5 String conversion and formatting
6 ================================
8 Functions for number conversion and formatted string output.
11 .. cfunction:: int PyOS_snprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, ...)
13 Output not more than *size* bytes to *str* according to the format string
14 *format* and the extra arguments. See the Unix man page :manpage:`snprintf(2)`.
17 .. cfunction:: int PyOS_vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list va)
19 Output not more than *size* bytes to *str* according to the format string
20 *format* and the variable argument list *va*. Unix man page
21 :manpage:`vsnprintf(2)`.
23 :cfunc:`PyOS_snprintf` and :cfunc:`PyOS_vsnprintf` wrap the Standard C library
24 functions :cfunc:`snprintf` and :cfunc:`vsnprintf`. Their purpose is to
25 guarantee consistent behavior in corner cases, which the Standard C functions do
28 The wrappers ensure that *str*[*size*-1] is always ``'\0'`` upon return. They
29 never write more than *size* bytes (including the trailing ``'\0'`` into str.
30 Both functions require that ``str != NULL``, ``size > 0`` and ``format !=
33 If the platform doesn't have :cfunc:`vsnprintf` and the buffer size needed to
34 avoid truncation exceeds *size* by more than 512 bytes, Python aborts with a
37 The return value (*rv*) for these functions should be interpreted as follows:
39 * When ``0 <= rv < size``, the output conversion was successful and *rv*
40 characters were written to *str* (excluding the trailing ``'\0'`` byte at
43 * When ``rv >= size``, the output conversion was truncated and a buffer with
44 ``rv + 1`` bytes would have been needed to succeed. *str*[*size*-1] is ``'\0'``
47 * When ``rv < 0``, "something bad happened." *str*[*size*-1] is ``'\0'`` in
48 this case too, but the rest of *str* is undefined. The exact cause of the error
49 depends on the underlying platform.
51 The following functions provide locale-independent string to number conversions.
54 .. cfunction:: double PyOS_string_to_double(const char *s, char **endptr, PyObject *overflow_exception)
56 Convert a string ``s`` to a :ctype:`double`, raising a Python
57 exception on failure. The set of accepted strings corresponds to
58 the set of strings accepted by Python's :func:`float` constructor,
59 except that ``s`` must not have leading or trailing whitespace.
60 The conversion is independent of the current locale.
62 If ``endptr`` is ``NULL``, convert the whole string. Raise
63 ValueError and return ``-1.0`` if the string is not a valid
64 representation of a floating-point number.
66 If endptr is not ``NULL``, convert as much of the string as
67 possible and set ``*endptr`` to point to the first unconverted
68 character. If no initial segment of the string is the valid
69 representation of a floating-point number, set ``*endptr`` to point
70 to the beginning of the string, raise ValueError, and return
73 If ``s`` represents a value that is too large to store in a float
74 (for example, ``"1e500"`` is such a string on many platforms) then
75 if ``overflow_exception`` is ``NULL`` return ``Py_HUGE_VAL`` (with
76 an appropriate sign) and don't set any exception. Otherwise,
77 ``overflow_exception`` must point to a Python exception object;
78 raise that exception and return ``-1.0``. In both cases, set
79 ``*endptr`` to point to the first character after the converted value.
81 If any other error occurs during the conversion (for example an
82 out-of-memory error), set the appropriate Python exception and
88 .. cfunction:: double PyOS_ascii_strtod(const char *nptr, char **endptr)
90 Convert a string to a :ctype:`double`. This function behaves like the Standard C
91 function :cfunc:`strtod` does in the C locale. It does this without changing the
92 current locale, since that would not be thread-safe.
94 :cfunc:`PyOS_ascii_strtod` should typically be used for reading configuration
95 files or other non-user input that should be locale independent.
97 See the Unix man page :manpage:`strtod(2)` for details.
102 Use :cfunc:`PyOS_string_to_double` instead.
106 .. cfunction:: char* PyOS_ascii_formatd(char *buffer, size_t buf_len, const char *format, double d)
108 Convert a :ctype:`double` to a string using the ``'.'`` as the decimal
109 separator. *format* is a :cfunc:`printf`\ -style format string specifying the
110 number format. Allowed conversion characters are ``'e'``, ``'E'``, ``'f'``,
111 ``'F'``, ``'g'`` and ``'G'``.
113 The return value is a pointer to *buffer* with the converted string or NULL if
114 the conversion failed.
116 .. versionadded:: 2.4
118 This function is removed in Python 2.7 and 3.1. Use :func:`PyOS_double_to_string`
122 .. cfunction:: char* PyOS_double_to_string(double val, char format_code, int precision, int flags, int *ptype)
124 Convert a :ctype:`double` *val* to a string using supplied
125 *format_code*, *precision*, and *flags*.
127 *format_code* must be one of ``'e'``, ``'E'``, ``'f'``, ``'F'``,
128 ``'g'``, ``'G'`` or ``'r'``. For ``'r'``, the supplied *precision*
129 must be 0 and is ignored. The ``'r'`` format code specifies the
130 standard :func:`repr` format.
132 *flags* can be zero or more of the values *Py_DTSF_SIGN*,
133 *Py_DTSF_ADD_DOT_0*, or *Py_DTSF_ALT*, or-ed together:
135 * *Py_DTSF_SIGN* means to always precede the returned string with a sign
136 character, even if *val* is non-negative.
138 * *Py_DTSF_ADD_DOT_0* means to ensure that the returned string will not look
141 * *Py_DTSF_ALT* means to apply "alternate" formatting rules. See the
142 documentation for the :cfunc:`PyOS_snprintf` ``'#'`` specifier for
145 If *ptype* is non-NULL, then the value it points to will be set to one of
146 *Py_DTST_FINITE*, *Py_DTST_INFINITE*, or *Py_DTST_NAN*, signifying that
147 *val* is a finite number, an infinite number, or not a number, respectively.
149 The return value is a pointer to *buffer* with the converted string or
150 *NULL* if the conversion failed. The caller is responsible for freeing the
151 returned string by calling :cfunc:`PyMem_Free`.
153 .. versionadded:: 2.7
156 .. cfunction:: double PyOS_ascii_atof(const char *nptr)
158 Convert a string to a :ctype:`double` in a locale-independent way.
160 See the Unix man page :manpage:`atof(2)` for details.
162 .. versionadded:: 2.4
165 Use :cfunc:`PyOS_string_to_double` instead.
168 .. cfunction:: char* PyOS_stricmp(char *s1, char *s2)
170 Case insensitive comparison of strings. The function works almost
171 identically to :cfunc:`strcmp` except that it ignores the case.
173 .. versionadded:: 2.6
176 .. cfunction:: char* PyOS_strnicmp(char *s1, char *s2, Py_ssize_t size)
178 Case insensitive comparison of strings. The function works almost
179 identically to :cfunc:`strncmp` except that it ignores the case.
181 .. versionadded:: 2.6