1 :mod:`email`: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
2 ----------------------------------------------------------
5 :synopsis: Build MIME messages.
8 Ordinarily, you get a message object structure by passing a file or some text to
9 a parser, which parses the text and returns the root message object. However
10 you can also build a complete message structure from scratch, or even individual
11 :class:`~email.message.Message` objects by hand. In fact, you can also take an
12 existing structure and add new :class:`~email.message.Message` objects, move them
13 around, etc. This makes a very convenient interface for slicing-and-dicing MIME
16 You can create a new object structure by creating :class:`~email.message.Message`
17 instances, adding attachments and all the appropriate headers manually. For MIME
18 messages though, the :mod:`email` package provides some convenient subclasses to
23 .. currentmodule:: email.mime.base
25 .. class:: MIMEBase(_maintype, _subtype, **_params)
27 Module: :mod:`email.mime.base`
29 This is the base class for all the MIME-specific subclasses of
30 :class:`~email.message.Message`. Ordinarily you won't create instances
31 specifically of :class:`MIMEBase`, although you could. :class:`MIMEBase`
32 is provided primarily as a convenient base class for more specific
33 MIME-aware subclasses.
35 *_maintype* is the :mailheader:`Content-Type` major type (e.g. :mimetype:`text`
36 or :mimetype:`image`), and *_subtype* is the :mailheader:`Content-Type` minor
37 type (e.g. :mimetype:`plain` or :mimetype:`gif`). *_params* is a parameter
38 key/value dictionary and is passed directly to :meth:`Message.add_header`.
40 The :class:`MIMEBase` class always adds a :mailheader:`Content-Type` header
41 (based on *_maintype*, *_subtype*, and *_params*), and a
42 :mailheader:`MIME-Version` header (always set to ``1.0``).
45 .. currentmodule:: email.mime.nonmultipart
47 .. class:: MIMENonMultipart()
49 Module: :mod:`email.mime.nonmultipart`
51 A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.base.MIMEBase`, this is an intermediate base
52 class for MIME messages that are not :mimetype:`multipart`. The primary
53 purpose of this class is to prevent the use of the :meth:`attach` method,
54 which only makes sense for :mimetype:`multipart` messages. If :meth:`attach`
55 is called, a :exc:`~email.errors.MultipartConversionError` exception is raised.
57 .. versionadded:: 2.2.2
60 .. currentmodule:: email.mime.multipart
62 .. class:: MIMEMultipart([_subtype[, boundary[, _subparts[, _params]]]])
64 Module: :mod:`email.mime.multipart`
66 A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.base.MIMEBase`, this is an intermediate base
67 class for MIME messages that are :mimetype:`multipart`. Optional *_subtype*
68 defaults to :mimetype:`mixed`, but can be used to specify the subtype of the
69 message. A :mailheader:`Content-Type` header of :mimetype:`multipart/_subtype`
70 will be added to the message object. A :mailheader:`MIME-Version` header will
73 Optional *boundary* is the multipart boundary string. When ``None`` (the
74 default), the boundary is calculated when needed.
76 *_subparts* is a sequence of initial subparts for the payload. It must be
77 possible to convert this sequence to a list. You can always attach new subparts
78 to the message by using the :meth:`Message.attach` method.
80 Additional parameters for the :mailheader:`Content-Type` header are taken from
81 the keyword arguments, or passed into the *_params* argument, which is a keyword
84 .. versionadded:: 2.2.2
87 .. currentmodule:: email.mime.application
89 .. class:: MIMEApplication(_data[, _subtype[, _encoder[, **_params]]])
91 Module: :mod:`email.mime.application`
93 A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the
94 :class:`MIMEApplication` class is used to represent MIME message objects of
95 major type :mimetype:`application`. *_data* is a string containing the raw
96 byte data. Optional *_subtype* specifies the MIME subtype and defaults to
97 :mimetype:`octet-stream`.
99 Optional *_encoder* is a callable (i.e. function) which will perform the actual
100 encoding of the data for transport. This callable takes one argument, which is
101 the :class:`MIMEApplication` instance. It should use :meth:`get_payload` and
102 :meth:`set_payload` to change the payload to encoded form. It should also add
103 any :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` or other headers to the message
104 object as necessary. The default encoding is base64. See the
105 :mod:`email.encoders` module for a list of the built-in encoders.
107 *_params* are passed straight through to the base class constructor.
109 .. versionadded:: 2.5
112 .. currentmodule:: email.mime.audio
114 .. class:: MIMEAudio(_audiodata[, _subtype[, _encoder[, **_params]]])
116 Module: :mod:`email.mime.audio`
118 A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the
119 :class:`MIMEAudio` class is used to create MIME message objects of major type
120 :mimetype:`audio`. *_audiodata* is a string containing the raw audio data. If
121 this data can be decoded by the standard Python module :mod:`sndhdr`, then the
122 subtype will be automatically included in the :mailheader:`Content-Type` header.
123 Otherwise you can explicitly specify the audio subtype via the *_subtype*
124 parameter. If the minor type could not be guessed and *_subtype* was not given,
125 then :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
127 Optional *_encoder* is a callable (i.e. function) which will perform the actual
128 encoding of the audio data for transport. This callable takes one argument,
129 which is the :class:`MIMEAudio` instance. It should use :meth:`get_payload` and
130 :meth:`set_payload` to change the payload to encoded form. It should also add
131 any :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` or other headers to the message
132 object as necessary. The default encoding is base64. See the
133 :mod:`email.encoders` module for a list of the built-in encoders.
135 *_params* are passed straight through to the base class constructor.
138 .. currentmodule:: email.mime.image
140 .. class:: MIMEImage(_imagedata[, _subtype[, _encoder[, **_params]]])
142 Module: :mod:`email.mime.image`
144 A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the
145 :class:`MIMEImage` class is used to create MIME message objects of major type
146 :mimetype:`image`. *_imagedata* is a string containing the raw image data. If
147 this data can be decoded by the standard Python module :mod:`imghdr`, then the
148 subtype will be automatically included in the :mailheader:`Content-Type` header.
149 Otherwise you can explicitly specify the image subtype via the *_subtype*
150 parameter. If the minor type could not be guessed and *_subtype* was not given,
151 then :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
153 Optional *_encoder* is a callable (i.e. function) which will perform the actual
154 encoding of the image data for transport. This callable takes one argument,
155 which is the :class:`MIMEImage` instance. It should use :meth:`get_payload` and
156 :meth:`set_payload` to change the payload to encoded form. It should also add
157 any :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` or other headers to the message
158 object as necessary. The default encoding is base64. See the
159 :mod:`email.encoders` module for a list of the built-in encoders.
161 *_params* are passed straight through to the :class:`~email.mime.base.MIMEBase`
165 .. currentmodule:: email.mime.message
167 .. class:: MIMEMessage(_msg[, _subtype])
169 Module: :mod:`email.mime.message`
171 A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the
172 :class:`MIMEMessage` class is used to create MIME objects of main type
173 :mimetype:`message`. *_msg* is used as the payload, and must be an instance
174 of class :class:`~email.message.Message` (or a subclass thereof), otherwise
175 a :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
177 Optional *_subtype* sets the subtype of the message; it defaults to
181 .. currentmodule:: email.mime.text
183 .. class:: MIMEText(_text[, _subtype[, _charset]])
185 Module: :mod:`email.mime.text`
187 A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the
188 :class:`MIMEText` class is used to create MIME objects of major type
189 :mimetype:`text`. *_text* is the string for the payload. *_subtype* is the
190 minor type and defaults to :mimetype:`plain`. *_charset* is the character
191 set of the text and is passed as a parameter to the
192 :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart` constructor; it defaults
193 to ``us-ascii``. No guessing or encoding is performed on the text data.
195 .. versionchanged:: 2.4
196 The previously deprecated *_encoding* argument has been removed. Encoding
197 happens implicitly based on the *_charset* argument.