must be split on a character, not a byte boundary); use the
166 higher-level :class:`~email.header.Header` class to deal with these issues
167 (see :mod:`email.header`). *convert* defaults to ``False``.
169 The type of encoding (base64 or quoted-printable) will be based on the
170 *header_encoding* attribute.
173 .. method:: body_encode(s[, convert])
175 Body-encode the string *s*.
177 If *convert* is ``True`` (the default), the string will be converted from
178 the input charset to output charset automatically. Unlike
179 :meth:`header_encode`, there are no issues with byte boundaries and
180 multibyte charsets in email bodies, so this is usually pretty safe.
182 The type of encoding (base64 or quoted-printable) will be based on the
183 *body_encoding* attribute.
185 The :class:`Charset` class also provides a number of methods to support
186 standard operations and built-in functions.
189 .. method:: __str__()
191 Returns *input_charset* as a string coerced to lower
192 case. :meth:`__repr__` is an alias for :meth:`__str__`.
195 .. method:: __eq__(other)
197 This method allows you to compare two :class:`Charset` instances for
201 .. method:: __ne__(other)
203 This method allows you to compare two :class:`Charset` instances for
206 The :mod:`email.charset` module also provides the following functions for adding
207 new entries to the global character set, alias, and codec registries:
210 .. function:: add_charset(charset[, header_enc[, body_enc[, output_charset]]])
212 Add character properties to the global registry.
214 *charset* is the input character set, and must be the canonical name of a
217 Optional *header_enc* and *body_enc* is either ``Charset.QP`` for
218 quoted-printable, ``Charset.BASE64`` for base64 encoding,
219 ``Charset.SHORTEST`` for the shortest of quoted-printable or base64 encoding,
220 or ``None`` for no encoding. ``SHORTEST`` is only valid for
221 *header_enc*. The default is ``None`` for no encoding.
223 Optional *output_charset* is the character set that the output should be in.
224 Conversions will proceed from input charset, to Unicode, to the output charset
225 when the method :meth:`Charset.convert` is called. The default is to output in
226 the same character set as the input.
228 Both *input_charset* and *output_charset* must have Unicode codec entries in the
229 module's character set-to-codec mapping; use :func:`add_codec` to add codecs the
230 module does not know about. See the :mod:`codecs` module's documentation for
233 The global character set registry is kept in the module global dictionary
237 .. function:: add_alias(alias, canonical)
239 Add a character set alias. *alias* is the alias name, e.g. ``latin-1``.
240 *canonical* is the character set's canonical name, e.g. ``iso-8859-1``.
242 The global charset alias registry is kept in the module global dictionary
246 .. function:: add_codec(charset, codecname)
248 Add a codec that map characters in the given character set to and from Unicode.
250 *charset* is the canonical name of a character set. *codecname* is the name of a
251 Python codec, as appropriate for the second argument to the :func:`unicode`
252 built-in, or to the :meth:`encode` method of a Unicode string.