3 .. _supporting-cycle-detection:
5 Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection
6 ====================================
8 Python's support for detecting and collecting garbage which involves circular
9 references requires support from object types which are "containers" for other
10 objects which may also be containers. Types which do not store references to
11 other objects, or which only store references to atomic types (such as numbers
12 or strings), do not need to provide any explicit support for garbage
15 .. An example showing the use of these interfaces can be found in "Supporting the
16 .. Cycle Collector (XXX not found: ../ext/example-cycle-support.html)".
18 To create a container type, the :attr:`tp_flags` field of the type object must
19 include the :const:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` and provide an implementation of the
20 :attr:`tp_traverse` handler. If instances of the type are mutable, a
21 :attr:`tp_clear` implementation must also be provided.
24 .. data:: Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC
27 Objects with a type with this flag set must conform with the rules
28 documented here. For convenience these objects will be referred to as
31 Constructors for container types must conform to two rules:
33 #. The memory for the object must be allocated using :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_New`
34 or :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_VarNew`.
36 #. Once all the fields which may contain references to other containers are
37 initialized, it must call :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_Track`.
40 .. cfunction:: TYPE* PyObject_GC_New(TYPE, PyTypeObject *type)
42 Analogous to :cfunc:`PyObject_New` but for container objects with the
43 :const:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag set.
46 .. cfunction:: TYPE* PyObject_GC_NewVar(TYPE, PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size)
48 Analogous to :cfunc:`PyObject_NewVar` but for container objects with the
49 :const:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag set.
51 .. versionchanged:: 2.5
52 This function used an :ctype:`int` type for *size*. This might require
53 changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
56 .. cfunction:: TYPE* PyObject_GC_Resize(TYPE, PyVarObject *op, Py_ssize_t newsize)
58 Resize an object allocated by :cfunc:`PyObject_NewVar`. Returns the
59 resized object or *NULL* on failure.
61 .. versionchanged:: 2.5
62 This function used an :ctype:`int` type for *newsize*. This might
63 require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
66 .. cfunction:: void PyObject_GC_Track(PyObject *op)
68 Adds the object *op* to the set of container objects tracked by the
69 collector. The collector can run at unexpected times so objects must be
70 valid while being tracked. This should be called once all the fields
71 followed by the :attr:`tp_traverse` handler become valid, usually near the
72 end of the constructor.
75 .. cfunction:: void _PyObject_GC_TRACK(PyObject *op)
77 A macro version of :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_Track`. It should not be used for
80 Similarly, the deallocator for the object must conform to a similar pair of
83 #. Before fields which refer to other containers are invalidated,
84 :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_UnTrack` must be called.
86 #. The object's memory must be deallocated using :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_Del`.
89 .. cfunction:: void PyObject_GC_Del(void *op)
91 Releases memory allocated to an object using :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_New` or
92 :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_NewVar`.
95 .. cfunction:: void PyObject_GC_UnTrack(void *op)
97 Remove the object *op* from the set of container objects tracked by the
98 collector. Note that :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_Track` can be called again on
99 this object to add it back to the set of tracked objects. The deallocator
100 (:attr:`tp_dealloc` handler) should call this for the object before any of
101 the fields used by the :attr:`tp_traverse` handler become invalid.
104 .. cfunction:: void _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK(PyObject *op)
106 A macro version of :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_UnTrack`. It should not be used for
109 The :attr:`tp_traverse` handler accepts a function parameter of this type:
112 .. ctype:: int (*visitproc)(PyObject *object, void *arg)
114 Type of the visitor function passed to the :attr:`tp_traverse` handler.
115 The function should be called with an object to traverse as *object* and
116 the third parameter to the :attr:`tp_traverse` handler as *arg*. The
117 Python core uses several visitor functions to implement cyclic garbage
118 detection; it's not expected that users will need to write their own
121 The :attr:`tp_traverse` handler must have the following type:
124 .. ctype:: int (*traverseproc)(PyObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
126 Traversal function for a container object. Implementations must call the
127 *visit* function for each object directly contained by *self*, with the
128 parameters to *visit* being the contained object and the *arg* value passed
129 to the handler. The *visit* function must not be called with a *NULL*
130 object argument. If *visit* returns a non-zero value that value should be
131 returned immediately.
133 To simplify writing :attr:`tp_traverse` handlers, a :cfunc:`Py_VISIT` macro is
134 provided. In order to use this macro, the :attr:`tp_traverse` implementation
135 must name its arguments exactly *visit* and *arg*:
138 .. cfunction:: void Py_VISIT(PyObject *o)
140 Call the *visit* callback, with arguments *o* and *arg*. If *visit* returns
141 a non-zero value, then return it. Using this macro, :attr:`tp_traverse`
145 my_traverse(Noddy *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
152 .. versionadded:: 2.4
154 The :attr:`tp_clear` handler must be of the :ctype:`inquiry` type, or *NULL*
155 if the object is immutable.
158 .. ctype:: int (*inquiry)(PyObject *self)
160 Drop references that may have created reference cycles. Immutable objects
161 do not have to define this method since they can never directly create
162 reference cycles. Note that the object must still be valid after calling
163 this method (don't just call :cfunc:`Py_DECREF` on a reference). The
164 collector will call this method if it detects that this object is involved
165 in a reference cycle.